Input - Output & Environment. SEVILLE (SPAIN) July 9-11,

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1 Inut - Outut & Environment I nternational I nut O utut M eeting on M anaging the E nvironment SEVILLE (SPAIN) July 9-11, 2008 htt:// The omilation of a Greek Environmental Inut Outut framework for assessing emission redution otions Eonomidis, Charalambos a*, Keramidas, Dimitiros a, Demertzi, Aggeliki a, Stromlos, Nikos b, Sfetsos, Athanasios, Vlahogiannis, Diamando a Deartment of Publi Administration, Panteion University, 136 Syngrou Av., Athens , Greee Phone heonom@anteion.gr b Diretor of National Aounts, National Statistial Servie of Greee Environmental Researh Laboratory, INT-RP, NCSR Demokritos Phone Fax ts@ita.demokritos.gr *Corresonding author Abstrat This aer disusses the omilation of an Environmental Inut Outut matrix for Greee for the year The objetive of this work is to disover relationshis and the interdeendenies between ativities disaggregated in eonomi branhes on a ountry level and air emissions through a series of indiators. The starting oint were estimations of emission inventories reared by the Greek Ministry of the Environment and Publi Works in order to fulfil the ountry s ommitments to CLRTAP (Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution) and the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The eonomi data are obtained from the 2005 Inut Outut Matrix for the Greek eonomy rodued by the National Statistial Servie of Greee, disaggregating the available data into 26 distint branhes. The estimated indiators inlude the diret emission intensity oeffiient, the diret and indiret emission intensity oeffiients and the emission fators intensity on the

2 framework for assessing emission redution otions 2 omonents of the final demand that will rovide insight about the real struture of the Greek eonomy and the onsumtion harateristis in relation to the environment. Keywords: Environment, Inut Outut matrix, Emissions. 1. Introdution The EU's Sixth Environment Ation Programme (EAP), "Environment 2010: Our future, Our hoie", inludes Environment and Health as one of the four main target areas requiring greater effort - and air ollution is one of the main issues highlighted in this area. Air ollution is of major interest both in national and international level. In the Euroean Union, Member States are required to omly with the Clean Air for Euroe (CAFÉ) objetives and new diretives on air quality. The underlying trends in the alloation of GDP and onsumtions atterns are of imortane to attain ertain environmental goals (EEA 2003). The NAMEA is a statistial information system that ombines onventional national aounts and environmental aounts, but neither inludes any modelling assumtion nor estimate of money value imuted to natural flows and assets. NAMEA was identified by the Euroean Union as a relevant art of the framework for environmental satellite aounts of the national aounts (Commission for the Euroean Communities, 1994). The environmental aounts show the interations between roduer and onsumer (household) ativities and the natural environment. These interrelationshis our as a onsequene of the environmental requirements of these ativities: natural resoure inuts and residual oututs. By roviding eonomi and environmental data in a onsistent Leontief-tye framework, the NAMEA is artiularly suited for analytial uroses (de Haan 1996). The aim of the resent aer is to estimate the relationshis between disaggregated eonomi ativities and related environmental imats in Greee for the year 2005, by means of environmental inut-outut analysis. The eonomi ativities of the final demand, whih rodue the higher values of emissions, are determined through a series of indiators suh as the diret oeffiients and the total emissions intensity of ollutants er unit of rodution. 2. Environmental Inut Outut Matries : Theoretial Framework 2.1 Eonomi Data Aounting for sustainable develoment requires a broadening of soe of the onventional System of National Aounts (SNA; United Nations et al., 1993). This wider ersetive is neessary to aount for the rieless environmental and soial externalities, whih are imortant in a sustainable develoment ontext. The environmental aounts show the interations between roduer and onsumer (household) ativities and the natural environment. These interrelationshis our as a onsequene of the environmental requirements of these ativities: natural resoure

3 framework for assessing emission redution otions 3 inuts and residual oututs. These requirements are aointed to these ativities when and where they atually take lae. This diret reording is onsistent with revailing national aounting raties. By roviding eonomi and environmental data in a onsistent Leontief-tye framework, the NAMEA is artiularly suited for analytial uroses. The NAMEA onsists of a National Aounting Matrix (NAM) extended with Environmental Aounts. All aounts are resented in matrix format. This format reoniles suly-use tables and setor aounts, reating a omrehensive aounting framework that an be resented at various levels of detail. The eonomi aounts in the NAM-art of the NAMEA resent the omlete set of aounts of the SNA. The environmental aounts in the NAMEA are denominated in hysial units and fous on the onsistent resentation of material inut of natural resoures and outut of residuals for the national eonomy. These inuts and oututs are the environmental requirements of the eonomy. Environmental requirements generally are not related to market transations, and therefore they are not reresented in the standard national aounts. By the resentation of the eonomi aounts in monetary terms and the environmental aounts in the most relevant hysial units, the NAMEA maintains a strit borderline between the eonomi shere and the natural environment. The NAMEA table is a tool linking the environmental and eonomi data. More seifially it omrises the diret omarison between the environmental and the eonomi data. The NAMEA table, allow us to analyze the variations of emissions in the time san, aused by: i) the variations of the eonomi struture, ii) the variations in volume, iii) the variations in effiieny of the eosystems of roduers and onsumers and iv) the variations in the energy suly (Mylonas 2000). Produts are sulied by the eonomy and used by it also. An identity whih is entral to the SEEA (and in fat to the SNA also) is that when flows of roduts are measured ex ost, total suly and total demand (or use) must exatly balane. New goods and servies are sulied either by rodution in the urrent eriod from resident roduers or ome from roduers in the rest of the world as imorts. 2.2 Environmental Data The air emissions data are estimated using the so-alled air emissions inventory first aroah. Presently international agreements on air emissions inlude the CLRTAP (Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution) with reorting to UNECE/EMEP and the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), with reorting based on the UNFCCC CRF (Common Reorting Format). The UNFCCC CRF overs 6 ategories of greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CH4, HFCs, PFCs and SF6) lus 4 indiret greenhouse gases (NOx, CO, NMVOC, SO2). The UNECE/EMEP reorting only inludes NOx, CO, NMVOC and SO2 lus NH3 lus 9 heavy metals as well as 17 POPs (ersistent organi ollutants). The utilized data for this study are based on the offiial data reorted by the Greek Ministry of Environment and Publi Works to fulfil the ountry s obligations. The data are based on the CORINAIR methodology and lassified aording to the Seleted

4 framework for assessing emission redution otions 4 Nomenlature for soures of Air Pollution (SNAP). The original data were roessed in deriving a NAMEA-onsistent total and in arranging roess-oriented data in order to make them fit into the NACE-based lassifiation, resently adoted for NAMEA. A hybrid aroah were followed to attribute the SNAP-lassified emissions to NACEbased eonomi ativities or households onsumtion funtions: simle (diret) and omlex alloations. Conerning the later, some SNAP roesses emissions had to be slit into several NAMEA ativities. These emissions were attributed to NACE odes or households onsumtion funtions using fuel onsumtion data, tehnial data ontained in CORINAIR and the NSSG, exerts knowledge or other data. The air-emissions have been further groued and aggregated to the following three environmental ressure variables, namely Global Warming Potential (GWP), Aidifiation (ACID), Troosheri Ozone Forming Potential (TOFP) and Partiulate Matter (PM10) with diameter less than 10 μm, from the following set of equations: GWP = CO * N2O + 21 * CH4 ACID = SO * NOx * NH3 TOFP = NMVOC * * CO * CH4 % ontribution & ,11&12 / A NACE Ativity & , 93, 95 & 99 households Fig 1. Perentage ontribution of environmental stressors by eonomi ativity GWP ACID TOFP PM10

5 framework for assessing emission redution otions 5 Table 1. NACE Ativities aording to the 2005 Greek Inut Outut Matrix Code NACE Ativity Rev. 1 Code NACE Ativity Rev & 02 Agriulture 37 Reyling 5 Fisheries Eletriity, gas and water suly 10,11&12 / Mining and quarrying 45 Constrution Wholesale and retail trade; reair of motor vehiles, motoryles and ersonal and household goods Manufature of food roduts, beverages and tobao Manufature of textiles and textile roduts 55 Hotels and restaurants 20A Manufature of wood and wood roduts Transort, storage and ommuniation Manufature of ul, aer and aer roduts; ublishing and rinting Finanial intermediation 23 Manufature of oke, refined etroleum roduts and nulear fuel Real estate, renting and business ativities Manufature of hemials, hemial roduts and man-made fibres 75&90 Publi administration and defene; Sewage and refuse disosal 26 Manufature of other non-metalli mineral roduts Eduation 27 Manufature of basi metals and fabriated metal roduts 85 Health and soial work 28 Manufature of fabriated metal roduts, exet mahinery and equiment 91 Ativities of membershi organizations n.e Manufature of mahinery and equiment 92, 93, 95 & 99 Rereational, ultural and sorting ativities; Ativities of households; Extra-territorial organizations 3. Estimation of Eo-Indiators 3.1 Methodology The way of alulating emission multiliers is exlained by Miller and Blair (1985). The Leontief inverse matrix is an oerator onverting the multilied vetor or matrix into something that ontains the same information but in total terms by unit of rodution; that is, it is a matrix of total imat oeffiients. Several reent studies have used inut-outut modelling for estimating the total emission oeffiient er unit of rodution in eah eonomi setor and for the final demand ategories, i.e. Cadarso & Fernandez-Bolanos (2002), Braibant (2002). In this aer the inut-outut analysis is used to alulate emission multiliers for different industry and kinds of ollutants. The methodology for onstruting embodied ollution indiators is built as follows (Cadarso & Fernandez-Bolanos 2002, Braibant 2002). The balane equation in the inut-outut modelling an be written as: x= Ax+y (1)

6 framework for assessing emission redution otions 6 Where A is the matrix of the tehnial oeffiients, x is the vetor of the total resoures of the setor and y denotes the vetor of the final use of the roduts. Solving the balane equation (1) for x, we obtain: -1 x= (I-A) y (2) -1 Where (I-A) is the Leontief inverse matrix. We alied a domesti oriented model, starting from the final demand and quantifying the diret and indiret effets on rodution and emissions ativated by the final demand. The results an be resented as a re-attribution of the domesti rodution, emissions to the final demand ategory, whih lies behind the eonomi ativity or emissions of the ountry, whih is derived from the basi Leontief model ( I A d ) X = ( F t M ) (3), where F t and M are the vetors of final demand and imorts by industries resetively. The diret oeffiients (a kj ) of the ollutant air intensity as emissions exenditures er gross outut for eah industry (j) are defined by: a kj = E kj / X j j = 1...n (4) Where E is the vetor of emissions (hysial quantity) and k denotes eah tye of emissions. These oeffiients show the extent to whih eah industry generates a ertain diret emission intensity fator. These matries desribe the hysial quantity of emission diretly aused by the rodution of goods as a ratio of the value of domesti rodution in basi ries. In a seond ste we omute the total environmental deendenies given by: d -1 ε = a ˆ kj kj (I-A ) (5) where ε kj is the matrix of the total indued emission inluding the indiret effets and A d the matrix of the tehnogial oeffiients of the domesti rodution. Any element of the multilier matrix ε is the total ollution imat generated er monetary unit of final demand. The elastiity of the emissions intensity with reset to the final onsumtion, e j is estimated as the row sum of ε jk, e j = ε jk, inluding diret and indiret emissions for th-th industry. These emissions are rodued in the whole eonomy after the inrease of a unitary exansion of the final demand of the seifi industry. The olumn sum of ε jk, e = ε, is an estimate of the total emissions of the k k jk ollutants in the whole eonomy owing to one unit inrease of a given industry rodution, termed as the elastiity of the emissions intensity with reset to rodution. The diret and indiret emission intensity er unit of final demand ategories is omuted by: ε d = t ˆ ε F (6) kj j

7 framework for assessing emission redution otions 7 d The ε is the matrix oeffiients of extent of eah emission fator intensity on eah of the final demand ategory. 3.2 Results Table 2 shows the estimated oeffiients by industry for the four environmental stressors examined. Table 2. Emission intensity oeffiients by industry and ollutants GWP TOFP ACID PM10 a jk a jk a jk a jk 01 & ,11& 12 / E E A E E E E E E E E E E E E E E & E E E E E E , 93, 95 & E Conerning the diret emission intensity oeffiient the most imortant environmental stressor aears to the GWP and in artiular CO2 whih dominates the emissions in this ategory. The energy rodution setor exhibits the highest diret emission intensity oeffiient as exeted and in aordane to other similar studies (Taranon Moran, 2008). Other signifiant arameters are found in the non-metalli mineral roduts setors (NACE ativity 26) and mining (10-14), that involve fuel ombustion in the transformation roess, and mining ativities. From the other stressors TOFP and ACID exhibit lower values mainly assoiated with domesti servies and agriulture.

8 framework for assessing emission redution otions 8 Conerning GWP aears to be the most imortant stressor. The highest values are found in the eletri energy, non-metali mineral roduts, mining, agriulture, basi metals, etroleum setors. However, the biggest indiret effet is found from the manufaturing and the onstrution industries due to the extensive intermediate inuts. The imat of other environmental arameters does not seem to influene the eonomi ativities. The quantity reresents the total emission intensity of the industry indued diretly and indiretly by the inrease of 1000 units of final demand in all industries. The results are in aordane with the other indies estimated reviously, with only GWP having an imat on the eonomy. Table 3. Perentage attribution of final demand Non-rofit Publi Changes in Households organis administration Investment Stoks Exorts GWP TOFP ACID PM Table 3 resents the setoral extent of diret and indiret emissions intensity fators er 1000 units on eah of the final demand omonents. The household final onsumtion is the major ategory in all air emissions followed by investments and exorts. 4. Conlusions This aer disussed the omilation of an Environmental Inut Outut matrix for Greee for the year The matrix was onstruted using estimations of emission inventories reared by the Greek Ministry of the Environment and Publi Works and eonomi ativity data from the 2005 Inut Outut Matrix for the Greek eonomy, disaggregating the available data into 26 distint branhes. The estimated indiators inluded the diret emission intensity oeffiient, the diret and indiret emission intensity oeffiients and the emission fators intensity on the omonents of the final demand. The analysis of the results showed that from the rodution ersetive the most imortant environmental stressor aears to be the Global Warming Potential, whih is diretly related to CO 2. An in deth analysis of the eonomi ativity found that worse emitting industries are the energy roduing, and other manufaturing industries based on ombustion of fuels. The households onsumtion aeared to be in the highest degree of influene on air emissions from the demand ersetive, whih an be interreted as a need for more orthologial distribution of the energy rodution.

9 framework for assessing emission redution otions 9 Referenes Braibant, M. (2002): Environmental Aounts in Frane: NAMEA ilot study for Frane. Fourteenth International Conferene on Inut- Outut Tehniques. Cadarso, A.& Fernandez-Bolanos A.F. (2002): Patterns of growth and onsumtion and their influene on the environmental in Sain. Fourteenth International Conferene on Inut- Outut Tehniques. De Haan, Mark and Steven J. Keuning. Taking the Environment into Aount: The NAMEA Aroah. In The Review of Inome and Wealth. Series 42, No. 2, June De Haan, M. and S.J. Keuning (1996), Taking the environment into aount: the NAMEA aroah, Review of Inome and Wealth, 2, Euroean Commission (1994), 'Diretions for the EU on Environmental Indiators and Green National Aounting - Integration of Environmental and Eonomi Information Systems'. Euroean Environmental Ageny, (2003). Euroe s Environment: The third Assessment. htt:// Leontief, W. (1970): Environmental reerussion and the eonomi struture: an inutoutut aroah, Review of Eonomis and Statistis, v. 52, n. 3, Leontief, W. and D. Ford Air Pollution and the eonomi struture: emirial results of inut-outut omutations. In Inut-Outut Tehniques. Eds. A. Brody and A. Carter. NewYork: Amerian Elsevier, Miller, R.E., Blair, P.D., Inut Outut Analysis Foundation and Extensions. Prentie-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Mylonas, N. Eonomakou, M. Frankooulos, N. Krasadakis, A. Molfetas, K. Stromlos, N. and P. Vlahos. (2000). Natural Resoure and Environmental Inut-Outut Tables for Greee, Eurostat and Institute of Comuter and Communiations Systems (ICCS) of National Tehnial University of Athens. OECD, 1995, Final Reort of the Joint OECD/ECMT Projet Grou on Urban Travel and Sustainable Develoment, OECD, Paris. Taranon Moran M.A., del Rio P., Callejas Albinana F., Traking the genealogy of CO2 emissions in the eletriity setor: An intersetoral aroah alied to the Sanish ase, Energy Poliy 36 (2008) United Nations: Handbook of national aounting, integrated environmental and eonomi aounting. An oerational manual.series F, No

10 framework for assessing emission redution otions 10 United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Commission of the Euroean Communities Eurostat, Organisation for Eonomi Co-oeration and Develoment, World Bank (1993), System of National Aounts 1993, New York. United Nations. SNA Handbook on Integrated Environmental and Eonomi Aounting. Sales No. E.93.XVII, 1993.

Chile: building a computable general equilibrium model with an application to the Bío Bío region

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