9/4/2009 WHY ARE WE HERE?? 1. Philosophical 2. Historical 3. Practical. Philosophically Historically Practically. Summer is over!
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1 WHY ARE WE HERE?? 1. Philosophical 2. Historical 3. Practical Philosophically Historically Practically Summer is over! 1
2 Previous work: Wetlands Wetlands are a common feature of the landscape in northern Michigan as well as numerous other locations. Wetlands, besides being important habitat for wildlife, are important in preserving water quality. I have studied the susceptibility of wetlands to acid rain, the ability of wetlands to retain nutrients and trace metals, and the quantity and types of organic matter exported from wetlands. Previous work: Little Rock Lake, WI Little Rock Lake, near Rhinelander, WI, is a seepage lake situated in glacial outwash sands. Such lakes have very little capacity to neutralize acid rain. This lake was divided in two with an artificial curtain, and one half was experimentally acidified for six years and then allowed to recover in order to study the effects of acid rain on lakes. We studied the processes in the lake that neutralize acid inputs and that determine the rate at which this lake is acidified. 2
3 Previous work: Lake Sempach, Switzerland Lake Sempach is a deep, prealpine lake in the heart of lush farmlands in Switzerland. Agricultural runoff and sewage inputs caused severe eutrophication of the lake. Building tertiary sewage treatment plants was not enough to solve the problem, and in-lake treatment (aeration) also was ineffective. This situation has led the Swiss government to pass legislation stating that farmers cannot apply more fertilizer to the land than the land can absorb. I studied the processes in the sediments that promoted internal recycling of nutrients and exacerbated the eutrophication problem. Previous work: Silbersee, Germany This lake has an interesting history as well as a terrible problem with high sulfide concentrations resulting from leaching of gypsum and nutrients from a nearby landfill. I studied carbon cycling as a means of understanding the relations between sulfide and nutrient inputs. 3
4 Case Study - Lake Superior Lake Superior is the largest lake in the world by surface area and the most pristine of the Great Lakes. It is also the least well known of these precious resources. Because of its relatively undeveloped watershed, most pollutants reach the lake from the atmosphere. Under grants from the National Science Foundation and the Michigan Great Lakes Protection Fund, we have been working to better understand how pollutants reaching the lake are transported from site to site and cycled within the food web. Previous work: NYC Reservoirs The New York City drinking water supply system is composed of 19 reservoirs and three controlled lakes located in southeastern upstate New York. The system has a usable capacity of 580 billion gallons and supplies an average of 1.4 billion gallons per day to 9 million people. Since 1992, we have been working with the NYC Department t of Environmental Protection to assure a high quality source water despite increasing land use and pollution pressures in the watershed. I have studied sedimentation rates and nutrient burial in sediments. 4
5 Previous work: Torch Lake, MI Torch Lake is a Superfund site on the Keweenaw Peninsula that had 20% of its volume filled with mine tailings (stamp sands). Trace metals have leached from these mine residues and reached toxic concentrations particularly in the sediments. The U.S.EPA elected not to remediate the lake because of the expense involved. However, our work has shown that the time required for the lake to recover on its own is a few hundred years. Senior design classes have examined the feasibility of capping the sediments of the lake to hasten its recovery. Current & future work Sedimentation in Schoharie Reservoir, NYC DEP, ** The carbon balance of Lake Superior: Modeling lake processes and understanding impacts on the regional carbon budget, NSF, * Comparison of L.Michigan & Superior C & P cycling; (Lake Acidification) Recovery of Torch Lake from Copper Mining Impacts, MI DEQ Remediation, Gay Stamp Sand site. Hg TMDLs for S.Dakota lakes 5
6 Environ. Engineering Course Sequence Fluids CE3501 Thermo CE3620 Water Resources CE3502 P-Chem CE4506 Regs,P2,3 CE4501 Env.Chem CE4504 Air Quality GE3850 Geohydrol. CE4508 Drinking&WasteWtr CE4507 Distribution. ce4505 Surf.Water CE4620 Open Channel Flow CE4630 Hydraulic structures BL4451 Limnology FW4220 Wetlands CE5508: Biogeochem., CE5504: Surf.Water Qual. Modeling COURSE OBJECTIVES (re SWQ): Why should environmental engineers be concerned with surface water quality? What can environmental engineers do to protect (maintain) surface water quality? What can environmental engineers do to restore impaired surface waters? 6
7 Other course objective: Learn to construct computerized mass balance models; Distinguish and be able to implement steady-state and nonsteady-state approaches; Learn simple numerical method(s) for implementation of nonsteady-state models. Issues for this week: When is water availability limited? Who (should) own(s) surface waters? Whose job is it to protect surface waters? What are reasonable goals for surface water protection? 7
8 WORLD WATER SUPPLY SALT WATER (97.1%) FRESHWATER (2.9%) ICE CAPS (78%) Ground water (21%) L. Baikal SURFACE WATER (~1%) African Rift Lakes L.Superior Other Great Lakes Smaller Lakes Surface water is 1% of 3% (i.e., 0.03%) of earth s total water 8
9 ARAL SEA 9
10 FOR WHAT IS SURFACE WATER QUALITY IMPORTANT? DRINKING WATER RECREATION (SWIMMING, BOATING, FISHING, AESTHETICS) INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES WASTE REMOVAL WILDLIFE HABITAT 10
11 SURFACE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS Eutrophication ( ) Toxic chemicals ( ) Siltation ( ) Bacterial contamination ( ) Wetland loss Exotic (invasive) species ( ) Species loss Compartmentalization 11
12 Air, radiation Toxics, pesticides, prevention Solid waste Water 12
13 RECITATION WHOSE JOB IS IT TO PROTECT SURFACE WATERS? WHO (SHOULD) OWN SURFACE WATERS? HOW SHOULD SURFACE WATER BE PROTECTED (I.E., WHAT GOALS, APPROACHES)? 13
14 COMMAND & CONTROL COMPARTMENTALIZATION 14
15 SUCCESS? FAILURE? 15
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