Passivhaus Schools & Larger Buildings Some lessons learnt
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- Thomasine Stanley
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1 Passivhaus Schools & Larger Buildings Some lessons learnt Passive House Northwest Conference Portland March 2014 Nick Grant Elemental Solutions Technical Director UK Passivhaus Trust
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3 3 schools with the same team Acoustics Ion Acoustics Architect Architype West Client Wolverhampton City Council Contractor Thomas Vale M&E E3 Consulting engineers Passivhaus Nick Grant & Alan Clarke QS Jerry Thomas Structures Price & Myers! And many other companies and individuals
4 Bushbury Hill Primary School - Architype Type: Mainstream Primary School Build type: Timber frame Location: Wolverhampton Occupancy: Occupied since Oct 2011 Budget: 4.2 million Standard budget, no extra funding or time for Passivhaus.
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7 Photo: Architype
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9 Oakmeadow Primary School - Architype Type: Mainstream Primary School Build type: Timber frame Location: Wolverhampton Occupancy: Occupied since Oct 2011 Budget: 5.2 million Standard budget, no extra funding or time for Passivhaus.
10 Photo: Architype
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12 Photo: Architype
13 Details
14 Learning from Others
15 PHPP Tools Custom parametric sheet House version
16 PHPP Tools Simple scenario tracker
17 Air tight layer Load Structural slab Ground beam Ground between beam piles between piles
18 Standard details made airtight! Standard detail: internal walls keyed into external walls.!!! Expensive on tape, time consuming on site & some unresolved junctions.!!!! Lesson learnt.
19 Schools 2&3 followed the drawings! - Much easier First floor External wall Internal wall Gap
20 1
21 Walls split where single storey attaches
22 No penetration of wind barrier
23 Simple Cascade Vent Strategy Occupation constant but people move around. Street as transfer zone. Group room Classroom Hub / street
24 Hall fed from street when used School hall Hub / street
25 Window opening limited by UK Code An unwelcome constraint before 200mm after Ambiguous interpretation of 100mm opening
26 German Primary School
27 Stunts: Alan Clarke
28 Kitchen ventilation Initial design! Bushbury: main MVHR: 5400 m 3 /h! Kitchen ventilation: 3600 m 3 /h! No heat recovery on kitchen system grease!! Engineer concerned this wasn t enough! risk of overheating based on previous experience -! preferred kitchen rate of 4800 m 3 /h means Passivhaus energy target not possible.
29 Low energy strategy Only provide as much air as needed to remove excess heat!! - This was not compatible with gas cooking!! Recover heat to temper fresh air for comfort!! - A robust heat exchanger possible if no frying!! How to model in PHPP? - Developed multivent sheet
30 PHPP Tools Multivent sheet, Warm & Alan Clarke
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32 Lessons learnt: school kitchens Download Paper: Use of induction hobs and low energy appliances to reduce surplus heat and primary energy
33 Kitchen comfort June-July 25 C 77 F
34 Heating Heating Radiators Simple radiators with thermostatic valves, one per room, not all rooms.
35 DHW Optimised pipe sizes and good insulation No hot water in classrooms for Bushbury Losses reduced to about 70%!!
36 Daylight and lighting - theory What worked:! Target 2W/m2 /100lux & max 300lux, so classrooms etc are limited to 6W/m 2! Less successful: Daylight optimised by 3D modelling Consideration of localised shade for whiteboard State of the art energy saving lighting controls
37 Practice North classroom
38 Practice Lights on when sun out
39 Measured Energy Performance Bushbury Primary School - 90% less than the old school Figures are based first year readings.!! Gas(x 1.1 for PE):! Space heating*:! 14kWh/(m 2.a)! Hot water:!! 7kWh/(m 2.a)!! Main success:! Electric (x 2.7 for PE):! Lighting:!! 12kWh/(m 2.a)! Kitchen energy & comfort! Power & plant:!! 22kWh/(m 2.a)!! Kitchen:!! 7kWh/(m 2.a) Sprinkler frost Main lessons:! protect:! 14kWh/(m 2.a)!! Total primary energy:! 169kWh/(m 2.a) Comment:! Primary energy is higher than the target 120 kwh/(m 2.a)! Sprinklers = 38kWh/(m 2.a) PE ( frost protection)!! Issues with automatic lighting controls and sprinkler systems.
40 South classroom Indoors 25 C 77 F 35 C 95 F Outdoors
41 We feel that our children are more alert and attentive in lessons due to the amount of daylight in classrooms and the fresh air throughout the school. The fact that the new school is built to passivhaus standards means that learning has been enhanced; our pupils love coming to school and enjoy their impressive surroundings. They are comfortable, secure and stimulated by their new environment; hence they learn very well!! Sara Morris: Head Teacher, Oak Meadow Primary School
42 School Number 4, Wilkinson 1. Council specified Passivhaus - Based on previous experience and the team s boast of no extra cost!! 2. Planning require 10% renewables - Successfully challenged negawatts! 3. Contractor with no experience of PH - Experienced sub-contractor engaged! 4. Timescale tight, Architect has new baby & not sleeping plus 10% less budget - To double creativity, halve the budget & the available time!
43 Wilkinson Ground floor plan Classrooms clustered around two hub spaces, school also includes community use facilities
44 Wilkinson First floor plan
45 KiddyWatts
46 Metabolic Heat Gains School Children TFA m 2 m 2 /child Bushbury Hill (UK) Oakmeadow (UK) Montgomery (UK) Swillington (UK) Wilkinson (UK) LH Hannover (D) Gronau (D) Reidberg (D) Average for UK examples 5.7 m 2 /child Average for German examples 10.5 m 2 /child Difference +1.32W/m kwh/(m 2.a) of useful heati Against 15kWh/(m 2.a) target
47 Less reliance on solar gain 3.8W/m 2 v 2.8W/m 2 IHG Means we designed a different building
48 An aside - Small Dwellings & IHG 0.1 U values, PH vent and glazing, simplest form, same for all sizes
49 Small Buildings & IHG IHG = 71 TFA (curve fit for PHPP calculated IHGs) Heating demand for simplified dwelling 30.0 kwh/(m2.a) variable W/m² internal gain fixed 2.1 W/m² internal gain 0.1 U values, PH vent and glazing, simplest form, same for all sizes 5.0
50 How small can we go? High form factor compensated by high specific gains! National Geographic
51 You sure we got the right boiler? 2,400m 2 school, boiler still twice the size needed!
52 Summer vent and opening windows Less and simplified actuators.! More manual operated windows and night vents
53 Glazing to ground omitted Big cost & time savings! Better daylight! Less overheating! More useful space! Architect likes it!
54 Simpler and less (PH) skylights Big cost & time savings! Less overheating! No leaks
55 Windows replace curtain wall Big cost saving! Easier to install! Easier to get airtight! Simplified structure! Worked better with actuators.
56 Optimised local hot water Electric DHW storage shared between several areas. 8mm micro-bore, 0.5 US gpm (1.7 l/min) sprays
57 Optimised MVHR ducts MVHR
58 Optimised MVHR layout MVHR
59 Air-tightness detailing Design team, contractor & sub-contractors learn how to over come previous construction issues
60 N 50 = 0.3 /h Small fan for a big building Celebratory cake!
61 Photo: Tom Mason, Architype
62 Photo: Architype
63 Photo: Juraj Mikurcik
64 Photo: Architype
65 Photo: Architype
66 Photo: Architype
67 Hereford Archive & Records Centre A very Eco-Minimal passive approach
68 Photo: Juraj Mikurcik
69 River Studio Sjölander da Cruz Architect s Office
70 Sjölander da Cruz
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72 Sjölander da Cruz
73 ! Lancaster Cohousing Project! Passivhaus Community Housing Project! Andrew Yeats ( Eco Arc Architects ) & Alan Clarke International Passive House Conference 2014
74 Project Overview Name: Lancaster Cohousing Project! Type: 41 Owner Occupied Houses! Build type: Masonry & Timber frame! Location: Halton Lancaster! Occupancy: Phased Handover Occupied since August 2012! Budget: 5.4m Inclusive of 41 Passive Houses / Shared Community buildings & site civil engineering works. Terrace A Passive Houses & Common House Veranda
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76 Measured Energy Performance Measured Performance: (average across all houses) DHW: 26kWh/m 2.a Space heating: 13kWh/m 2.a Electricity: 22kWh/m 2.a Extra use in common facilities: 5kWh/m 2.a Primary energy (at boiler room): 77kWh/m 2.a! Heating and hot water house demand are meeting predictions! Electricity use in the houses is unusually low, possibly thanks to communal usage.!
77 Occupant Feedback Building User Survey (BUS) was undertaken with 100 % return of questionnaires.! Residents were very positive about how well it performs. Responses for all eight main categories: air quality, comfort, design, perceived health, lighting, needs, noise and temperature were all higher or better than the UK 2011 BUS Housing benchmark.! In five of the categories the project was either the highest or second highest performer when compared against other studies. An exceptional achievement Professor Fionn Stevenson. Occupant Feedback Quote! The Lancaster passive house I live in has exceeded all my expectations with regard to comfort, warmth and air quality. The utility bills are exceptionally low and the systems are easy to use. From my personal experience I would have no hesitation to recommending these Passive House Designs to others Dr Jan Maskell Lancaster Cohousing Resident Happy Home Owner Residents
78 Aesthetics
79 Aesthetics
80 Key lessons learnt Get the basics right early on Keep it simple Trust Passivhaus performance Keep the same team & invest in learning! Go back an look for problems to fix Small budget & more constraints can help!
81 What you put in may make a building good but it s what you leave out that can make it great.!
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