Community Managed Water Supply Initiatives

Transcription

1 Community Managed Water Supply Initiatives It has been the perception of the public that water is to be made available free and is the responsibility of the Government, whereas the present reformative perspective advocates that water as a scarce resource must be managed locally as a socio-economic good. The present target based supply-driven approach paid little attention to the realities. Women are mostly affected in the process - travelling long distances and spend time in queuing for water collection. Implementation of a participatory and demand driven approach is expected to ensure the desired level of service to the public and could afford to pay the capital and O&M costs. UN-HABITAT has initiated two Community based Water Supply Initiatives in a selected manner in the project cities of Madhya Pradesh on a community demand driven approach. These include: Community Managed Water Supply Scheme (CMWSS); and Community Managed Pro-poor Water Purification and Bottling Scheme (CPWBS). Community Managed Water Supply Scheme The Community Managed Water Supply Scheme (CMWSS) is a pilot initiative of UN-HABITAT in support of ADB s small piped water network towards facilitating pro-poor governance, which aims at improving the lives of the urban poor and the disadvantaged by connecting them to safe drinking water and ensuring users comfort and desired level of satisfaction. The framework of CMWSS enables: Adoption of a demand-responsive approach along with community participation based on empowerment of the community to ensure their full participation in the project through a decision making role in the choice of the drinking water scheme, planning, design, implementation, control of finances and management arrangements; Community s full ownership of the assets through Community Water and Sanitation Committees (CWASCs); 100% responsibility of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) with the community.

2 Strategy CMWSS being a community driven approach, depends upon community awareness and mobilization. The community will form its committee on water & sanitation issues such as Community Water & Sanitation Committee (CWASC). The CWASC will be converted into legal entities like a registered society and supported by municipal functionaries to carry out the responsibilities of planning, designing, implementation, operation, maintenance and management of the CMWSS. Since collection of drinking water in houses is primarily done by women, will also be actively involved in planning, choice of technologies, location of systems, implementation, operation and maintenance of water supply schemes. At least onethird of the members of the CWASC shall be women. Approach Baseline survey to assess the status of water supply, people s attitude as well as demand for improved services. Conduct of Poverty Pocket Situation Analysis. Adoption of a revolving fund wherein the entire investment recovered from the community and reinvested in similar schemes in the city. Sensitizing and awareness creation among implementers including Government functionaries, political representatives and community. Planning and designing of the scheme Training and capacity building to equip the community in the formulation, implementation and maintenance of the scheme. Implementation and commissioning of the scheme. Execution of community managed capital works. Post execution activities shouldering the responsibility of O&M by the Community. Implementation The Community Managed Water Supply Scheme has been under implementation in the selected slums of the project cities of Gwalior, Indore and Jabalpur. Each of these slums suffer from acute water supply problem with issues of varied dimensions. The following is a brief scenario of the issues and status of these schemes being implemented in these three cities: Indore The scheme is implemented by District Urban Development Agency (DUDA), Indore in the notified slums of Shiv Nagar, Shahin Nagar, Pawan Putra Nagar, Kamal Nagar and Chowdhary Park Colony, having 1200 houses almost below poverty line. There are no dug wells or hand pumps available in the locality and the households are dependent on private tube well owners for their water requirements and also fetch water from nearby factory, at 3 km distance. During summer the problem is in peak. This needs for undertaking appropriate measures for the supply of treated water. Activity An elevated reservoir and laying of pipelines Connection Charges Against normal connection charges of Rs. 2,500, Rs charged per HH in instalments of Rs.200 for 5 months per HH. Monthly user charges Rs. 60 per month as user charges Payback period 46 months

3 Gwalior Jabalpur This CMWSS is being implemented by Gwalior Municipal Corporation (GMC) in the notified slums of Ramaji Ka Pura, Islampura and Subhash Nagar situated in a hilly terrain having 1200 households almost totally below the poverty line. Water is supplied through direct pumping to this area in the midnight from 2.00 am to 4.00 am. The slum dwellers need to awake almost whole night and do not receive any water as these households are located at relatively higher reaches of the hilly terrain and consequently purchase water from the residents at the lower reaches at a price around Rs.100/- per month. This scheme involves supply of treated water by the GMC to a ground level sump, pumping to a ground level reservoir at the highest level in the area and supplying water to the households through the gravity. Activity A ground level sump, pump, ground level reservoir at the highest level, and laying of pipelines Connection Charges Against normal charges of Rs Rs. 100 per HH per month for 8 months charged Monthly user charges Rs. 80 per month as user charges This scheme is being implemented by Jabalpur Municipal Corporation (JMC) in the notified slum of Bagra Dafai, having more than 1200 households almost totally below the poverty line. There is no piped water supply system in the locality. People queue up for substantial period to collect water from the tube wells. There has been disputes regarding water allocation and high operational cost of electricity charges for delivery of water through tube wells. The underground water supply in the area has excessive fluoride. A sustainable system for safe water supply is being implemented through this scheme Activity Supply water from the Polypathor tank. Laying of distribution network. Connection Charges As against normal connection charges of Rs. 1375, Rs. 60 per month per user charged Monthly user charges Rs. 100 per HH per month as user charges Payback period Payback period 32 months 36 months Community managed Pro-poor Water Purification and Bottling Scheme The Community-managed Pro-poor Water purification and Bottling Scheme (CPWBS) is a process, designed to enable the community to have access to acceptable, adaptable, sustainable and affordable safe drinking water. The reform process does not end with the physical completion of water supply schemes, but in several ways, it marks the beginning of a new and more challenging phase in the process where the Development of Women and Children in Urban Areas (DWACUA) Group has to shoulder the responsibility of operation and maintenance of the system. This entails putting into operation, the decisions taken by the community with regard to tariff structure, water charges from the users, ensuring proper quality and maintenance of the system so as to ensure reliable and regular supply of safe drinking water, which requires high degree of community mobilisation and awareness.

4 UN-HABITAT in partnership with the District Urban Development Agency (DUDA) of Indore and Jabalpur, is collaborating for supply of safe drinking water at most affordable rates to the urban poor families by setting up CPWBS using traditional water sources with appropriate distribution systems. Seven hundred poor households living in slums of Dwarkapuri in Indore, and 600 poor slums in Bheron Nagar, Jabalpur are benefited with safe drinking water, as per WHO specifications, at affordable rates under this project. The project also provides capacity building and training to the community for managerial skill enhancement for project sustainability. DUDA shall set up the water treatment and bottling plant to meet the drinking water requirements at affordable rate, undertake a rapid Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) for infrastructure works and facilitate technical designs, implementation and procurement arrangements, mobilize the community for operation and maintenance of CPWBS and sensitize/create awareness among government functionaries, political representatives and the community for demand generation. The significant feature of this project is that the DUDA operates as Facilitating Agency and the DWACUA group from community function as the Implementation Agency. The DWACUA Group and the involvement of Community play a significant role in the project, right from the planning and designing wherein the design and estimation of the water scheme units shall be based on the DWACUA Group s choice, the technological options are as per the community s acceptability, adaptability and affordability. The site conditions such as availability and reliability of electricity supply, quality of ground water etc. are also be factored by the DWACUA Group while making choice of technology. The DWACUA Group are trained to equip their abilities in the planning, designing, implementation, operation, maintenance and management of schemes of their choice. The implementation and commissioning of the project has also been supervised by the DWACUA group under the guidance of DUDA. The DWACUA Group shall take over for operation and maintenance after the project is completed. The scheme provides 2-3 litres of safe drinking water per person at a service charge of 12.5 to 17 paise per litre. The cost is very nominal which the poor community can afford to pay. The DWACUA group also organizes transport for home delivery at a nominal charge, if the user is unable to pick up from the water plant. Partner Organisations District Urban Development Agency (DUDA), Indore Collectorate Premises Motitabela, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: Gwalior Municipal Corporation Maharaj Bara, Gwalior , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: Jabalpur Municipal Corporation Near Bus Stand, Shastri Marg, Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: District Urban Development Agency (DUDA), Jabalpur Collectorate Premises Near High Court, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.:

5 Slums Environmental Sanitation Initiative (SESI) Slums Environmental Sanitation Initiative (SESI) is a pilot initiative in the slums of the project cities of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur for demonstrating an integrated approach to promote pro-poor water and sanitation governance. UN-HABITAT with WaterAid India and the Municipal Corporations of Bhopal, Indore Gwalior and Jabalpur in a tripartite partnership model, launched a slum environmental sanitation campaign in October 2005 in 5 slums of each of the project city covering households (5000 from each city) involving local NGOs of SAMBHAV in Gwalior, AARAMBH, in Bhopal, BGMS in Indore, KSHITIJ and ACT in Jabalpur as partners, for improving the environmental sanitation in slums and squatter settlements. The slums were chosen in consultation with the municipal corporations on the basis of the exercise of mapping of the poor in each city followed by situational analysis. Objectives Demonstrating community led approaches for pro-poor urban governance; Improving access to safe water and sanitation; Local level, cost-effective and sustainable solutions; Demand generation for sanitation in slums by awareness, education and capacity building; Development of community managed water and sanitation facilities through setting up of sustainable systems and community-based operations and maintenance.

6 Activities Mapping the poor Poverty mapping, GIS, Baseline studies and Situational Analysis Awareness and Mobilisation Mass awareness through exhibitions, rallies, campaigns and camps; Community mobilization through formation of Self-help groups (SHG) and Community water and sanitation committees (CWASC); Clean slum competitions, wall paintings, hoardings in schools and slums; Media promotion; Workshops for elected representatives and other stakeholders; IEC material development and Consultations with local NGOs and Community. Training and Capacity Building Training on issues of WATSAN, WQM/ water testing kits, accounting, management of community sanitation to the relevant target groups including SHGs, Masons, mechanics, NGOs; Exposure visits, etc. Value-based Water and Sanitation Education Water, sanitation and hygiene promotion programmes in schools, teachers training, school sanitation programmes. Demonstration projects Planning and designing of infrastructure demonstration projects in consultation with community; Toilets for community, schools and for individuals; Rainwater harvesting; Solid waste management systems, etc. Poverty Mapping: Situation analysis of Poverty Pockets The Government of Madhya Pradesh considered the Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction (MAPP) as an instrument for slum level intervention to prioritize the slums for investments, based on poverty and environmental infrastructure deficiency matrix. On the request of the Government of Madhya Pradesh, in the first phase of the SESI programme, poverty mapping exercise was carried out in the four project cities, a detailed slum enumeration exercise in April 2006, called Poverty Pocket Situation Analysis (PPSA). The objective of this exercise was to select slums based on the mapping of the poor and poverty pockets and categorise them on the basis of infrastructure and access to basic services. Approach Ensuring total open defecation-free slums by constructing low cost individual household latrines, community managed sanitation complexes and promoting school sanitation; Awareness creation and empowerment; Community mobilization for demand management generation; Development of institutional set up at community level; Formation of Self-help Groups, Training and capacity building of the community; Value-based water and sanitation education and hygiene promotion; Demonstration of infrastructure facilities including solid waste management, rain water harvesting, drainage soakage pits, individual toilets and community sanitary complexes; Creation of Revolving Sanitation Fund for construction of individual latrines.

7 Poverty Pockets in Four Cities in Madhya Pradesh (2006) Particulars Bhopal Indore Gwalior Jabalpur Total Total No of Poverty Pockets (PPs) Identified Total Households (HH) 1,28,170 1,76,545 60,787 1,09,866 4,75,368 Number of HH living in the PPs Below Poverty Line (BPL) 63,921 19,614 10,452 26,726 1,20,713 % of HH living BPL Number of HHs with access to improved water source 1,22,785 1,66,065 58,421 1,05,540 4,52,811 % HH living in the PPs with access to improved water source (average) Number of HHs defecating in open 53,756 28,493 19,152 50,225 1,51,626 % HH living in the PPs defecating in open

8 Project Targets and Achievements 400 Demonstration toilets in each city of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur. Construction of 20 Community toilets in each of the project city. Roof top rain water harvesting in 20 schools. Construction of 10 composting pits under Solid waste management. Construction of 200 Soak pits as Demonstration Models. Construction of 4000 units of individual toilets in project cities. Construction of 20 school toilet blocks. Creation of water points, extension and repair of piped water supply system. Construction of 32 demonstration school toilet blocks, 8 in each city. Construction of 500 m underground Drainage. Children Competitions in schools. Workshops for selected representatives for the project cities. Mass awareness through exhibition, rallies, campaigns and camps. Clean slum competitions. Exposure visits for top and middle level personnel of Municipal Corporations of the project cities. Community Water & Sanitation Committee and Self Help Group formation in the selected poverty pockets in the project cities. Awareness programme for Schools. Training the community in masonry, WQM, accounting, management of community sanitation complex, etc. Partner Organisations Water Aid India 25, Navjivan Vihar, Malviya Nagar New Delhi , India Tel.: Fax: wai@wateraidindia.org Water Aid Regional Office West E-7/846, Arera Colony Bhopal Madhya Pradesh, India Tel. Fax: Bhopal Municipal Corporation Sadar Manzil, Sultania Road, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: Indore Municipal Corporation Near Shivaji Market Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: Gwalior Municipal Corporation Maharaj Bara, Gwalior , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: Jabalpur Municipal Corporation Near Bus Stand, Shastri Marg, Jabalpur , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: Advocacy for Alternate Resources, Action, Mobilisation and Brotherhood (AARAMBH), 52-C, Indrapuri, BHEL, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: / , Fax: aarambhbpl@sify.com Bhartiya Gramin Mahila Sangh (BGMS), 173, Silver Oak Colony, Anapurna Road, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: / bgmsindore@yahoo.com SAMBHAV Social Service Organization, Gwalior Gargi House, 93A, Balwant Nagar, Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: Fax: sambhavgwr@hotmail.com Kshitij, M 11, Sector III A, Saket Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel: kshitijbsc001@hotmail.com Association for Community Transformation (ACT), A-2 Shyam Sadan, Bose Colony, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India Tel:

9 Urban Water Demand Management The status of water supply in the project cities of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur are not adequate to the desired requirements. Mostly, the supply of water is only for less than an hour in the dry season and few hours a day in the wet season. Non-revenue water is more than 50 percent in all the project cities resulting in exacerbating shortages and increase in the cost of supply. The use of piped water supply by the households is also not up to the required standards. Around one fourth of the households use public stand-posts and around fifty percent from house connections. The growth of urban population and the rapid urbanisation in these four cities have significant influence on water demand and exerting pressures on the available water sources, leading to over exploitation of groundwater resources. Available options therefore involve influencing water usage practices and thereby controlling the overall demand. This approach, though more complex and multidisciplinary from an implementation perspective, is more scientific and judicious. The Concept Water Demand Management (WDM) refers to implementation of a set of policies and measures that influence/control the water demand. This approach thereby helps create awareness about the value of water amongst consumer groups as well as the water managers. Based on a systems approach, WDM can potentially: improve efficiencies; reduce operational and maintenance costs; enable equitable distribution; and improve the utility s performance and users faith.

10 WDM strategies for Project cities UN-HABITAT in partnership with Water Resources Planning and Conservation (WRP) Consulting Engineers (Pvt) Ltd., South Africa and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India commissioned the study on WDM strategies and implementation plan in the four cities of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur, consequent to the Workshop on Pro-Poor Urban Water and Sanitation Governance held in March 2005 in Bhopal to bring together the primary and secondary stakeholders on the approach and strategies to be adopted in the implementation of the WAC programme. The WDM strategies for the four project cities of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur and the various aspects of technical, financial, and institutional changes required for better and more efficient delivery of water supply services are detailed below: WDM Strategies: Technical Installation of Bulk Meters at water transmission networks, outlets of treatment plants, bulk consumers (Industrial/ Commercial/ Institutional); Leakage detection and repairs in pumping stations, gravity mains, transmission pipes; District metered areas (sectorisation of zones); Water and Energy auditing; GIS based pipeline framework, pressure management, asset management programme and planned maintenance; Awareness generation and water conservation at consumer end; Replacement of tanker-based water supply with piped water networks.

11 WDM Strategies: Financial Tariff design including consumption/ volumetric rate as well as fixed water charges; Rationalization of existing tariff structure to improve cost recovery, collection efficiency; Municipal Accounting System Reforms by shifting to double-entry accrual based system from singleentry cash based system; Prudent Financial Management and Planning; Sound Billing and Collection System; Fiscal autonomy. WDM Strategies: Institutional Reforms Vision statement drawn upon existing water and urban development policies and expectations from the consumers; Development of Infrastructure Development Plan for water supply services in the project towns for better management; Restructuring of Water Works Department; Creation of special cells for leak detection and consumer grievances; Legislation for control on ground-water use; Management Information systems; Performance Measurement; Regulatory mechanisms; Public Private Partnerships; Consumer awareness and interface with consumer groups.

12 Building Capacities for Implementing WDM Strategy The study was also aimed at building capacities for mainstreaming WDM at different organizational levels in the respective municipal corporations. Capacity building of stakeholders at different levels of operation on WDM was an essential component for effective implementation of the strategies. UN-HABITAT in partnership with TERI and Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science (SGSITS), Indore, initiated training and capacity building programmes of varied duration and refresher courses on WDM: For middle management functionaries aimed at evaluating the process of implementation and finding corrective solutions; Consultative workshops on WDM for all stakeholders organised in Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur to sensitise on the concept and need for WDM, and to build capacities on the tool and techniques that can be used for implementation of WDM. Over 100 officials of Municipal Corporations, UWSEI Project Directorate and Public Health Engineering Staff participated and discussed on Water Auditing, Metering of flows, Leak Detection and Control, Network planning, use of GIS, MIS, Financial and Institutional issues. Steps initiated The Municipal Corporations of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur initiated action plans to install bulk management meters at strategic locations, bulk revenue meters as per WDM implementation plan. Implementation of District Metering Areas including leak detection and retrofitting for 5000 household connections by Indore and Gwalior Municipal Corporations. Environmental Planning and Coordination Organization (EPCO), a local institution to collaborate with TERI and thereby strengthen capabilities of EPCO in capacity building. Policy paper on Measures for Ensuring Sustainability and Community Managed System for Operation, Billing and Collection of Water Charges. Partner Organisations Water Resource Planning and Conservation (WRP) Consulting Engineers (Pvt) Ltd. Upper Level, Block 5, Green Park Estate, 27 George Storrar Drive, Groenkloof, Pretoria, South Africa, 0181 Tel.: , Fax: wrp@wrp.co.za The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) India Habitat Centre, Darbari Seth Block, Lodhi Road, New Delhi , India Tel.: , Fax: mailbox@teri.res.in Shri G S Institute of Technology and Science (SGSITS) 23, Shri M. Visvesvaraya Marg (Park Road) Indore , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: , Fax: director@sgsits.ac.in Environmental Planning and Coordination Organisation (EPCO) Paryavaran Parisar, E- 5, Arera Colony, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: , , Fax: epcobpl@sancharnet.in

13 Gender Mainstreaming Strategy Water and sanitation projects undertaken over the decades suggested a strong positive link between the focus on gender, women participation in particular and the degree of project success for water and sanitation management sustainability. Gender focus leads to the benefits that go beyond the project performance such as better procurement, operation and maintenance, cost recovery, hygiene awareness, more time for women for income generating activities, benefit to school going children particularly for girls and the women empowerment. Gender needs to be addressed through a participatory and responsive approach. The role of women in water and sanitation resources has been internationally recognized for sustainable water resource management through their involvement at all levels of decision making and in mainstreaming in all the endeavours. Adoption of appropriate strategy in this regard ensures systematic mainstreaming of gender towards pro-poor up-scaling of water and sanitation services. Collaborative Initiative UN-HABITAT in collaboration with Mahila Chetna Manch (MCM), a NGO, based in Bhopal, has formulated the Gender mainstreaming Strategy and Action Plan for the four project cities of Madhya Pradesh viz. Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur under the Water for Asian Cities Programme to facilitate pro-poor governance by removing inequities in women's access and control over services, resources and opportunities for participation in decision making, operation and maintenance and monitoring and evaluation of water and sanitation services. This strategy provides basis for preparing operational action plans not only for the WAC programme in Madhya Pradesh but also for the overall programme in Asia

14 Vision Faster, equitable and sustainable achievement of MDG on water and sanitation in the four project cities through pro-poor governance, removing inequalities & in-equities and increasing women s access to effective operationalisation and partnership. Objectives Promoting gender equity, efficiency and sustainability of water supply and sanitation facilities according to need, convenience and suitability as identified in the Rapid Gender Assessment (RGA) and in furtherance of the MDG 7 and targets for time bound reduction of the number of people without access to adequate water and sanitation and improving the life of slum population. Challenges Negative perceptions about women, their role and capabilities. Continued invisibility of gender concerns to decision makers and implementation officials. Assumption that technical areas are in principle Gender Neutral. Insufficient gender awareness and sensitivity at all levels. Generally viewing the need to look at gender only in selection of beneficiaries, target groups. Even in beneficiary and target group selection, there is inability to see the intra household inequalities. Continuing political, social, cultural constraints, in full participation of all sections and gender. Low level of literacy and awareness limiting women s participation. The inability of the gender specialists to respond adequately to having sector specific information. The inability of sector specialists to understand gender issues and to adequately involve themselves in incorporating gender concerns and priorities and use their specific knowledge for it. Stages of Implementation of Strategy for Gender Mainstreaming Rapid Gender Assessment in the four project cities. Developing a Gender Mainstreaming Strategy for WAC Programme in Madhya Pradesh. Formulating action plans for Gender Mainstreaming for each project city in Madhya Pradesh. Capacity Building for implementation of Gender Mainstreaming Strategy. Rapid Gender Assessment The Rapid Gender Assessment (RGA) study was based on household survey, interviews and group discussions with women in selected slums in each of the project cities. The study completed in October 2005 formed the basis for the development of gender mainstreaming strategy for water and sanitation services in the project cities. The RGA provided quality baseline information and situation analysis on institutional, socio-economic factors, water and sanitation utilities, detailed scenario of poor women s lives and priorities in an un-serviced and underserviced neighbourhoods with appropriate documentation. RGA highlighted the policy context, the resources, assets available, the political commitment, the inequalities and the inequities faced by women in the water and sanitation sector.

15 Gender Mainstreaming Strategy The Gender Mainstreaming Strategy (GMS) for the four project cities stipulated gender concerns in all activities planned under WAC Programme so that women s and men s needs and priorities are adequately addressed. The strategy emphasized the role of women and men as active participants, agents of change and also as beneficiaries of any efforts to improve access to water and sanitation and to bring about democracy and good governance especially at the municipal level. It envisaged support to relevant organizations, departments and other partners working in the area of water and sanitation, through advocacy, training, institutional capacity strengthening in gender mainstreaming, resource mobilization and operational activities including appropriate norms, procedures for equitable access, participation in management and decision making. The GMS provided for a leadership role of the State Government and the Project Directorate, UWSEI. Five axis of Gender Mainstreaming Strategy 1. Inclusion of gender expert and staff with gender expertise in project design, selection, implementation, monitoring teams of the UWSEI project. 2. Introduction of gender issues in programme framework, reviews, workshops, and all other activities for policy proposals, programme development, monitoring, reviews and evaluation. 3. Framing and inclusion of gender related guidelines and principles in programmes and undertaking gender analysis in designing projects. 4. Enabling women and men from all sections especially those from the socially excluded, marginalised, deprived sections to participate at all levels and stages of Water and Sanitation Sector projects and services through organizing groups, capacity building, entrusting responsibilities. 5. Advocacy, awareness, sensitization on gender issues in water and sanitation sector for all levels of policy making and implementation.

16 Action Plan Inclusion of Gender Strategy and Action plan requirement in the budget and make Municipal Corporation budget transparent and gender responsive. Gender sensitization and awareness programmes for Municipal Corporators and functionaries of Water and Sanitation Departments. Norms, standards and arrangements for water supply and sanitation in the Municipal Corporation in a gender responsive approach. Implement action to make open defecation free cities. Creation of Gender Focal Unit in the UWSEI Project Implementation Unit and inclusion of Gender expert in project team. Ensuring women membership in Ward Committees and Mohalla Committees. Pilot demonstration of community asset management, community toilets by women SHGs. Inclusion of women in water audits, water budgeting and recycling of wastewater initiatives. Entrusting women s Groups for water distribution in the slum areas. Anganwadi Centre for poor boys and girls in the slums areas with arrangements for education in water and sanitation. Action Taken Government of Madhya Pradesh issued directions to the Commissioners of the Municipal Corporations of the project cities to pass a resolution for adopting the Gender Mainstreaming Strategy and action plan to facilitate women participation in the water and sanitation service delivery sector. Five slums in each of the project cities were selected for pilot demonstration of community asset management through women SHGs. A comprehensive capacity building programme was drawn up benefiting the Corporators, officials of the Municipal Corporations and the Women Leaders of Self-help Groups from different slums in the cities of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur. These include: - Capacity building for Corporators and officials of the Municipal Corporations benefiting over 200 officials in the four project cities through five workshops with emphasis on awareness and advocacy for Gender Sensitive Governance; women leaders of Self-help Groups including 74 in Bhopal, 99 in Indore and 145 in Jabalpur from various slums in these 3 cities were trained in water and sanitation management in slums through 10 batches of training in The training programme in respect of Gwalior city shall be carried out in Partner Organisation Mahila Chetna Manch, Kalyani Working Women Hostel Campus, Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel.: Fax: mcmngo@sancharnet.in

17 Human Values-based Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education There has been a growing recognition that improvements in water and sanitation management cannot be accomplished alone by technical and regulatory measures and need to be complemented by advocacy, awareness and education initiatives. Education on water, sanitation and hygiene is a strategic point in bringing out positive attitudinal changes among the utility service providers and the users, and in long run develop new ethics in the society. Women have a significant role to play. A woman educated means the family educated and thereby the community. Children being future citizens, shall be the ambassadors and Agents of Change in bringing such reform. An important outcome of the Expert Group Meeting organized by UN-HABITAT in 2001 at Johannesburg was the consensus recommendation to pursue value based approach to introduce water education in cities. Value-based water education is an innovative approach that not only seeks to impart information on water, sanitation and hygiene but also inspires and motivates learners to change their behaviour, with a view to promote wise and sustainable use of water and sanitation. Collaborative Initiative UN-HABITAT is implementing a project in cooperation with the Centre for Environment Education (CEE), Ahmedabad under the Water for Asian Cities Programme in Madhya Pradesh. The project aims at formulating strategies for introducing Human Values-based Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education (HVWSHE) in the project cities of Madhya Pradesh viz. Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur and also in selected schools in slum areas of Savarkundla, Gujarat by setting up WATSAN Classrooms as well as build the capacity of the concerned schools and other educational institutions on water and sanitation. The programme focuses on educating the children regarding the importance of water, sanitation and hygiene as well as motivate children to change their behaviour towards water and sanitation services. A Steering Committee comprising of city authorities, authorities from departments of education, water supply and sanitation, local NGOs involved in water and sanitation issues and the Schools, is constituted in each city to address the specific needs and curriculum development focused on learning-centred education.

18 Objectives To optimize human potential by introducing, partnership with water and sanitation service providers, value based water, sanitation and hygiene education in the school curriculum and extra-curricula activities in the select schools of the four project cities in Madhya Pradesh and of underprivileged settlements in Savarkundla, Gujarat; To facilitate changes in attitudes and behaviour among community members towards water, sanitation and hygiene issues; and To promote better understanding of the environment in the context of water, sanitation and hygiene. WATSAN Classrooms WATSAN classrooms are developed in one school in each of the cities of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur, wherein the education programmes on water, sanitation and hygiene take place. The WATSAN classrooms are equipped with the exhibits, materials, equipments, interactive panels, models and small water testing kits with a space for interactive sessions. The models and panels are developed on the various themes related to water and sanitation issues and to highlight importance of water in life, water conservation, safe sanitary practices, disposal of domestic waste etc. and promote listening and learning as well as learning by doing in a child-friendly environment. These classrooms facilitate to educate the students about the values of water and sanitation in the day to day life as well as inculcate desirable qualities such as honesty, integrity, tolerance, diligence, responsibility compassion, altruism, justice and respect to facilitate changes in attitudes and behaviour among community towards water, sanitation and hygiene issues. Students from various schools across the city would be visiting the classrooms at regular intervals.

19 Location of the WATSAN schools in four cities Hamidiya Higher Secondary School, Bhopal; Bal Vinay Mandir Higher Secondary School, Indore; Padma Raja Higher Secondary School, Gwalior; Model Higher Secondary School, Jabalpur. Participation in HVWSHE Effort Any school can enrol for a visit and conducting HVWSHE activities free of charge and become a partner to this movement aimed at reviving values for sustainable use of water and the sanitation facilities and create healthy environment and better living standards. Activities Undertaken A Planning Workshop organised in Bhopal in December 2005, in which officials from Government of Madhya Pradesh, UWSEI Project, Municipal Corporations, District Education Department, teachers from various schools and local NGOs participated. Two Training-cum-exposure visits to teachers in 2006 on best practices of HVWSHE in Ahmedabad and Vadodara, Gujarat. WATSAN Classroom at Hamidia Higher Secondary School in Bhopal, Padma Raja Higher Secondary School in Gwalior, Bal Vinay Mandir in Indore and Model higher Secondary School in Jabalpur in Orientation Workshops for 200 teachers from the four project cities in 2006.

20 Partner Organisation Centre for Environment Education (CEE) Nehru Foundation for Development, Thaltej Tekra, Ahmedabad , Gujarat, India Tel.: Fax: ceedo@ceeindia.org

21 Capacity Building Improving governance in the water and sanitation sector calls for willingness to change on the part of the policymakers, the sector managers and also the individual consumers, which comes from Information (knowledge and skills), awareness (possible results of inaction on the part of the policymaker and awareness of responsibility on the part of the consumer) and a change in attitude which education can bring about. The capacity to change through efficiency improvements, including distributive efficiency, is also equally important for which strengthening of human resource development and institutional reforms are essential. The key challenges facing the Municipal Corporations of the four project cities of Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior and Jabalpur are: Reducing the rate of Unaccounted for Water, which now stands at per cent; Reducing power costs due to long distance and pumping head, which form a high percentage of the overall expenditure; Reducing unregulated ground water extraction leading to quantity and quality problems; Improving access of the urban poor to water and sanitation services; Improving condition of the environmental sanitation including solid waste management and waste water treatment & disposal; Improving the financial situation of the four Municipal Corporations owing to structural and political constraints on tariff increases and the likely financial burden for servicing the debt on account of ADB loan for UWSEIP; and Overcoming supply driven approach with little attention to water demand management, water conservation and improving attention to consumer demands particularly of the poorer sections of society. Water for Asian Cities Programme primarily emphasizes on capacity building both at individual level as well as at Institutional level in these project cities of Madhya Pradesh, with a view to prepare the environment for pro-poor investments in the water and sanitation sector, create a conducive framework for good governance in these cities and sustain the capacity building process.

22 Goal To assist the Municipal Corporations of the four project cities in becoming a strong and dynamic city governments in providing water and sanitation services of the best quality standards in accordance with the demands of consumers in equitable and sustainable manner. Aim and Objective The main objective is to strengthen the four Municipal Corporations and build their capacities in planning and managing water supply and environmental sanitation activities through their water supply, solid waste and drainage divisions with an aim to enable the municipal corporations to respond to the consumer demands in both water and sanitation and also plan and manage its physical assets as well as human and financial resources in a sustainable manner. Capacity Building Need Assessment In order to achieve improved coverage of water supply and sanitation services with significant reduction in Non Revenue Water, there is a need for promoting Managerial efficiencies and bringing in greater degree of accountability in the organization by strengthening the institutional structure by building up capacities in the following areas: Benchmarking for performance measurement Management Information System GIS Applications Financial Management Environmental Sanitation including Solid Waste Management Operation and Maintenance WAC Initiatives Keeping in view the above, WAC programme initiated various capacity building programmes targeted to different functionaries in the four project cities based on the capacity needs assessment. UN-HABITAT in partnership with various institutions such as Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI), Hyderabad, National Institute of Financial Management (NIFM), Faridabad, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun, Shri G S Institute of Technology and Science (SGSITS), Indore and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi is organizing capacity building and training programmes under Water for Asian Cities Programme. The WAC initiatives on capacity building in the areas of Water Demand Management, Community Managed Water Supply initiatives, Gender Mainstreaming and Human Values-based Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Education are discussed in detail in the respective sections of the brochure. Target Groups Keeping in view the focus of the training programmes in terms of knowledge enhancement, skill upgradation and aptitude changing, various levels of participants were envisaged. For the policy oriented programmes participation of the Mayors, the Corporators, the Commissioners and other decision-making levels both at the city and state level and for skill oriented programmes like GIS Applications, rain water harvesting, Urban Environmental Management and Bio-Medical Waste Management, Solid Waste Management, Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply and Waste Water System participation of technical staff at the middle and senior level were envisaged. The programmes aiming at changes in aptitude were envisaged participation at all levels.

23 Capacity Building Programmes organised in 2006 Capacity Building programme Capacity Building Institution GIS Applications for Municipal Engineers Enhancing Water and Sanitation Service Delivery in Madhya Pradesh Project Planning & Appraisal, including financial management and accounting reforms Rain water harvesting and Wise Use Water Management Water Demand Management Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad National Institute of Financial Management, Faridabad Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi in collaboration with Public Health Engineering Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh Shri G S Institute of Technology and Science, Indore in collaboration with The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi New Initiatives for 2007 Besides the on-going programmes, several new initiatives are underway during the year 2007 for building up dynamic local governments to commensurate the consumer needs. These include: Capacity Building for Good Urban Governance to envisage quality of life with better civic amenities with the approach of inclusive city; Capacity Building for the Officers of Municipal Corporations to encourage transparency and accountability in the functioning of ULBs; Capacity Building Programme on Urban Environmental Management and Bio Medical Waste Management to ensure environmentally sustainable development; Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply and Waste Water Treatment system; Capacity building programmes on Community Managed Environmental Sanitation and Solid Waste Management; Capacity Building Programme on Water Demand Management for Top management of Municipal Corporations.

24 Institutional Capacity Building The main endeavour of the WAC programme on the capacity building process in the region is not only promoting capacities at the individual level, but also strengthen the institutional capabilities in water and sanitation sector so that these institutions in turn promote the process on a continuum basis. Several approaches have been adopted in achieving this goal for different Institutions. UN-HABITAT involved The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India associated with Water Resources Planning and Conservation (WRP), South Africa in a study commissioned to WRP for developing water demand management (WDM) strategies and implementation plan for Indore and based on the experience gained, TERI on similar framework, prepared WDM strategies and implementation plans for the cities of Bhopal, Gwalior and Jabalpur and also developed training materials under WRP guidance for the sector. For institutionalization of training and capacity building, UN-HABITAT in partnership with TERI and Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science (SGSITS), a local level Institution, organized capacity building programmes on WDM for the functionaries of the Municipal Corporations by developing jointly the curriculum and materials required for training in local languages. UN-HABITAT has also identified the Environmental Planning and Coordination Organisation (EPCO) as the local institution to collaborate with TERI to organize training on WDM. UN-HABITAT adopted similar approach for enhancing the capacities of a non-governmental organisation committed to equality, equity and empowerment of women, viz, Mahila Chetna Munch (MCM), in Bhopal, in formulating Gender Mainstreaming Strategies for the four project cities and involved MCM to be associated with Gender Water Alliance (GWA), the Netherlands. In case of the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun providing training on GIS applications, UN-HABITAT formulated the approach of enhancing the institutional capacities by developing GIS applications specifically to the requirements of the water and sanitation sector so that the Institute is in a position to contribute to the capacity building on spatially referenced information systems needed for promotion of water and sanitation services. The whole process was aimed at building capacities of these institutions for mainstreaming the capacity building initiatives at different levels of operation by these institutions on a continuum basis in a sustainable manner. Partner Organisations Administrative Staff College of India (ASCI) Bella Vista, Khairatabad, Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh, India Tel.: Fax: National Institute of Financial Management (NIFM) Sector 48, Pali Road, Near Badkhal Lake, Faridabad , Haryana, India Tel.: Fax: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) 4, Kalidas Road, Dehradun , Uttaranchal, India Tel.: Fax: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) India Habitat Centre, Darbari Seth Block, Lodhi Road, New Delhi , India Tel.: Fax: mailbox@teri.res.in Shri G S Institute of Technology and Science (SGSITS) 23, Shri M. Visvesvaraya Marg (Park Road), Indore , India Tel.: Fax: director@sgsits.ac.in Environmental Planning and Coordination Organisation (EPCO) Paryavaran Parisar, E- 5, Arera Colony, Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh, India Tel: , Fax: epcobpl@sancharnet.in