1.2 The Earth System s Four Spheres

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1 EXIT CHAPTER. A New View of Earth.2 The Earth System s Four Spheres.3 Cycles and the Earth CHAPTER OUTLINE

2 Earth system science model system closed system. A New View of Earth Technological advances and environmental incidents have encouraged scientists to look at Earth as a system. This new view of Earth is called Earth system science. open system A system is a type of model that allows scientists to study a process or phenomenon with time as a variable. Closed System Open System

3 Earth system science model system. A New View of Earth Because it exchanges little matter with its surroundings, Earth is an essentially closed system. closed system open system Energy from the sun Energy reflected to space Hydrogen sometimes escapes Earth s atmosphere Meteorites sometimes enter Earth s atmosphere Earth system science helps scientists understand the human impact on Earth.

4 Earth system science model system closed system open system Earth system science The study of Earth materials and processes subdivided into a group of four interconnected spheres of activity: atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

5 Earth system science model system closed system open system model A simplified representation of an object, process, or phenomenon, used as the basis for further study or investigation.

6 Earth system science model system closed system open system system A naturally occurring group of objects or phenomena that share matter and energy, for example, the four spheres of the Earth system.

7 Earth system science model system closed system open system closed system A system in which energy can enter or leave, but matter cannot.

8 Earth system science model system closed system open system open system A system in which there is a free exchange of both energy and matter between the system and its surroundings.

9 atmosphere.2 The Earth System s Four Spheres geosphere hydrosphere biosphere The Earth system includes four spheres: the atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Atmosphere Biosphere Geosphere Hydrosphere

10 CHAPTER atmosphere geosphere hydrosphere biosphere SECTION OUTLINE.2 The Earth System s Four Spheres The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope surrounding Earth. The geosphere consists of all the physical features on Earth except water. Earth s water makes up the hydrosphere. Living things, including plants, animals, and people, make up the biosphere. The spheres interact and change constantly. Rock formations can result from interactions among the four spheres.

11 atmosphere geosphere hydrosphere biosphere atmosphere The gaseous envelope of air surrounding Earth, made up of a mixture of about 78 percent nitrogen, 2 percent oxygen, and percent other gases and water vapor; one of the four spheres of the Earth system.

12 atmosphere geosphere hydrosphere biosphere geosphere The rocks, mountains, lithospheric plates, and other physical features of Earth, except for water; one of the four spheres of the Earth system.

13 atmosphere geosphere hydrosphere biosphere hydrosphere All water in the Earth system gaseous, solid, and liquid; one of the four spheres of the Earth system.

14 atmosphere geosphere hydrosphere biosphere biosphere All living organisms in the Earth system and their environments; one of the four spheres of the Earth system.

15 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle.3 Cycles and the Earth All water on Earth is continually moving through the water cycle, which includes evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), and precipitation. energy cycle solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy Precipitation Condensation Runoff Evaporation Evaporation Runoff Groundwater

16 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration.3 Cycles and the Earth A biogeochemical cycle involves the movement of an element, such as carbon, through the four spheres of the Earth system. carbon cycle energy cycle solar energy Volcanoes add CO 2 to the atmosphere. Forest fires add CO 2 to the atmosphere. Burning fossil fuels releases CO 2 into the atmosphere. geothermal energy tidal energy Carbon compounds can be stored in and release from the ocean. Humans and other animals exhale CO 2.

17 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration.3 Cycles and the Earth The energy cycle of the Earth system has three main energy sources: solar energy, geothermal energy, and tidal energy. carbon cycle Sources of Earth s Energy energy cycle solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy Type of Energy Solar Geothermal Tidal % of Total Energy Human activity can have an impact on the interactions of Earth s cycles.

18 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle cycle The physical or chemical processing of Earth materials that repeats over time, for example, the water cycle, carbon cycle, and rock cycle. solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy

19 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle water cycle The continuous circulation of water through the hydrosphere as solid, liquid, or gas. solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy

20 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle evapotranspiration The rapid cycling of water vapor into the atmosphere by evaporation from Earth s surface or transpiration from plant leaves. solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy

21 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle carbon cycle The biogeochemical circulation of carbon through the Earth system. solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy

22 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle energy cycle The movement of energy into and out of the Earth system. solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy

23 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle solar energy Energy emitted by the sun. energy cycle solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy

24 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle geothermal energy Heat energy that originates from within Earth and drives the movement of Earth s tectonic plates. solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy

25 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle tidal energy Energy created by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon on Earth s oceans. solar energy geothermal energy tidal energy

26 Earth system science model system closed system open system I. A New View of Earth A. Past Perceptions Meet New Issues B. The Rise of Earth System Science C. What Is a System D. A Planetary System E. Nature, Science, and Human Policy KEY IDEA SUMMARY

27 atmosphere geosphere hydrosphere biosphere II. The Earth System s Four Spheres A. The Atmosphere B. The Geosphere C. The Hydrosphere D. The Biosphere E. Interactions Among the Spheres F. How Interactions Change the Spheres KEY IDEA SUMMARY

28 cycle water cycle evapotranspiration carbon cycle energy cycle solar energy geothermal energy III. The Earth System s Four Spheres A. The Water Cycle B. The Carbon Cycle C. The Energy Cycle D. The Laws of Thermodynamics E. The Effects of Earth s Surface F. Human Activity and the Cycles tidal energy KEY IDEA SUMMARY