Biological Invasions in New Zealand

Transcription

1 Ecological Studies 186 Biological Invasions in New Zealand Bearbeitet von Robert B. Allen, William G. Lee 1. Auflage Buch. xxiv, 461 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 889 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Chemie, Biowissenschaften, Agrarwissenschaften > Biowissenschaften allgemein > Ökologie Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents 1 Paradise Lost the Last Major Colonization W.G. Lee, R.B. Allen, D.M. Tompkins 1.1 Introduction Themes and Debates on Alien Species Outline of the Book Conclusion References A Magnitude of Alien Invasions 2 Becoming New Zealanders: Immigration and the Formation of the Biota M.S. McGlone 2.1 Introduction Dispersal and Vicariance: Late Cretaceous to the Pleistocene Dispersal and Formation of the Modern Biota Evolutionary Effects of Selective Dispersal and Island Environments New Zealand in an Invasive World References Creating Gardens: the Diversity and Progression of European Plant Introductions P.A. Williams, E.K. Cameron 3.1 Introduction The Chroniclers Plant Introductions and Their Escape

3 X Contents 3.4 Regional Differences Naturalized Flora Attitudes Past and Present Responding to the Deluge References Introduced Mammals in a New Environment I.A.E. Atkinson 4.1 Introduction Mammal Introductions in New Zealand Changes in the Herbivore Predator Regime Since 1200 A.D Response of the New Zealand Biota Conclusions References Parasites and Biological Invasions D.M. Tompkins, R. Poulin 5.1 Introduction Taxonomic Affiliation of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife Determinants of Establishment Success by Introduced and Invading Parasites Exotic Parasite Impact on Native Fauna Introduced Species as New Hosts for Native Parasites Context Dependence of Exotic Parasite Impact Disease Threat of Biological Invasions to New Zealand s Avifauna Disease Threat of Biological Invasions to New Zealand Freshwater Fish Conclusions References Export of Plant and Animal Species from an Insular Biota. 85 G.W. Yeates, P.A. Williams 6.1 Introduction Plant Emigrants Animal Emigrants

4 Contents 6.4 Conclusions References XI B Controls on Invasion Success 7 Genetics of Invasive Species in New Zealand D. Gleeson, H. Harman, T. Armstrong 7.1 Introduction Genetics of Colonization New Zealand Examples Potential Genetic Impacts on Indigenous Biota Conclusions References Are the Marine Biotas of Island Ecosystems More Vulnerable to Invasion? G.J. Inglis, B.J. Hayden, W.A. Nelson 8.1 Introduction Island Bioinvasion Theory Are Marine Biotas of Islands More Invaded? Are the Marine Biotas of Islands Less Diverse? Insularity and Niche Opportunity Are Marine Species of Islands Poor Competitors? Do NIS Have Greater Impacts in Island Environments? Is Propagule Pressure to Islands Greater than to Mainland Areas? Conclusions References Factors Affecting the Release, Establishment and Spread of Introduced Birds in New Zealand R.P. Duncan, T.M. Blackburn, P. Cassey 9.1 Introduction Data Sources and Analysis Factors Affecting Release

5 XII Contents 9.4 Factors Affecting Establishment Factors Affecting Spread Conclusions References Biological Control Agents: Can They Tell Us Anything About the Establishment of Unwanted Alien Species? S.V. Fowler, H.M. Harman, R. Norris, D. Ward 10.1 Introduction Establishment Rates for Biological Control Agents Release Size Climate and Phenology Genetic Issues Natural Enemies Other Factors Conclusions References The Context of Plant Invasions in New Zealand: Evolutionary History and Novel Niches J.M. Craine, W.G. Lee, S. Walker 11.1 Introduction New Zealand s Core and Novel Niches Core and Novel Niches: a Predictive, Useful Framework? References Controls on the Population Dynamics of Invading Mammals 179 D.M. Forsyth 12.1 Introduction Models of Invading Large Herbivore Plant Dynamics Reconciling Models with Data Environmental Variation and the Dynamics of Invading Mammals Harvesting and the Dynamics of Invading Mammals

6 Contents XIII 12.6 Interspecific Competition and the Dynamics of Invading Mammals Synthesis and Directions for Further Work References What Controls Invasion of Indigenous Forests by Alien Plants? S.K. Wiser, R.B. Allen 13.1 Introduction Role of Disturbance Substrate and Soil Fertility Species Richness Propagule Pressure and Dispersal Geographic Patterns of Invasion Temporal Perspectives on Invasion Patterns Conclusions and Future Research Directions References C Consequences of Alien Invasions 14 Consequences of Brown Trout Invasion for Stream Ecosystems C.R. Townsend, K.S Simon 14.1 Introduction Consequences of Brown Trout Invasion for the Behavior of Individuals Consequences of Brown Trout Invasion for Populations Consequences of Brown Trout Invasion for Community Interactions Consequences of Brown Trout Invasion for Ecosystem Processes What Mediates the Influence of Brown Trout vs. Native Fish? Lessons for Management References

7 XIV Contents 15 Relative (Un)Importance of Introduced Animals as Pollinators and Dispersers of Native Plants D. Kelly, A.W. Robertson, J.J. Ladley, S.H. Anderson, R.J. McKenzie 15.1 Introduction Approach Bird Flower-Visitors Bird Fruit-Visitors Invertebrate Flower-Visitors Implications of Findings References Trophic Interactions Among Native and Introduced Animal Species W.A.Ruscoe,G.Norbury,D.Choquenot 16.1 Introduction Trophic Interactions in Beech Forest Ecosystems Trophic Interactions in Dryland Ecosystems Generalities and Conclusions References Keystone Aliens? The Multiple Impacts of Brushtail Possums M.N. CLOUT 17.1 Introduction Possums as Herbivores Possums as Predators Possums as Competitors Possums as Seed Dispersers Possums as Disease Vectors Risks Posed by Possum Control Economic Impacts of Possums Possums as Keystone Aliens Implications for the Future References

8 Contents 18 Keystone Species: Competition for Honeydew Among Exotic and Indigenous Species J.R. Beggs, D.A. Wardle 18.1 Introduction Scale Insects as Keystone Species Exotic Species Conclusions References XV 19 Consequences of Alien N 2 -Fixers on Vegetation Succession in New Zealand J.C. McQueen, W.C. Tozer, B.D. Clarkson 19.1 Introduction Native N 2 -Fixers Alien N 2 -Fixers Vegetation Changes Caused by N 2 -Fixing Aliens Conclusions References Hidden Effects: the Belowground Consequences of Introduced Browsing Mammals in New Zealand Forests. 307 D.A. Wardle 20.1 Introduction How Herbivores Affect Decomposers Browsing Mammals and Decomposers in the New Zealand Context Conservation Implications Conclusions References Distinguishing Natural Processes from Impacts of Invasive Mammalian Herbivores P.J. Bellingham, W.G. Lee 21.1 Introduction Soil Erosion Introduced Herbivores or Natural Processes? 324

9 XVI Contents 21.3 Do Grazing Ungulate Mammals Cause Sparse Regeneration of Some Canopy Trees? Do Brushtail Possums Cause Dieback of Canopy Trees? Conclusions References D Management of Biological Invasions 22 Animal Control and Ecosystem Recovery D.A. Coomes, A.F. Mark, J. Bee 22.1 Introduction Defining Ecosystem Restoration and Recovery What Are the Impediments to Ecosystem Recovery? Vegetation Recovery Following Herbivore Control in New Zealand Conclusions References Biological Control: Reducing the Impact of Invasive Weeds and Pests, or Just Another Source of Alien Invaders? S.V. Fowler, T.M. Withers 23.1 Introduction Challenge to the Environmental Safety of Biological Control Classical Biological Control of Weeds Classical Biological Control of Insects Are Biological Control Introductions Flooding the Indigenous Biota? Discussion: Is Biological Control a Cure for or Source of Invasions? References Strategies to Reduce Predation on Bird Populations J.A. McLennan 24.1 Introduction Maintaining the Defence of Isolation

10 Contents XVII 24.3 Living with Predators Conclusions References Setting Priorities for the Management of Marine Pests Using a Risk-Based Decision Support Framework B.M. Forrest, M.D. Taylor, J. Sinner 25.1 Introduction Risk Identification Risk Assessment Analysis of Risk Treatment Options Risk Evaluation: Ranking Management Priorities Conclusions References Does Commercial Harvesting of Introduced Wild Mammals Contribute to Their Management as Conservation Pests? J.P. Parkes 26.1 Introduction What Does Pest Control Need to Deliver? What Does Commercial Harvesting Deliver as a Pest-Control Byproduct? Case Study 1: Red Deer Case Study 2: Himalayan Tahr Case Study 3: Possums Conclusions References Pest Control: Does the Answer Lie in New Biotechnologies? 421 J.A. Duckworth, A.E. Byrom, P. Fisher, C. Horn 27.1 Why Is a Biotechnological Approach Necessary? Biotechnology and New-Generation Vertebrate Pesticides Biotechnology and Fertility Control Biotechnologies for Improved Detection and Estimation of Mammalian Pest Populations

11 XVIII Contents 27.5 The Public and New Biotechnologies Conclusions References Updated Perspective on Biological Invasions in New Zealand 435 R.B. Allen, R.P. Duncan, W.G. Lee 28.1 Introduction Are New Zealand Islands Vulnerable to Invasion? Do Invasive Species Have Novel Impacts on New Zealand Islands? What Are the Ongoing Consequences of Invasions for the New Zealand Landscape? Conclusions References Subject Index