Ceramics Science and Technology

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1 Ceramics Science and Technology Volume 3: Synthesis and Processing Bearbeitet von Prof. Ralf Riedel, I-Wei Chen 1. Auflage Buch. XXII, 550 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 17 x 24 cm Gewicht: 1208 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Technik > Technologien diverser Werkstoffe > Keramik & Glastechnologie Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 V Preface XV List of Contributors XVII Part I Powders 1 1 Powder Compaction by Dry Pressing 3 Rainer Oberacker 1.1 Introduction Fundamental Aspects of Dry Pressing Die or Mold Filling Behavior of Powders Particle Packing: A Static View Practical Aspects of Die Filling With Granulates Compaction Behavior Compaction of Monolithic Powders Compaction of Granulated Powders Understanding Powder Compaction by Advanced Modeling Practice of Uniaxial Compaction Die Filling Tooling Principles and Pressing Tools Powder Compaction Presses Practice of Isostatic Compaction Wet-Bag Isostatic Pressing Dry-Bag Isostatic Pressing Granulation of Ceramic Powders Spray-Drying Alternative Spray Granulation Methods Characterization of Ceramic Granulates 34 References 34 2 Tape Casting 39 Andreas Roosen 2.1 Use of the Tape Casting Process Process Variations 41

3 VI 2.3 Tape Casting Process Components of the Slurry Inorganic Raw Materials Solvents Organic Raw Materials Dispersing Agents Binder and Plasticizer Other Additives Interaction between Slurry Components Preparation of the Slurry and its Properties Tape Casting Drying and Characteristics of the Green Tape Machining, Metallization, and Lamination Binder Burnout Firing Summary 58 References 58 3 Hydrothermal Routes to Advanced Ceramic Powders and Materials 63 Wojciech L. Suchanek and Richard E. Riman 3.1 Introduction to Hydrothermal Synthesis Fundamental Definitions Process Development and Industrial Production Hydrothermal Hybrid Techniques Physical and Chemical Advantages of Hydrothermal Solutions Engineering Ceramic Synthesis in Hydrothermal Solution Phase Partitioning in Hydrothermal Systems A Rational Approach for Engineering Hydrothermal Synthesis Methods Thermodynamic Modeling Examples of Synthesis Engineering Materials Chemistry of Hydrothermal Ceramic Powders Control of Chemical Composition Physical Characteristics and their Control Ceramics Processed from Hydrothermally Synthesized Powders Synthesis of Modified Powders for Enhanced Sinterability Powders for Sintered Dense Ceramics with Fine Grain Size Sintered Porous Ceramics from Hydrothermally Synthesized Powders Fabrication of Textured Ceramics from Hydrothermal Powders In-Situ Hydrothermal Conversion and Hydrothermal Sintering Summary 88 References 88

4 VII 4 Liquid Feed-Flame Spray Pyrolysis (LF-FSP) in the Synthesis of Single- and Mixed-Metal Oxide Nanopowders 97 Richard M. Laine 4.1 Introduction Basic Concepts of Nanopowder Formation During LF-FSP Particle Size Distributions Phase Formation Phase Characterization Can Nanoparticles Be Prepared That Consist of Mixed Phases? The TiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 System Changing Band Gaps Which Particle Morphologies Can be Accessed? Can Nanopowders Be Doped? Sinter-Resistant Materials Laser Paints 111 References Sol Gel Processing of Ceramics 121 Nicola Hüsing 5.1 Introduction Principles of Sol Gel Processing Porous Materials Hybrid Materials Bioactive Sol Gel Materials In-Situ Encapsulation of Biomolecules Bioactive Materials 136 References 137 Part II Densification and Beyond Sintering 143 Suk-Joong L. Kang 6.1 Sintering Phenomena Solid-State Sintering Sintering Models and Kinetics with No Grain Growth Initial Stage Model and Kinetics Intermediate and Final Stage Models and Kinetics Grain Boundary Structure and Densification Kinetics Grain Growth Normal Grain Growth Grain Growth in the Presence of Second-Phase Particles Grain Growth with Boundary Segregation Grain Growth Behavior with Boundary Structure Microstructure Development Liquid-Phase Sintering 156

5 VIII Densification Models and Theories Contact Flattening Pore Filling Grain Growth Microstructure Development Summary 164 References Hot Isostatic Pressing and Gas-Pressure Sintering 171 Michael J. Hoffmann, Stefan Fünfschilling, and Deniz Kahraman 7.1 Introduction Sintering Mechanisms with Applied Pressure Silicon Nitride Ceramics: Comparison of Capsule HIP and Sinter-HIP Technology Capsule HIP Sinter-HIP Differences between Capsule-HIP and Sinter-HIP Other Applications Structural Ceramics Post-HIPing of Oxide Ceramics for Optical Applications 182 References Hot Pressing and Spark Plasma Sintering 189 Mats Nygren and Zhijian Shen 8.1 Introduction Advantages of Sintering Under a Uniaxial Pressure Conventional Hot Presses SPS Set-Up Unique Features and Advantages of the SPS Process The Role of High Pressure The Role of Rapid and Effective Heating The Role of Pulsed Direct Current Microstructural Prototyping by SPS Nanoceramics and Ceramics Nanocomposites Self-Reinforced Ceramics Superplasticity and Textured Ceramics Non-Equilibrium Ceramic Composites Ceramics with Macro- and Micro- Graded Structures Hard-to-Make Ceramics Defect-Engineered Ceramics Potential Industrial Applications 213 References 213

6 IX 9 Fundamentals and Methods of Ceramic Joining 215 K. Scott Weil 9.1 Introduction Basic Phenomena in Ceramic Joining Mechanics The Strength of Ceramics Contact Stress Residual Stress Elastic Modulus Effects Other Effects Strength of Bonded Joints Adhesion and Wetting Diffusion Chemical Reaction Methods of Joining Mechanical Joining Direct Bonding Solid-State Direct-Bonding Processes Liquid-State Direct-Bonding Processes Interlayer Bonding Solid-State Interlayer Bonding Processes Liquid-State Interlayer Bonding Processes Conclusions 243 References Machining and Finishing of Ceramics 247 Eckart Uhlmann, Gregor Hasper, Thomas Hoghé, Christoph Hübert, Vanja Mihotovic, and Christoph Sammler 10.1 Introduction Face and Profile Grinding Process Description Machining of Ceramics Current Status and Future Prospects Double-Face Grinding with Planetary Kinematics Process Description Machining of Ceramics Current Status and Future Prospects Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding Process Description Machining of Ceramics Current Status and Future Prospects Abrasive Flow Machining Process Description Machining of Ceramics 263

7 X Current Status and Future Prospects Outlook 264 References 265 Part III Films and Coatings Vapor-Phase Deposition of Oxides 269 Lambert Alff, Andreas Klein, Philipp Komissinskiy, and Jose Kurian 11.1 Introduction Sputter Deposition Pulsed-Laser Deposition Oxide Molecular Beam Epitaxy Summary 289 References Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Metal Oxide Films and Nanostructures 291 Sanjay Mathur, Aadesh Pratap Singh, Ralf Müller, Tessa Leuning, Thomas Lehnen, and Hao Shen 12.1 Introduction Metal Oxide Film Deposition Physical and Chemical Vapor Deposition Techniques Chemical Vapor Deposition Thermally Activated CVD (TA-CVD) Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PE-CVD) Molecule-Based CVD (MB-CVD) Atomic Layer Deposition Growth Dynamics Amorphous Growth Epitaxial Growth Polycrystalline Growth Mechanistic Aspects of CVD The Precursor Concept in CVD Precursor Requisites Precursor Material Relationship Influence of Precursor Flow Rate on Microstructure and Growth Metal Oxide Coatings Monometallic Precursor (MO x ) Systems Bimetallic Precursor (MMOx) Systems Composites (MO x /MO y ) Systems Summary 327 References 330

8 XI Part IV Manufacturing Technology Powder Characterization 339 Wolfgang Sigmund, Vasana Maneeratana, and Shu-Hau Hsu 13.1 Introduction Accuracy Versus Precision and Instrument Resolution Sampling Chemical Composition and Surface Characterization Bulk Elemental Identification Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Electron and X-Ray Microanalysis Infrared Spectroscopy Raman Spectroscopy Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Detailed Depth Profiling of Elemental Distribution within a Particle Surface Characterization Surface Chemistry Analysis Vacuum Techniques Specific Surface Area of Particles Electrokinetic Potential or Zeta-Potential Crystallographic Identification Particle Sizing and Data Interpretation Particles Types Particle Shapes General Methods Light Scattering Techniques Sedimentation Analysis Coulter Counter Image-Based Analysis Sieve Analysis Dry Sieving Wet Sieving Physical Properties Particle Density Particle Density Definition Particle Density Measurement Powder Porosity Summary 367 References Process Defects 369 Keizo Uematsu 14.1 Introduction Bulk Examination Methods 370

9 XII 14.3 Characterization Methods for Green Compact Specimen Preparation Ceramics Green Compact Observation with an Optical Microscope Transmission Optical Microscopy Polarized Light Microscopy Infrared Transmission Microscopy Confocal Fluorescent Scanning Laser Microscopy (CFSLM) Process Defects in Ceramics Short-Range Defects Circumferential Cracks at the Granular Boundaries Dimple Defects at the Centers of Granules Coarse Particles/Aggregates Defects Due to Inhomogeneous Distribution of Binder Long-Range Defects Particle Size Variation Density Variation Orientation of Particles Anisotropic Packing Long-Range Distribution of Additives 392 References Nonconventional Polymers in Ceramic Processing: Thermoplastics and Monomers 395 John W. Halloran 15.1 Introduction: Ceramic Green Bodies as Filled Polymers Thermoplastics in Ceramic Processing A Brief Review of Thermoplastics Used in Ceramic Forming Melt Spinning of Fibers Single-Component Extrusion and Plastics Processing Thermoplastic Green Machining Thermoplastic Coextrusion Crystallinity in Thermoplastics Compounding Thermoplastic Blends Volumetric Changes in Thermoplastic Ceramic Compounds Polymer Formation by Polymerization of Suspensions in Monomers Summary 410 References Manufacturing Technology: Rapid Prototyping 415 James D. McGuffin-Cawley 16.1 Introduction Outline of Ceramic Processing 418

10 XIII 16.3 Solid Freeform Fabrication Additive Prototyping Processes Stereolithography-Based Methods Flowable Powder Methods Ink Jet Methods Extrusion Methods Sheet-Based Processes Formative Prototyping Methods Casting Methods Plastic-Forming Methods Subtractive Methods Green (and Bisque) Machining Examples of SFF Summary 432 References 432 Part V Alternative Strategies to Ceramics Sintering of Nanograin Ceramics 441 I.-Wei Chen and Xiaohui Wang 17.1 Introduction Background: What Went Wrong With Conventional Thinking? Two-Step Sintering of Y 2 O Two-Step Sintering of Other Ceramics Conclusions 453 References Polymer-Derived Ceramics 457 Emanuel Ionescu 18.1 Introduction Preceramic Polymers Polymer-to-Ceramic Transformation Processing Techniques for PDCs Polymer-Derived Ceramic Monoliths: Filler-Controlled Pyrolysis Polymer-Derived Ceramic Coatings Polymer-Derived Ceramic Fibers Silicon Carbonitride Silicon Borocarbonitride Polymer-Derived Ceramic Foams Direct-Foaming Techniques Infiltration of Porous Performs Sacrificial Fillers High-Temperature Behavior of PDCs Microstructure of PDCs 470

11 XIV Energetics in SiOC and SiCN Systems High-Temperature Stability of PDCs: Decomposition and Crystallization Processes Oxidation Behavior of PDCs Electrical Properties of PDCs Electrical Properties of SiOC-Based Ceramics Electrical Properties of SiCN-Based Ceramics Magnetic Properties of PDCs Polymer-Derived Ceramic Membranes Microfabrication of PDC-Based Components for MEMS Applications Direct Lithographic Methods Micromolding Techniques Summary and Outlook 491 References High-Pressure Routes to Ceramics 501 Dmytro A. Dzivenko and Ralf Riedel 19.1 Introduction Static High-Pressure Techniques Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell (DAC) Multianvil Apparatus Shock-Wave Techniques Synthesis of Cubic Silicon Nitride 511 References 513 Index 519

Model-Driven Design Using Business Patterns

Model-Driven Design Using Business Patterns Bearbeitet von Pavel Hruby 1. Auflage 2006. Buch. xvi, 368 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 540 30154 7 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 1590 g Wirtschaft > Volkswirtschaft