G4S ACADEMY ANTI-RAM AND TERRORISM PROTECTION

Transcription

1 G4S ACADEMY ANTI-RAM AND TERRORISM PROTECTION GUIDE VERSION

2 ANTI-RAM AND TERRORISM PROTECTION INFORMATION Protection from penetration of the shell of a building or the perimeter of an area has been utilized for many years. Using a vehicle as a battering ram or weapon has been and continues to be a popular technique among criminals, for instance as a fast way to break into a store. The damage caused by ram-raiding, as the technique is called in connection with burglary, is extensive, costly to repair and can result in irreparable damage to the building. However, these days we are also seeing increased focus on protection from acts of vehicle-borne terrorism, such as car bombs, or most recently from the use of vehicles as weapons, as seen in Nice, France in July Regardless of how the vehicles are used, the objective of anti-ram protection is to keep unwanted vehicles out of specific areas while still being able to let selected vehicles in. This guide provides security managers in companies and organizations information about anti-ram protection to better prepare them to make decisions regarding when and how to use this type of protection. CONTENTS The Threat Options under Existing Conditions Solutions Design and Anti-ram Protection Measures Conclusion THE THREAT The first step is to conduct a threat assessment. What type of vehicle do you need to protect against? Truck, van or passenger car? The weight and top speed of each vehicle differs, and the two factors combined determine the seriousness of the collision with the anti-ram protection device. OPTIONS UNDER EXISTING CONDITIONS After conducting a threat assessment, it is time to examine the best options available. There are a number of factors to consider before investing in fences, barrier beams, bollards or wedge road blockers. If the speed of a vehicle can be reduced so it hits the anti-ram devices at a lower velocity, the total energy in the collision as well as the need for comprehensive protection measures would be reduced. This would also have a positive impact on the total price and physical complexity and effectiveness of the protection measures. There are several ways to automatically force vehicles to slow down, including introducing sharp turns or road bumps in the approach to the secured area. Long, straight sections should be avoided. Natural differences in street level can be utilized for the same purpose or possibly increased to make it nearly impossible to break through with a vehicle. The strategic placement of drainage channels or ponds can increase anti-ram protection, while appearing as natural elements in the area. If there is very little space available, the approach can instead be narrowed so passage is only possible with a small distance to walls or posts. This has the psychological effect of automatically making people drive more cautiously to ensure there is enough room for the vehicle. Another option is to make the passage so narrow that trucks simply will not fit. Remember to always consider how rescue vehicles will be able to get through!

3 SOLUTIONS If you cannot use any of the options listed above, it is possible to use classic anti-ram protection measures: barrier beams, bollards, fences and wedge road blockers. There are a range of European standards and levels for how much anti-ram protection measures need to be able to withstand. You will find a selection of applicable standards for this area in our Standard Comparison Key at In the comparison key, we describe the three most important standards within anti-ram protection: Department of State (DoS) from 1985 (USA), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) from 2009 (USA) and PAS 68 BSI s Publicly Available Specification from 2010 (UK). In Denmark and much of Scandinavia, we have traditionally used the DoS standard with the K4, K8 and K12 classifications. However, the two other standards are the new standards, and we can expect to be working more and more with them. The product s quality is determined after collision with vehicles in various weight classes and at various speeds. The classification is broken down into primary groups and secondary groups as follows: Example A: PAS 68 N / 90:3.3/18.9 in which the secondary group indicates that the vehicle s weight was 7,500 kg and speed was 32 km/h while the primary group is the PAS 68 standard with N2 classification. The secondary group indicates that the angle of collision was 90 degrees, the front penetrated 3.3 meters beyond the bollard and large fragments landed 18.9 meters beyond the bollard. Example B: ASTM M30 P2 in which the secondary group indicates that maximum penetration was 1.01 to 7.00 meters. The vehicle s weight was 6,810 kg and the speed was 28.0 to 37.9 km/h. The primary group indicates that it is the ASTM standard with M30 classification. Again, the weight and speed of the vehicle determine the choice of security level. As a rule of thumb, the higher the weight and faster the speed, the more extensive the anti-ram protection needs to be. With this assessment, it is easy to select the classification using the following chart. The ASTM and DoS standards also make it possible to assess how far the vehicle (or parts of the vehicle) will pass beyond the anti-ram protection measure after collision (called penetration distance in the chart). This is relevant knowledge in relation to placement of the antiram protection measures, as they may stop the vehicle, but fragments can fly up to 30 meters beyond the barriers. The distance between the bollards also needs to be included in the requirements specification. Use tested and certified anti-ram protection products and installation professionals with relevant training in the products. This is the best way to ensure a protection solution that works. BOLLARDS This is the classic anti-ram protection measure we have all seen at some point. This approach typically consists of one or more vertical tubes anchored to the ground at a suitable distance from each other. They can be either permanently attached or movable and with or without automation. The two basic models are: deep foundation or shallow foundation. Depending on the level of security, a foundation must be dug out and cast in steel reinforced concrete. For example, an automatic retractable bollard that can resist a 7.5-ton vehicle going 80 km/h requires a foundation made from 1,000 kg reinforcing bar and 10 m 3 concrete. The bollard s own weight is approx. 1,000 kg. The hole to be dug out must be 1.7 meters deep, 3 meters long and 1.7 meters wide. In practice, however, it will be necessary to dig even deeper to establish a perimeter drain to lead ground water away from the installation.

4 The above demonstrates that bollard installation is no small task. It is not uncommon to run into supply lines or cables that have to be redirected or conducted through the foundation of the bollard. This costs both time and money. Some manufacturers have developed bollards in the same security class that only require a foundation depth of 20 cm. The price used to be quite high, but it is now definitely competitive compared with the deepfoundation version. This is because the amount of digging required is minimal as is the work associated with casting the foundation. Whether you go with the shallow or deep model depends on the underground installations as well as on whether you like the design of the product. First, check that the product is tested and certified, then consider the design. Automatic bollards in the ground collect a fair amount of gravel and dirt over time, and must therefore be cleaned at appropriate intervals. Speak with your installation professional about maintenance of the bollard and drain. If the terrain slopes toward the bollards, it can be a good idea to establish a drain trench in front of the bollards to avoid breakdowns. BARRIER BEAMS We have all seen the traditional barrier beam at the entrance to a parking structure. It regulates traffic, but is generally not as obstructive as bollards (however, there are special versions with very robust beams). Again, make sure to check for tests and certificates. The advantage of a barrier beam is that it can cover a wide entrance or driveway, but only requires one post at each end. The disadvantage is that the posts must go deep underground to achieve the right resilience. Safety barrier beams work by lowering both sides at the same time and allowing vehicles to pass over the lowered beam. FENCES There are fences available with built-in anti-ram protection. This means that the fence is reinforced vertically with a girder or similar, preventing a vehicle from breaking through the fence. However, many reject this solution due to its conspicuous and clumsy design. Most choose to combine other solutions with an ordinary fence to achieve the desired security and design. WEDGE ROAD BLOCKERS A road blocker is a plate hinged toward the secure side of the secure area. When activated, it rises up away from the hinge, creating a barrier of up to 1 meter in height. When you look at it from the side when open, it looks like a wedge hence the name. Wedges are strong and can cover large entrances/ driveways (4 meters wide) and come in the highest security classes. They can stop a 30-ton truck going 80 km/h and still work after the collision! Wedges usually require a shallow foundation (0.5 1 meter), but this is often dropped for design reasons. Many wedges offer an express function, where they can be raised in less than 1 second. This can be useful in installations where a guard is monitoring the entrance and can raise the wedge in case of a vehicle-borne attack. Wedges also come in mobile versions that can be set up temporarily. Source: Crash test TALOS 2016

5 DESIGN AND ANTI-RAM PROTECTION MEASURES One of the challenges with anti-ram protection is that comprehensive security measures rarely go hand in hand with beautiful design. The dream is, of course, to achieve invisible security and thus create new business areas and expertise where suppliers work closely with architects to design secure urban spaces that is to integrate security into the landscape or building sections. This is not a new idea just consider castle moats. And just as protection from natural disasters requires creative thinking, you can come a long way with common sense combined with knowledge of the materials and security. There are many excellent examples of smart solutions, from benches, signs and canals to differences in street level, landscaping, sculptures and much more. Such solutions often require close collaboration with district planners, municipalities and others. However, the challenge of creative solutions is that it is more difficult to document the actual resilience of the solution as we have done in our Standards Comparison Key. But there is nothing stopping you from having specially designed solutions tested or from simply combining existing approved solutions in new ways. In our experience, solutions for anti-ram protection should always be tested in the case of terror protection, the solutions are erected to limit bodily harm and hence there is no room from compromising on safety just as you would never compromise on fire safety. CONCLUSIONS Over just a few years, we have seen a significant increase in the demand for terror protection. Internationally, we have extensive experience with a wide range of solutions, while in Denmark the focus has primarily been on design. This means that traditional classifications and tried and tested anti-ram protection solutions are often rejected solely for aesthetic reasons. It is our recommendation that you take a critical look at the efficacy of the architectural solutions and at the very least ensure that there are security and emergency management specialists involved in assessing and/or developing the solutions. We know that it is possible to create both beautiful and smart solutions for anti-ram protection and we would be happy to contribute to the process with our experience.

6 G4S ACADEMY CONSULTING, EDUCATION & INFORMATION G4S is the largest security company in Denmark and the world, with more than 100 years experience. We share our knowledge through our ISO-certified G4S Academy. Our goal is to establish a partnership with our customers and to improve risk mitigation through close collaboration and knowledge sharing. We welcome all comments and ideas, so we can continue to develop our material and ensure that it is as useful as possible, now and in the future. UPDATES Contact G4S Academy to receive updated material free of charge. We update our material whenever there is a need for it. You will find the version number on the front page. LIABILITY AND RESERVATIONS FOR PRINTING ERRORS G4S Academy assumes no liability for security decisions made based on this material. The material is developed as a project among several stakeholders, and G4S Academy can therefore not assume full liability. STANDARDS Most professional security products are tested according to international standards. This is ideal for the user, supplier and consultant, as it makes it possible to actually compare products. G4S Academy provides overviews of the standards we primarily employ. We always recommend using products that are tested and classified to the extent it is technically possible and in accordance with current standards. OTHER MATERIAL, EVENTS, SEMINARS AND COURSES We regularly develop new material. See more at CONTACT You are welcome to contact us for further information. Just call or send an to academy@dk.g4s.com. SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER Text the word G4S to 1980 to receive our G4S Academy newsletters.