SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

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1 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

3 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (For B. Tech, M. Tech, BCA, MCA, B.Sc (Comp. Science) and IT Professionals) By Bharat Bhushan Agarwal B.E. (CS & IT) (Honours), M.Tech. Sr. Lecturer Deptt. of Computer Engineering College of Engineering Technology (I.F.T.M) Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh Sumit Prakash Tayal B.Tech. (Electronics & Communications), MCAD Solutions Developer Engineering and Design Group INCAT, A Tata Technologies Ltd. Company Michigan, USA Firewal Media (An Imprint of Laxmi Publications (P) LTD.) BANGALORE CHENNAI COCHIN GUWAHATI HYDERABAD JALANDHAR KOLKATA LUCKNOW MUMBAI RANCHI NEW DELHI

4 Published by : FIREWAL MEDIA (An Imprint of Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd.) 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi Phone : Fax : info@laxmipublications.com Copyright 2009 by Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Price : Rs Only. First Edition : 2007 Second Edition : 2009 OFFICES Bangalore Chennai Cochin , Guwahati , Hyderabad Jalandhar Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai , Ranchi FSO SOFTWARE ENGINEERING C Typesetted at : Shubham Composer, N. Delhi. Printed at :

5 Dedicated To Our Parents

7 CONTENTS 1. Introduction to Software Engineering Introduction to Software Types of Software Classes of Software Introduction to Software Engineering Software Components Software Characteristics Software Crisis Software Myths Software Applications Software Engineering Processes Evolution of Software Comparison of Software Engineering and Related Fields Some Terminologies Program Versus Software Products 20 Exercises Software Development Life-Cycle Models Software Development Life Cycle Waterfall Model Prototyping Model Spiral Model Evolutionary Development Model Iterative Enhancement Model RAD Model Comparison of Various Process Model 41 Exercises Introduction to Software Requirement Specification Requirement Engineering Process of Requirement Engineering Information Modelling Data Flow Diagrams Decision Table SRS Document 57

8 3.7 IEEE Standards For SRS SRS Validation Components of SRS Characteristics of SRS Entity Relationship Diagram 65 Exercises Software Reliability and Quality Assurance Verification and Validation Software Quality Assurance Software Quality Capability Maturity Model (SEI-CMM) International Standard Organization (ISO) Comparison Between ISO 9000 Certification and SEI-CMM Reliability Issues Reliability Metrics Reliability Growth Modelling Reliability Assessment 95 Exercises System Design System/Software Design Architectural Design Low Level Design Coupling and Cohesion Functional Versus Object-Oriented Approach Design Specification Verification for Design Monitoring and Control for Design 122 Exercises Software Measurement and Metrics Software Metrics Halstead s Software Science Metrics for Project Size Estimation Cyclomatic Complexity 133 Exercises Software Testing Introduction to Testing Testing Principles Testing Objectives Test Oracles 146

9 7.5 Levels of Testing White Box Testing/Structural Testing Functional/Black-Box Testing Test Plan Test Case Design Test Characteristics 166 Exercises Software Testing Strategies Static Testing Strategies Debugging Error, Fault and Failure 175 Exercises Software Maintenance and Project Management Software as an Evolution Entity Software Configuration Management Activities Change Control Process Software Version Control Software Configuration Management Need for Maintenance Categories of Maintenance Maintenance Cost Software Project Estimation Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) Software Risk Analysis and Management 199 Exercises Computer Aided Software Engineering Case and its Scope Levels of Case Architecture of Case Environment Building Blocks for Case Case Support in Software Life Cycle Objective of Case Case Repository Characteristics of Case Tools Case Classification Categories of Case Tools Advantages of Case Tools Disadvantages of Case Tools 214

10 10.13 Reverse Software Engineering Software Re-Engineering 218 Exercises Coding Information Hiding Programming Style Internal Documentation Monitoring and Control for Coding Structured Programming Fourth Generation Technique 232 Exercises 233 Appendix-I 234 Appendix-II 245 Index 254

11 PREFACE This is the second edition and improved edition to author s previous book titled Software Engineering. We have divided the subject into small chapters so that the topics can be arranged and understood properly. The topics within the chapters have been arranged in a proper sequence to ensure smooth flow of the subject. Several solved problems have been added in this edition for better understanding of software engineering concepts. The concepts presented in this book help the student to strengthen software management approaches. This book presents software management techniques that both complement, and are unique from most software project development methodologies. This perspective will hopefully put you in a different paradigm to successfully run a software development project. This book investigates the aspects of Just-In-Time software and risk management both from a technology perspective, (addressing implementation details of software), and the business perspective, (addressing software development cost, schedule, and strategy). This includes the risks associated with business decision-making, investment, and profit. Although the book may be read straight through, readers are encouraged to skip around to find topics of interest. Cross-referencing is provided to assist the reader who samples the contents. In fact, some materials are inevitably repetitive because an important goal of the book is to provide different viewpoints of the same collections of standards. The text is intended to appeal to the users of software engineering standards, that is, those individuals and organizations whose work is the creation and maintenance of software systems of the highest quality (and sometimes the highest difficulty). It is anticipated that the typical reader would be a senior technical professional or a manager with a background in software development. Secondarily, the book should be useful to standard-writers, those professionals who are working on new or revised software engineering standards intended to fit within the existing bodies of such standards. It is hoped that an exposition of fundamental and unifying principles and the scope and relationships of existing standards would ease the difficult job of converting experience into standards. The book meets the requirements of the students of B.Tech, M.Tech, BCA, MCA and other higher competitive exams. Finally, the book should be useful to students in the emerging discipline of software engineering, who need access to a largely non-existent codified body of knowledge for the software discipline. We would always gratefully welcome any kind of valuable suggestions, and constructive criticisms to improve the subsequent edition of this book. Authors

13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, we must extend our deepest gratitude to the Almighty God for showering love and grace on us to make us write this book. The authors feel privileged and fortunate enough to retain the affection of following distinguished personalities, Shri Rajeev Kothiwal, Chairman, IFTM Moradabad, Dr. R.M. Dubey, the Managing Director, IFTM Moradabad & Mr. Prakash M. Telang, Executive Director (Commercial Vehicles), Tata Motors Limited, Pune who have been the driving force behind this effort. We express our special gratitude, very heartly, to Prof. B.N. Kaul, Director, CET, IFTM Moradabad, for time-to-time suggestions and guidance. We are extremely indebted to Prof. Anupam Srivastava, HOD, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, (CCEO) Caledonian College of Engineering, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, to inspire and motivate us, without whose valuable suggestions; it would have been difficult to complete the book. Special thanks are also due to Mr. G.S. Singh, Practice Head, Tata Technologies Ltd. Pune, Mr. Rahul Shandilya, Practice Head, Tata Technologies Ltd. Pune, Mr. David Viola, Manager, Chrysler, USA., Mr. Christopher Prost, Project Leader, Chrysler, USA, Mr. S.G. Kulkarni, Project Manager, Tata Technologies Ltd. Pune, Mr. Saurabh Sharma, Delievery Manager, INCAT, USA, Mr. Ramraj Pandey, Consultant, Chrysler, USA, Mr. P.W. Dandekar, Tata Technologies Ltd. Pune, and Mr. R Pandian, Project Manager who have guided, encouraged and advised us throughout the process of writing the book. We wish to put on record our sincere thanks, honor, and gratitude to our close family members Shri. Akhilesh Kothiwal, Shri K.B. Agarwal, Shri Sandeep Agarwal (brother), consecutive four times elected as MLA of Moradabad (U.P.) & Dr. R.K. Gupta (Tauji) Principal of MBBS, TMIMT, Moradabad for their soft words, continuous encouragement and necessary help whenever required. The authors would also like to offer their warm thanks to Prof. (Dr.) A.K. Nayak, Director, School of Computer Sciences, Indian Institute of Business Management, Patna, Dr. A.K. Raghav, Director of Alfalah School of Engg. & Tech. Dauj (Faridabad) for their valuable contribution. Sincere thanks are also due to Mr. Ashish Gupta, HOD. Department of Computer Science & Mr. Suneet Shukla, HOD. Department of Information Technology, CET, IFTM Moradabad & Dr. Vivek Kumar, HOD. Department of Info. Tech. Galgotia, Gr. Noida, Dr. Parmanand Astya, HOD. Department of Computer Science Galgotia, Gr. Noida, Dr. S.S Bedi, Head of Deptt. CS & IT Engg. & Tech. Rohilkhand, Bareilly, Dr. O.P. Singhal, Head CS Dept. IDEAL, Ghaziabad, Mr. L.S. Maurya, HOD. Department of Information Tech. SRMS, Bareilly, Mr. Vikas, Mittal, Head of Deptt. CS & IT, M.I.T., Moradabad, Mr. Yogesh Sharma, Head of CS Deptt., S.D. College of Engg. & Tech., for their encouragement & critical suggestions. Along with our colleagues Dr. B.K. Singh (Chief Proctor), Mr. Intezar Mahdi, Dr. Nikhil Rastogi, Dr. Vikas Gupta, Prof. Rahul Mishra CET, IFTM MBD who have helped and motivated us for writing this book.

14 We would like to acknowledge our special thanks to our well-wishers (Dr. Manish Saxena, Dr. Animesh Agarwal, and Shri Kshitij Shinghal, -MIT, MBD) for valuable suggestions. We would like to thank Mr. Akhtar Hussain, (MJP, Rohilkhand, Bareilly) & Manoj Kr. Chubey (GLA, MATHURA) for their cooperation in this project. Also we would like to express our heartiest thanks to Ms. Shivangi Dhall & Mr. Dhiraj Dhall for their deep involvement in this project. So, special acknowledgement to the postgraduate colleagues Raj Kumar Goel, Vikram Bali, Prateek Srivastava, Anita Sahoo, Kanchan Singh, Pavitra Rani Gautam, Sarika Khandelwal, Rashmi Singh, Hitendra Agarwal, Vikas Lamba, Anupama Sharma, Dharmendra Kumar Tripathi, Kulwant Singh Patel, Lavkush Sharma, Mahendra Prasad Sharma, Varsha, Pritee Gupta, Narendra Kumar, Niraj Kumar Singh, Nitin Goyal, Prachi Vats, Promod Kumar Yadav, Narvada Chaudhary, Rinki, Sachin Ahuja, Sanjay Kumar Nayak, Uma Shankar Sharma, Ankit Vishnoi, Mohit Agarwal. We are indepted to all the seniors, colleagues and juniors of Tata Technologies Ltd. and CS & IT Dept. of CET, IFTM Moradabad during the whole process of writing the book. We through our indebtedness to our parents, Shri Ravi Prakash Agarwal and Smt. Bindu Agarwal for their perpetual love and concern, which cannot be summed up in words. Sincere thanks are also due to our sister Smt. Anupam Agarwal & brother in law Shri Shakshi Goel for their words of cheer and encouragement and special thanks to little Shubhangi & Gauri for bearing with us at odd hours. Finally, our sincere heart felt thanks to each and everyone, who significantly involved in accomplishing this job. Authors

15 1 Chapter INTRODUC TION TO SOF TWARE ENGINEERING 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE Software is described by its capabilities. The capabilities relate to the functions it executes, the features it provides and the facilities it offers. Software written for sales order processing would have different functions to process different types of sales orders from different market segments. The features, for example, would be to handle multi-currency computing, updating of product, sales and tax status in MIS reports and books of accounts. The facilities could be printing of sales orders, to customers, reports and advice to the stores department to dispatch the goods. The facilities and features could be optional and based on customer choice. The software is developed keeping in mind certain hardware and operating system considerations, known as platform. Hence, software is described along with its capabilities and the platform specifications that are required to run it Definition of Software Software is a set of instructions to acquire inputs and to manipulate them to produce the desired output in terms of functions and performance as determined by the user of the software. It also includes a set of documents, such as the software manual, meant for users to understand the software system. Today's software comprises the Source Code, Executables, Design Documents, Operations and System Manuals and Installation and Implementation Manuals. Software is: (i) Instructions (computer programs) that when executed provide desired function and performance. (ii) Data structures that enable the programs to adequately manipulate information (iii) Documents that describe the operation and use of the programs OR The term software refers to the set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documents (flowcharts, manuals, etc.) that describe the programs and how they are to be used.

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT By G. MURUGESAN Asst. Professor Deptt. of Management Studies V.M.K.V. Engineering College Salem Tamil Nadu UNIVERSITY SCIENCE PRESS (An Imprint of Laxmi