FUNDAMENTALS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 FUNDAMENTALS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PROJECT MANAGEMENT Johan Gouws B.Eng. & M.Eng. (Elec.) (Rand Afrikaans University, South Africa) MBA (Heriot-Watt University, Scotland) Ph.D. (Wageningen, the Netherlands) Leonie E. Gouws B.Eng. (Mech.) (Rand Afrikaans University, South Africa) M.Eng. (Engineering Management) (Rand Afrikaans University, South Africa)

2 Disclaimers Melikon Pty Ltd published this work as a contribution to the education of software engineering project managers and other people involved in software development. The material herein is for general information only and Melikon cannot be held liable for any actions taken or not taken on the basis of material contained herein. Melikon Pty Ltd holds the publishing rights and the copyright of this work. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval systems, without prior written permission from Melikon. Published by: Melikon Pty Ltd ( Date: May 2004 Issue: 3.3 First edition published in Copyright Melikon 2004

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION SOFTWARE S GROWING IMPORTANCE MANAGING SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS BOOK MANAGING SOFTWARE PROJECTS FUNDAMENTALS OF MANAGEMENT THE ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT THE UNIVERSALITY OF MANAGEMENT PREREQUISITES FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT AS A FEEDBACK SYSTEM DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES COMMUNICATION AND DOCUMENTATION PROJECT MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS RISK MANAGEMENT FOR PROJECTS Introduction Risk Identification Risk Analysis Options for Risk Alleviation Cost of Risk Abatement A CHECKLIST FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE ENGINEERING IS SOFTWARE AN ENGINEERING DISCIPLINE? THE SOFTWARE CRISIS Typical Software Development Problems Case Studies Software Development Status The Quest for First-Time-Right Software FUTURE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS Software Development Categories Software Factories SOFTWARE PROCESS MODELS Introduction Linear Sequential Models Waterfall Model The V-Model Prototyping Model Incremental / Evolutionary Model Concurrent Model DEVELOPMENT POLICIES / METHODOLOGIES Objectives of Software Development Policies and Methodologies Typical Benefits of Software Development Policies Typical Aspects Defined by Software Development Policies

4 3.6 USING NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR SOFTWARE PROJECTS Introduction Expected Future Practices General Advice on Using New Technology Inserting New Technologies into a Software Project THE CAPABILITY MATURITY MODEL Background Five Levels of Software Process Maturity Examples of Practical Application of CMM PLANNING A SOFTWARE PROJECT INTRODUCTION PROJECT PLANNING Major Problems in Project Planning The Two Pillars of Project Planning Summary of Project Planning Activities REQUIREMENTS DEFINITION Goal of the Requirements Definition Phase Perspectives on Software Requirements Effects of Improper Requirements Definition Proper Requirements Definition Methods to Aid Requirements Definition Essentials of Requirements Definition WORK BREAKDOWN Introduction Types of Work Breakdown Structures Developing a WBS SOFTWARE EFFORT ESTIMATION Introduction Common Estimation Techniques Major Problems in Estimating Software Effort Experience-Based Estimation Methods Empirical Estimation Methods Improving Estimation Accuracy THE CONSTRUCTIVE COST MODEL (COCOMO) Introduction COCOMO Definitions and Assumptions COCOMO Software Development Types Basic COCOMO COCOMO for Software Maintenance Adapting COCOMO to Own Needs Later versions of COCOMO ESTIMATING SOFTWARE SYSTEM SIZE Introduction Function Block Counting Function Points Object Points Software Size Growth Size Estimation for Reuse and Breakage

5 4.8 STEPS FOR IMPROVING ESTIMATION ACCURACY PROJECT SCHEDULING Introduction Scheduling Techniques Comparison of Scheduling Techniques ESTIMATING SOFTWARE PROJECT SCHEDULES Introduction Estimating the Development Schedule Impact of Reused Code on Development Schedule Exchanging People and Months SCHEDULE SLIP An Unstable System Project On Schedule until Testing Begins Does Project Slip Matter? USING RULES OF THUMB FOR PROJECT ESTIMATION Introduction Why Bother With Rules Of Thumb? General Rules of Thumb Rules of Thumb for Schedule and Effort Cautionary Remarks on Rules of Thumb ORGANIZING AND STAFFING A SOFTWARE PROJECT INTRODUCTION ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES Introduction Functional Structures Project Structures Matrix Structures SOFTWARE TEAM STRUCTURES Introduction The Democratic Decentralised (Weinberg) Team The Controlled Centralised (Baker) Team The Controlled Decentralised Team Structure Choosing a Team Structure NUMBER OF SOFTWARE STAFF REQUIRED Software Development Productivity Back to the COCOMO Formulae The Rayleigh Function Rule of Thumb for Software Project Staffing JOB ANALYSIS Reasons for Job Analysis Defining the Job Type and Job Title Determining Job Content Objective Assessment of the Vacancy The Bigger Picture JOB SPECIFICATION STAFFING A SOFTWARE PROJECT RECRUITMENT Recruiting Suitable Candidates

6 5.8.2 Important Aspects of Recruiting SELECTING THE RIGHT PEOPLE Introduction Profile of the Software Developer Selection Tools Different Interview Methods Guidelines for Conducting a Structured Interview APPOINTMENT AND KEEPING THE POSITIONS FILLED The Initial Days Staff Turnover Suitability-Replaceability Matrix Career Planning PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Purpose of Performance Appraisals Ability and Willingness Factors Influencing Job Performance Important Issues in Performance Appraisal Guidelines for Effective Performance Appraisal TRAINING Importance of Training Important Issues in Training Training To Help New Employees Settle In DIRECTING A SOFTWARE PROJECT INTRODUCTION LEADERSHIP AND EFFECTIVE USE OF POWER Introduction Types of Power Making People Feel in Control Goal-Oriented Behaviour Assess Your Own Situation as a Leader DELEGATION Introduction Helping Employees Develop Making Delegation Easier Determining What and How Much to Delegate MOTIVATING AND KEEPING SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS Introduction Creating Enthusiasm and a Shared Vision Using People s Intelligence Rewards versus Incentives Hygienes versus Motivators CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Introduction Sources of Conflict Different Perceptions on Conflict Dealing with Conflict CONTROLLING A SOFTWARE PROJECT

7 7.1 INTRODUCTION TWO BRANCHES OF PROJECT CONTROL FEEDBACK CONTROL FOR PROJECT MANAGEMENT STATUS- VERSUS ACTION INFORMATION MEASUREMENT FOR COST AND PROGRESS CONTROL Binary Reporting Budgeted- versus Actual Effort PROJECT DOCUMENTATION Importance of Project Documentation Document Reviews Types of Project Documents SOFTWARE PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLAN Scope and Purpose of a Project Management Plan Framework for a Project Management Plan THE UNIT DEVELOPMENT FOLDER (UDF) Scope and Purpose of the Unit Development Folder Framework for a Unit Development Folder SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE IMPROVING SOFTWARE QUALITY TECHNIQUES FOR SOFTWARE QUALITY CONTROL Failure Analysis Early Defect Removal Adherence to Task Entry / Exit Criteria Software Testing Other Techniques SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT BASELINE IDENTIFICATION SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION CONTROL SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION AUDITING SOFTWARE PROJECT AUDITS Important Issues in Software Project Audits Things to Look for During an Audit Where and How To Do An Audit Who Must Do An Audit? Tools For The Audit Team SOFTWARE PEER REVIEWS SOFTWARE INSPECTION Principal Steps in the Software Inspection Process Data Collection Implementing Inspections SOFTWARE WALK-THROUGHS OTHER REVIEW PROCESSES BENEFITS AND COSTS OF PEER REVIEWS SOFTWARE METRICS Definitions Successful Use of Metrics Main Categories of Metrics Sub-Categories of Metrics

8 Implementation of Metrics Typical Metrics Implementation Problems Examples of Metrics REASONS FOR PROJECT CONTROL PROBLEMS STEPS FOR MORE EFFECTIVE PROJECT CONTROL CONCLUSION IMPORTANCE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT SETTING THE SCENE FOR A SOFTWARE PROJECT PLANNING A SOFTWARE PROJECT ORGANISING A SOFTWARE PROJECT STAFFING A SOFTWARE PROJECT DIRECTING A SOFTWARE PROJECT CONTROLLING A SOFTWARE PROJECT LITERATURE REFERENCES