STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR E-GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF KABUPATEN/KOTA AT INDONESIA

Transcription

1 STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR E-GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTATION OF KABUPATEN/KOTA AT INDONESIA Stevanus Wisnu Wijaya 1 ), Kridanto Surendro 2 ) Abstract The objective of e-government implementation is improving efficiency and effectiveness of public services using information and communication technology. There is much type of public services. One of the public services type is government information system. Theory of how to measure information system success implemented for e-government in this study for measuring government information system. The success of e-government implementation has positive correlation with e- readiness. E-readiness is precondition of e-government implementation. This paper presents strategic planning for e-government implementation based on the theory of information success and e-readiness. 1. Introduction There are two important things for government. First thing is improving public services, and the second is involving citizen in public decision making process. Information and communication technology can support to achieve the objective of government. Government need to transform it self to new model of government. This new model is e-government. The objective of e-government is improving public services and involving citizen in public decision making.[16] Computer based information system is a model of e-government implementation. Example of government information system is government web site. Deleon and McLean developed theory to measure information system success factor. System quality, information quality, use, user satisfaction, individual and organizational impact are factor that can measure for information system success.[6] Ivana Elpez and Dieter Fink developed a model base on DeLeon and McLean information system success theory. This model implemented at public services area. Meeting user requirements, system usability and performance, information quality, use, user acceptance and IS ownership and interaction with IT infrastructure are factor that can use for measure of information system in public services sector.[12] We are using use, user satisfaction, and individual and organizational impact factor to measure information system success in Kabupaten/kota at Indonesia. Strategic planning is actions for achieving the implementation of e-government success. The success of e-government implementation has positive correlations with e-readiness. E-readiness is prerequisite for success e-government implementation. United nations e-government readiness factor are consist of web measure index, human capital index, telecommunication infrastructure 1 Lecturer of Sanata Dharma University Yogyakarta and Student of Bandung Institute of Technology stevanus.wisnu@staff.usd.ac.id, wisnuwijaya@students.itb.ac.id 2 Information System Research Group, Bandung Institute of Technology;endro@informatika.org 351

2 index and participation index. Inpres no 3 tahun 2003 determine e-readiness consist of e-leadership, human resources, business climate, infrastructure and information management.[4,5,8,15,16,17] Government of Yogyakarta Province e-government strategic planning determines aspect to support e-government implementation consist of infrastructure, human resources, software and organization factor. This study determines e-readiness as willingness factor and capacity factor. This paper presented model of strategic planning of e-government implementation base on information system success theory and e-readiness theory. The definition of e-government is the adoption of information and communication technology to improve public services. This context use for this study. E-readiness consists of two aspect, e-readiness of government and e-readiness of citizen. This model can be used for developing strategic planning of e-government implementation. 2. Literature background 2.1. E-government and e-readiness definition The emerging of information and communication technology is reason for transforming government to e-government model. There are new challenge and value in this era. This new era name is information age. The competitive advantage was determined by the power of information. This era strive for transformation to new model of government. This new model known as e- government. [18] Definition of e-government by World Bank is improving public services using information and communication technology. This definition is similar with definition by Impress no 3 Than Another definition of e-government was presented by United Nations. Definition of e-government by United Nations is adoption of information and communication technology and its application to achieve efficiency of government management. The objective of e-government is making information available for citizen, increase efficiency and effectiveness of public services, promote social and economic empowerment of all citizen by provide access to information and communication technology and provide opportunity to participate in public decision making process. The main objective of e-government is improving public services using information and communication technology.[18] The transformation of government model to e-government needs pre requisite. This condition needed for support implementation of e-government succesfully. The implementation will be success if the objective can rise by the government. The main objective is improving public services and provides opportunity to participate in public decision making process to all citizens. Information and communication technology is tool for realize this objective. This pre condition knows as e-readiness. There are many definitions of e-readiness. These definitions have similar concept and use e- leadership, infrastructure, human resources, bussiness climate, local culture and information management as aspect for measuring e-readiness. But not all of aspects are used in this definition. They use aspect depend on context and objective. United Nations use web measure index, infrastructure communication index and human capital index for measuring e-government readiness. E-government readiness developed by United Nations based on how government uses information and communication technology for providing access and inclusion to all citizen. [18].Mcconnell International developed definition of e-readiness base on capacity of the country to participate and use every opportunity in digital economy.[17] Definition of e-readiness by Inpres no 3 Tahun 2003 is aspect that have to measure for supporting implementation of e-government 352

3 succesfully.[16] This definition has correlation with transforming government model to e- government model. Definition of e-readiness by Indian government has difference context and objective. This definition is how to use information and communication technology for support development of the state.[8] Base on theory of e-readiness, we define e-readiness as capacity and willingness of e-government stake holder in e-government implementation context. In this study, e-government is using information and communication technology for improving public services. E-government stakeholder consists of citizen as end user and government organization. End user consists of individual citizen, profit and non profit organization. This definition have similar concept with definition developed by United Nations, but we use difference context and objective. There difference aspect for measuring of e-government readiness in this study from United Nations. In this study, e-government readiness is capacity and willingness of Kabupaten/kota for providing public services using information and communication technology. [20] 2.2. Definition of E-government Success Base on objective of e-government, improving efficiency and effectiveness of public services, we define e-government success implementation as public services success implementation using information and communication technology. In this context, government information system can use as an example of government public services. Example of government public services are kabupaten/kota web site, KTP online, or others. There are many models for measuring information system success. William Delone and Ephraim McLean have developed model for measure information system success. This model known as D&M model for information system success factor. This model uses quality, information quality, use, user satisfaction, individual impact and organizational impact as factor for measure information system success.[6] Base on this model, Ivana Elpez and Dieter Fink develope model for information system success in public sector area. This model use meeting user requirements, system usability and performance, information quality, use, user acceptance and IS ownership and interaction with IT infrastructure factor for measuring information system success factor. In this study we simplify information system success factor.[12] We use user satisfaction, use, individual impact and organizational impact as factor for measure government information system success. Figure 1. D&M Information Success Model[6] 353

4 E-government success measurement has done base on the perspective each stakeholder. Theory of information system define that stakeholder of information system are end user and IS professional. In this study, we define stakeholder of e-government are government official and citizen. 3. Model of E-government Implementation Strategy Base on theory of e-readiness and information system success factor, we developed model of e- government implementation: 1) Strategic planning of e-government implementation is several actions conducted by government of Kabupaten/Kota to achieve the e-government implementation success. These actions can define as e-government readiness. 2) E-government implementation success if quality of public services increase. The quality of public services measured by use, user satisfaction, individual impact and organizational impact. We define public services as public services that provided by government of Kabupaten/kota. 3) E-government implementation success has positive correlation with e-readiness. In this study, we define e-readiness as capacity and willingness of end user (citizen) and government organization. 4) Base on this concept, we propose model of e-government implementation strategy as follows:[20] e-government implementation success e-government readiness Government s e-readiness Citizen s/user s e- readiness Figure 2. Propose model of e-government strategy [20] E-readiness consist of government e-readiness and user/citizen e-readiness. Description of Government readiness is defined in table 1. No Factor willingness capacity 1 E-leadership 2 Culture 3 Egovernance 4 Human resources 354

5 5 ICT Infrastructure 6 Bussiness climate Table 1. Willingness and capacity of government.[20] No Factor willingness capacity 1 Culture 2 Human resources 3 ICT infrastructure 4 Bussiness climate 5 Per capita income Table 2. Willingness and capacity of citizen/user[20] Description of willingness and capacity are as follows: 1. E-leadership: this factor related to priority and initiative of government kabupaten/kota to support e-government implementation. 2. Culture: This aspect according to ICT acceptance of an individual. In another words, this aspect was related to willingness to use ICT in daily routine. 3. Human resources: this aspect related to cognitive and technical skill of an individual to use ICT. Using ICT means using information provided by ICT to solve daily routine problem. In another words, this skills known as ICT literacy. ICT literacy for government official related to skill for using ICT to solve governmental problem. ICT literacy for citizen means ability to use public services base on information and communication technology. 4. Egovernance: this aspect refers to method of government to manage information for public services. 5. ICT infrastructure: this aspect related to availability of hardware and software for supporting public services. 6. Business climate: This aspect refers to market condition, regulation and market system that have correlation with availability of software and hardware. 7. Percapita income: This aspect refers to ability of citizen to pay public services. 7. Summary 1. The main objective of e-government is using information and communication technology to improve public services. 2. Government information system is an example of public services provided by government. Then, we can use information success theory to measure e-government success. 3. The propose model of e-government implementation strategy developed base on e-readiness theory and information system success theory. 8. Acknowledgment This paper is part of e-readiness research funded by Program Riset Unggulan ITB The case study of this research is Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta. 355

6 References [1] Bruce Harry, Lampson Marc, Information Literacy Project Survey, the Information School of the University Of Washington. [2] Bhavnani K. Suresh, Strategic Approach of Computer Literacy,Carnegie Mellon University 1999 [3] Bridges.org; Eready For What?E-readiness In Developing Countries Current Status And The Millennium Development Goal Accesed from [4] Bridges.org E-readiness asessment: who is doing what and where? ;Accessed from [5] Bridges.org; E-readiness assessment tool comparison ; Accesed from [6] Delone William H, Mclean Ephraim R.;"The DeLone and McLean Model of Information Systems Success: A Ten-Year Update"; Journal of Management Information Systems / spring 2003, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp [7] Dokctor, Roslyn; Accelerating E-Government...E-Readiness At Work ;Mcconell International [8] Department of Information Technology,, India:E-Readiness Assessment Report 2004, India Government [9] Educational Testing Service Digital Transformation, ICT Literacy Framework, A Report Of The International ICT Literacy Panel 2002, accessed from at October 2004 [10] Educational Testing Services Succeeding in the 21st Century, 2002.;Accessed from [11] Economics Intelligent Unit, E-Readiness Ranking 2005, white paper [12] Elpez Ivana, Fink Dieter;"Information Systems Success in the Public Sector: Stakeholders Perspectives and Emerging Alignment Model"; Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology Volume 3, 2006 [13] Henrickson Leslie, Computer Literacy project Survey, 2002 [14] Ide Akira, Yamasaki Matsuo, Takagi Ichiro, A Research Problem To Realize Local E-Government In Japan, 2004 [15] Kovavic, J Zlatko, The Impact Of National Culture On Worldwide E-Government Readiness, Informing Science Journal 2005 [16] Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, Inpres No 3 tahun [17] Mcconell International; Ready!net go ; Accessed from [18] United Nations, Global E-government readiness report [19] Vosloo, Steve; e-government and the e-readiness of NPO in the Western Cape ; Centre Of E-Innovation [20] Provincial Goverment Of Western Cape. [21] Wisnuwijaya,Stevanus;Surendro,Kridanto, Kajian Teoritis:Model E-government Readiness Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota di Indonesia ;Proceeding SNATI [22] Wisnuwijaya,Stevanus;Kridanto Surendro, ICT Literacy As An Indicator Of E-government Readiness ; ICTS [23] World Economic Forum Southern Africa Development Community-World Economic Forum: Consultation Report On E-Readiness ; Global Digital Divide Initiative On Policies And Strategies 2001/