Microbial C, N and P in a Mediterranean oak forest soil: influence of abiotic conditions and canopy composition
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1 Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute Microbial C, N and P in a Mediterranean oak forest soil: influence of abiotic conditions and canopy composition Cristina Aponte, Teodoro Marañón, Luis V. García Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville- CSIC, P.O. box 1052, Sevilla, Spain. aponte@irnase.csic.es, teodoro@irnase.csic.es, ventura@cica.es. Soil microbial populations influence the pool of nutrients available for plants, immobililizing inorganic resources in their biomass and releasing them when population declines. The asynchrony between these nutrient retention-mobilization cycles and plant resources demand could derive in a plant-microbial nutrient competition and further nutrient loss, rendering negative effects on plant productivity (Jonasson et al. 1996). Microbial biomass varies seasonally and is controlled by regional and local factors such as climate, soil properties and plant community composition (Jürgen et al. 2006). Under a global change scenario, understanding the specific role that these factors have on microbial population becomes of major importance in nutrient limited systems. We studied the dynamics of microbial populations and nutrient availability in soils of a Mediterranean mixed oak forest in southern Spain. Two forest stands of different structure, growing in contrasted climatic conditions were selected. Soil samples were seasonally collected in four microsite types i.e. beneath the canopy of one evergreen (Quercus suber) and one winter-deciduous (Q. canariensis) oak species, under dense canopy of mixed shrurb species and in forest gaps, which have different soil characteristics influenced by vegetation cover type. We used the fumigation-extraction method (see Jonasson et al. 1996) to determine the microbial C and to estimate the N and P soil microbial and inorganic pools. Preliminary results showed spatial patterns of microbial variability consistent across sampling dates, with soil under oak trees harbouring the highest microbial biomass. Differences were observed between the two forest stands which could be related to their differing abiotic conditions. Maximum biomass C, N and P values were obtained for the wet seasons- spring and autumn- when a noticeable high proportion of the nutrients pool was retained as microbial biomass. References Jonasson S., Michelsen A., Schmidt I.K., Nielsen E.V., Callagan T.V Microbial biomass C,N and P in two artic soils and responses to addition of NPK fertilizer and sugar: implications for plant nutrient uptake. Oecologia 106, Jürgen F. K., Ehrmann O., Pfeffer M., Stemmer M., Vollmer T. Sommer M Soil microbial biomass and activity: the effect of site characteristics in humid temperate forest ecosystems. Journal of plant nutrition and soil science 169(2),
2 6th International Symposium on Ecosystem Behaviour BIOGEOMON 2009 Microbial C, N and P in a Mediterranean oak forest soil: influence of abiotic conditions and canopy composition Cristina Aponte, Teodoro Marañón, Luis V. García Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville - Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC)
3 Soil microbial biomass and nutrient cycling dead biomass Energy Carbon available nutrients release plants microorganisms Nutrients microorganisms immobilize Microbial biomass influence the pool of available nutrients: immobilization-liberation cycles
4 Factors influencing microbial populations Microbial biomass Local factors Regional factors Climate Soil properties Plant community composition Investigate the dynamics of microbial populations in soils of a mediterranean forest sensitive systems to global change frequently nutrient limited (P) subjected to seasonality: Tª, rainfall study the effects that abiotic conditions and canopy composition had on microbial C,N,P investigate the consistency of these effects across seasons
5 The study area: a mediterranean oak forest South of Iberian Peninsula Rough topography (1100 m) Bedrock: - sandstone acidic, sandy, nutrient-poor soils - marl sediments soils richer in clay. Climate is subhumid Mediterranean-type: warm and dry summer, humid and cool winters Moist winds 701 mm mm rainfall
6 Sampling design: two distinct forest sites Woodland W F Forest Altitude (m) Tª (ºC) Rainfall (mm) Trees. ha- 1 Basal area (m 2. ha- 1 ) Arborescent shrubs. ha- 1 Woodland Forest
7 Sampling design: seasonality and microsites Sampling dates: Spring 07, Summer 07, Autumn 07, Spring 08 Microsites: Woodland: evergreen Q. suber winter deciduous Q. canariensis shrubbery cover forest gaps (grass) Forest: evergreen Q. suber winter deciduous Q. canariensis grass Q. suber Q. canariensis shrubs Q. suber Q. canariensis
8 Methodology: Fumigation-extraction method Microbial C, N, P Extraction Fumigation Determination (Fumigated soil - Non fumigated soil) Extractability factor (K) = Microbial content Brookes et al 1985; Vance et al 1987
9 Results: Forest site effect W Characteristics of the study sites Higher temperature and rainfall in the Woodland F Soil moisture -Differences in Spring -Minimum SWC in summer Soil moisture (%) Spring 07 Summer 07Autumn 07 Spring 08 Woodland Forest
10 Results: Forest site effect W Characteristics of the study sites Higher temperature and rainfall in the Woodland F Soil moisture -Differences in Spring 07 -Minimum SWC in summer Soil properties Woodland Forest p value Soil moisture (%) SOM (%) N (%) C (%) C/N Sand Silt Clay
11 Results: Forest site effect W Microbial C Cm (µg g -1 ) Cm/Ct (%) Woodland [ ] 2.15 Forest [ ] 1.69 F Significantly higher in Woodland 1400 Differences consistent across all seasons Summer drought resistance Microbial C ( µg g -1) Woodland Forest 400 Spring 07 Summer 07 Autumn 07 Spring 08
12 Results: Forest site effect W Microbial N Nm (µg g -1 ) Nm/Nt (%) Cm/Nm Woodland Forest F Differences depended on sampling season Nm increased in spring Cm/Nm seasonal change: N limitation, community change Microbial N (µg C/N g -1) Woodland Forest Woodland Forest Spring 07 Summer 07 Autumn 07 Spring 08
13 Results: Forest site effect W Microbial P Pm (µg g -1 ) Pm/Pt *(%) Cm/Pm Woodland Forest F Large seasonal changes Forest site effect depended on season Cm/Pm: summer limitation Microbial P (µg C/P g -1) Woodland Forest Woodland Forest * Soil depth 0-8 cm 50 Spring 07 Summer 07 Autumn 07 Spring 08
14 Results: Canopy composition effect Characteristics of the microsites Soil properties Q.canariensis Q. suber Shrub Grass P value Litter (kg m -2 ) Soil moisture (%) SOM (%) N (%) C (%) C/N Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%)
15 Results: Canopy composition effect Microbial C Q. canariensis Q. suber Shrub Grass Cm (µg g -1 ) Cm/Ct (%) Similar seasonal patterns Little variation across seasons Differences in spring Microbial C (µg g -1 ) Q.canariensis Shrub Q.suber Grass Spring 07 Summer 07 Autumn 07 Spring 08
16 Results: Canopy composition effect Microbial N Q. canariensis Q. suber Shrub Grass Nm (µg g -1 ) Nm/Nt (%) Cm/Nm Seasonal changes Differences in spring Cm/Nm increase in autumn Microbial N (µg C/N g -1 ) Q.canariensis Q.canariensis Shrub Shrub Q.suber Grass Grass 50 0 Spring Summer 07 Autumn 07 Spring 08
17 Results: Canopy composition effect Microbial P Q. canariensis Q. suber Shrub Grass Pm (µg g -1 ) Pm/Pt* (%) Cm/Pm Seasonal changes P limitation under grass cover Cm/Pm increase in summer Microbial P (µg C/P g -1 ) 40 Q.canariensis Q.canariensis Shrub Shrub Q.suber Q.suber Grass Grass * Soil depth 0-8 cm 0 Spring 07 Summer 07 Autumn 07 Spring 08
18 Conclusions Consistent differences in soil microbial C between forest sites show the importance of abiotic factors such as soil clay content and soil organic matter for Cm pool F W Seasonality in Mediterranean forest had an important effect on microbial dynamics and interacted with other factors Seasonal changes in soil moisture Effect of canopy composition depended on favourable seasonal conditions Microbial C pool was relatively stable but Cm/Nm and Cm/Pm changed across seasons
19 Thanks for your attention!!!
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