Smart Grids The Norwegian situation.

Transcription

1 Smart Grids The Norwegian situation. Kjell Sand, Sintef Energy Research /NTNU/ The Norwegian Smart Grid Centre National Conference on Smart Energy, Sion

2 SINTEF is the largest independent research organisation in Scandinavia Leading expertise in the natural sciences and technology, environment, health and social science 2100 employees from 67 countries Annual sales of EUR 350 million customers in 60 countries A non-commercial research foundation with subsidiaries

3 A multidisciplinary research organisation with international expertise in specific fields SINTEF Building and Infrastructure SINTEF ICT SINTEF Materials and Chemistry SINTEF Technology and Society SINTEF Energy Research SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture SINTEF Petroleum Research MARINTEK

4 The Norwegian Smartgrid Centre - a national competence building centre open for all 4

5 Centre Management Jan Onarheim Kjell Sand Commersial- Innovation Jan Onarheim NTNU Standardisation Birger Hestnes NEK Information Fredrik Christensen NTNU Laboratories Kjell Ljøkelsøy SINTEF R&D Kjell Sand SINTEF/NTNU Demos/ pilots Jan Onarheim NTNU Education Gerard Doorman NTNU

6 Presentation Overview What is Smart Grids? Smart grid architecture The Norwegian Power System - Electricity Usage Smart grid issues in the distribution system National Demonstration and Pilot Projects Smart grid laboratory Distributed generation planning/connection process

7 Smart grid our "defintions" or metaphors : A term for the future electric power system ( ) A giant leap on ICT integration A merger of power systems and internet A system where all components and apparatuses have an IP- address (Internet Protocol address) accessible from the internet A contribution to Internet of Energy and Internet of Things

8 Mandat 490 Reference architecture a good conceptual picture Business Layer Function Layer Outline of Usecase Interoperability Information Layer Communication Layer Subfunctions Data Model Data Model Protocol Protocol Market Enterprise Component Layer Operation Generation Transmission Distribution Domains DER Customer Premise Process Field Station Zones

9 Interoperability the main challenge

10 Electrical energy consumption per capita ( 2009 ) kwh/person Source: World bank

11 Electricity Generation in the Nordic system 2011 (TWh) TWh Thermal Nuclear Hydro Wind 20 0 Denmark Norway Finland Sweden Country Source: Eurostat

12 Rating range [MW] Hydro power in Norway Number of power stations Total capacity [MW] Annual generation [GWh/yr] 0 0, , Total % of Europe s hydro power resevoir capacity

13 Electric Energy Usage in Norwegian Households kwh per household (average) Water heater 15% Lighting 6% Cooling 5% Space heating + misc. 64% Cooking 2% Washing 3% PC with accessories 2% Electronics 3%

14 Grid characteristics Low customer density Long line distances per customer High amount of leisure homes connected to the power system Long distances between power plants and load centers Significant amount of MV and LV distribution as overhead lines Approx. 70 % of LV distribution built as 230 V IT network Demanding environment especially for overhead lines (wind, ice, salt, moisture, trees...) Distributed generation (small hydro) main potential in areas with weak grids.

15 Smart Grid Status Norway Transmission/sub-transmission Smart MV Distribution Not so smart LV distribution/ supply terminal Becoming smarter Smart metering by

16 Technology push ICT 92% of the household in Norway has internet connection 99,7 % of households have internet broadband access opportunity (2011) Smart phones Wirelesss Smart meters smart metering New sensors and controls(pmus, GPS, wireless plugs, smart thermostats ) emobility - EV/PHEV Power electronics 16

17 Internet development Norway % of households Fibre Broadband Internet 2011: Internet: 92% Broadband 80% Fibre 14% - mostly supplied by utilities

18 2,8 millions computers in the "fuse boxes" Estimated costs 2 billion US$. One of Norway's all time largest ICT projects 18

19 DSO SG issues DG especially small hydro power (typically < 10MW) Integration of wind Automation, efficiency in manual processes Improve reliability Reduce cost of energy not supplied and penalties 19

20 Prepare for el. vehicles DSO SG issues (cont) Improve power system monitoring and documentation Voltage quality management Harbour electricity supply to ships End of life monitoring information for maintenance and renewal management 20

21 DSO SG issues (cont) Improve customer service Customer interruption notification Power losses management Congestion management (to reduced the need for new lines ) 21

22 Barriers- data security - privacy

23 Smart Grid Risk Management One of the main tools (today) for risk reduction is pilot projects to build competence for development of robust smart grid strategies.

24 National pilots/demos Running: Demo Steinkjer (NTE) 4500 Network users Smart Energy Hvaler (Fredrikstad Energinett) 6700 Network users Demo Lyse (Lyse Energy) Few thousand Network users Smart houses Under construction Demo Skarpnes (Skanska, Agder Energy) 43 energy neutral houses/flats Smart grid pilot Transmission (Statnett) 24

25 2000 km Smart grid Statnett Demo Steinkjer Demo Lyse Smart Energy Hvaler Demo Skarpnes

26 Smart Grid Laboratory Feeding bus Current measurement Distribution network model ~ DG unit AsP

27 Distributed Generation in Norway DG defined as generation units<10 MW Substantial potential for developing small scale hydro generation units In 2010 remaining potential for small scale hydro estimated to be 16, 5 TWh This potential mostly lies in small rivers without reservoirs Peak production (spring) not in phase with peak load (winter) Source: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) Potential for hydro energy DG in Norway with development cost < 3 NOK/kWh (< 0,4 /kwh) 28

28 DG in Norway In Norway, there is a large potential for distributed generation based on renewable energy sources, mainly wind and hydro. Small scale hydro is the predominant type of DG being built. Energy source of DG-units installed today 29

29 DG in Norway Example 1 Nord-Trøndelag county Large potential for small scale hydro DG units Source: Nord-Trøndelag E- verk, "Local energy study - Namsskogan (In Norwegian)," Steinkjer 2009 Existing 22 kv radial reaches only parts of the area Challenges for planning of DG integration: How much of the plans will be executed? Where will DG be located? When will it be ready for grid connection? Excerpt of map showing potential DG units 30

30 Challenges for the network company - Planning A) Establish background for the analysis Results: Satisfy PQ restrictions Safe fault clearing No overloading Avoid stability problems Prior to connection: Approval of all new connections Evaluation of how the DG unit will intefere with the grid Host capacity Evaluation of proposed production equipment Evaluation of network adaptations/reinforcements IMPORTANT: Efficient evaluation Efficient dialogue with producer Modify alternative(s) No No B) Analysis of load and generation C) Establish alternatives D) Technical analysis of alternatives -Load flow analyses -Short circuit analyses -Reliability analyses -Risk analyses -Voltage quality analyses -Dynamic analyses (stability, etc) Results satisfactory? Yes E) Establish costs for the relevant alternatives F) Economic analysis / optimization Results satisfactory? Yes G) Aggregated evaluation

31 Connection process IDEA Information Design Evaluation Building Connection Acceptance Interference with grid Insignificant Limited Considerable Info and data Info and data Info, data and results from analyses Relay settings Relay settings Relay settings and adaptations Documentation Documentation Documentation Grid connection and testing Temporary acceptance for operation Period with normal operation FINAL ACCEPTANCE OF GRID CONNECTION 32

32 Smart grid measures to reduce losses in distribution feeders and increase hosting capacity to integrate local small hydro generation

33 Common DG situation in Norway Small hydro power plants (1-10 MVA) in areas with low consumption and weak lines Generation much higher than local consumption Strongly varying generation (river plants without water storage) Long feeders and high voltage levels when the generation is high Generators consume reactive power to reduce line voltage

34 Coordinated control of reactive power In networks with several synchronous generators: Generator(s) at the end of feeder consumes reactive power Generator(s) close to sub-station produces reactive power Goal: Minimize flow of reactive power (Qs) and sub-station current (Is) Reduce feeder losses (compared to strategy with Qdg<0) Maximize active power generation without violating voltage limits ( U) Can increase active power generation (compared to Qdg=0) Utilize existing network (postpone reinforcement) without increasing losses and reactive power flow Is Qs U

35 Conclusion: We don t know where we are going, but we know we are on our way 36