MODELLING SURFACE RUNOFF TO MITIGATE HARMFUL IMPACT OF SOIL EROSION
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1 MODELLING SURFACE RUNOFF TO MITIGATE HARMFUL IMPACT OF SOIL EROSION Pavel KOVAR, Darina VASSOVA Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague HydroPredict Conference 2010 Prague, September 20 to 23, 2010
2 INTRODUCTION Problems Caused by Water Erosion Loss of soil is an important issue worldwide, due to: Increased frequency of hydrological extremes Inexistent or insufficient erosion control measures Improper land use Improper agricultural/forest management First steps for solving problems related to water erosion : Empirical models: USLE/MUSLE (Modified/Universal Soil Loss Equation, Delivery Ratio) Simulation models: CN-based models (EPIC, CREAMS, AGNPS,...) Surface Runoff and Erosion Processes (SMODERP, EROSION 2D,...) Advanced simulation models: EUROSEM (European Erosion Model, WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project,
3 INTRODUCTION CAN WATER EROSION BE PREDICTED USING A MODIFIED HYDROLOGIC MODEL? In this presentation we will try to determine the common principles of surface runoff and soil erosion analyses: Physically-based models Natural rainfall-runoff events data Simulated rainfall-runoff data (using rain simulator) Design rainfall data Observed and computed rain erosivity data assessment Soil loss analysis based on soil erodibility (rill and interrill erosion assessment)
4 EXPERIMENTAL RUNOFF PLOTS Area: TŘEBSÍN
5 EXPERIMENTAL SITES DESCRIPTION Soil characteristics: Brown soil Eutric Cambisol on weathered eluvials and deluvials Field capacity (average): 33.5% Porosity (average): 48.3% Plot parameters and crops Plot No. Length (m) Wide (m) Slope (%) Area (m 2 ) Crop 2007 Crop 2008 Crop 2009 Crop sunflower maize maize maize sunflower maize maize maize sunflower maize maize maize Average Soil hydraulic parameters Plot No. Satur. hydraulic conductivity K s (mm min -1 ) Sorptivity at FC So (mm min -0.5 ) SF Storage suction factor SF (mm) So 2 K s 2
6 RAIN SIMULATOR
7 RAIN SIMULATOR
8 SHEET FLOW
9 DISCHARGE/LOAD MEASUREMENT DEVICE
10 GRANULARITY CURVE FOR EXPERIMENTAL RUNOFF AREAS AT TŘEBSÍN percent (%) soil grain size Plot No. Grain <0.002 Grain <0.01 Grain Grain Grain
11 MODEL KINFIL PRINCIPLES EINFIL Part Infiltration computation: Green Ampt (and Morel- Seytoux) Storage suction factor: Ponding time: KINFIL Part Computation of flow on slopes using kinematic wave computation: (Lax-Wendroff numerical scheme) ) ( t i x y my t y K i i S t K So H S t i H K i e m s f p s f i s f p f i s s
12 THE KINFIL PARAMETERS ROOT depth of root zone (m) KS saturated hydraulic conductivity (m s -1 ) SO sorptivity at field capacity (m s -0.5 ) POR porosity ( ) FC field capacity ( ) SMC (or API) soil moisture content (mm) JJ number of planes in cascade ( ) SLO slope of plane ( ) LEN length of plane (m) WID width of plane (m) NM Manning roughness t x 1 my m1 DS mean soil particle diameter (mm) D(i) soil particle category diameters (mm) RO soil particle density (kg m -3 ) cascade of planes cascade of segments
13 IMPACT OF PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ON SURFACE RUNOFF Length of slope Angle of slope Slope length vers. specific runoff (CN=88, slope α = 0,05, Manning n=0,100) Slope angle vers. time to peak (CN=88, length L=100m, Manning n=0,100) Specific discharge q (l s -1 m -1 ) Time to peak (hrs) Slope length L (m) Slope angle α (-) Hydraulic roughness Roughness vers. time to peak (CN = 88, length L=100m, slope α=0,05 ) Manning n Time to peak (hrs)
14 NATURAL RAINFALL-RUNOFF OBSERVATION DT = 30 min, area 250 m 2 ( m), 10 August 2007 Rainfall-runoff events Depths, velocity and shear velocity Soil loss: 5330 kg ha -1 Soil loss: 281 kg ha -1
15 SIMULATED RAINFALL-RUNOFF EVENTS TŘEBSÍN 9, DT = 1 min, area 30 m 2 ( m) 26 Aug (DRY, SMC o =23.4%, Maize) 26 Aug (WET, SMC o =39.3%, Maize) Depths and Velocities 26 Aug (DRY) 26 Aug (WET)
16 DESIGN RAINFALLS Rain gauge Benešov: P t,n =P 1d,N a t 1-c i t,n =P 1d,N a t -c Design rainfall depths P t,n (mm): Rain depths P t,n for duration t d (10 to 300 min), N-years reccurance Benešov P (mm) t (min) years
17 DESIGN RAIN INTENSITIES Design rain intensities i t,n (mm min -1 ): Rain intensity it,n for duration td (10 to 300 min), N-years reccurence Benešov i (mm min -1 ) t (min) years
18 SURFACE RUNOFF FROM DESIGN RAINFALL Locality: TŘEBSÍN 9, area 30 m 2, Maize
19 DESIGN RUNOFF: DEPTH, VELOCITIES AND SHEAR STRESS VALUES AT DIFFERENT TIME Locality: TŘEBSÍN 9, area 30m 2, N = 2 years, TD = 10 min 2.50 Time: 10 min Time: 20 min 0.06 Depth (m) SHEAR STRESS (Pa) VELOCITIES V (m.s -1 ) Depth (m) SHEAR STRESS (Pa) VELOCITIES V (m.s -1 ) Length (m) 0.00 Shear Stress Depth Velocity Shear Velocity Length (m) 0.00 Shear Stress Depth Velocity Shear Velocity 2.50 Time: 30 min Time: 40 min 0.06 Depth (m) SHEAR STRESS (Pa) VELOCITIES V (m.s -1 ) Depth (m) SHEAR STRESS (Pa) VELOCITIES V (m.s -1 ) Shear Stress Shear Stress Depth Length (m) 0.00 Depth Velocity Shear Velocity Length (m) 0.00 Velocity Shear Velocity
20 DESIGN RUNOFF: POTENTIAL SOIL LOSS Locality: TŘEBSÍN 9, N = 2 years, TD = 10 min Grain size categories and their critical shear stress: Category (mm) < t c (Pa) Effective medium grain size D s = mm, t c = 0.5 Pa Experimental runoff area: Potential soil loss (for D s ) at Pa
21 CONCLUSIONS ADVANTAGES OF THE KINFIL MODEL provides results from the physically-based scheme. provides possibilities to calibrate model parameters for natural rainfall-runoff event reconstructions. simulates surface runoff discharges, depths, velocities and shear stress accurately enough to be compared with measured discharges and soil losses measured by rain simulator equipment. simulates also the change of land use and farming management. MODELLERS AIM to extend research in soil losses caused by rill erosion (t 0 vers. t K for various granulometric spectra). to compare the KINFIL and WEPP models results.
22 Thank you for your attention
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