DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A BIOGAS PLANT

Transcription

1 DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A BIOGAS PLANT BY LA WAL'I ADEMOLA AJIBADE 200S/22173EM A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. Eng) DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGER STATE NOVEMBER, 2010

2 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project work "Design and Fabrication of A Biogas Plant" has not been presented wholly or in part for the award of any degree elsewhere. The information herewith, was gathered from published and unpublished works which were duly referenced in the thesis.. ~~.... Name of Student... ~).\.J.~?.... Signature 11

3 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project titled "Design and Fabrication of a Biogas Plant" was carried out by LawaI, Ademola Ajibade and Supervised by Eng. M. M. Muhammadu meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) of the Mechanical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology, Minna.... ~~..... Engr. M. M. Muhammadu Date (Supervisor) Professor R. H. Khan Date (Head of Department) (External Supervisor) Date 111

4 DEDICATION This work in dedicated solely to the "1 AM THAT 1 AM", who was, who is and who will always be. His display of infinite love and endless mercy has guided, guarded, kept and reserved me throughout the duration of my academic pursuit in this citadel of learning and also of my sojourn in this land, and also, 1 dedicate this to a virtuous woman, an epitome of motherhood, my ever loving and caring mother whom God as used sufficiently to make me into who 1 am today. iv

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My utmost and profound appreciation goes to God Almighty who through is grace, I made it this far. I am most grateful to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. L.A. LawaI for their support financially, spiritually, mentally and morally over the years, to my siblings Adeshina, Adeyinka, Aderonke, Adewale and Adebukola. You all have been a blessing and I am proud of you all. My many thanks goes to me very wonderful supervisor Engr. M.M. Muhammadu for his numerous and timely contribution, advice and constructive criticism. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to all my friends Alex, Chinedu, Dika, Toba, Wale, Tobore, Seyi, Peter, Nkem, Iddie, Shade, Ponsah, Sogo, Kunle, Tolulope, Toluwalase; space will not permit the mentioning of all of your names, lowe you guys. To Press Unit, Seed of Salem Family, and the entire Fellowship of Christian Students, (HDP), F.U.T Minna. Thank you for those very important contributions to my life and destiny. I am eternally grateful. v

6 ABSTRACT The study was conducted in Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Minna to produce biogas, a gas made from anaerobic digestion of agricultural and animal waste, with the aim of establishing an alternative, green, domesticated, and cost effective source of energy for domestic purposes and also to provide a decentralized energy source that can easily be constructed, operated and maintained using waste from ruminating animals such as cows, poultry, pigs, as well as kitchen waste as the raw material for use in the production of the gas. A floating digester type is designed, fabricated and constructed using galvanized metal sheet, for optimal heat conduction and mass transfer to harness the potential of anaerobic digestion of Kitchen waste for the generation of methane gas by the decomposing actions of specific 'domesticated' bacteria on it. The technology of the project was the design and fabrication of a plant, constructed such that the generated methane gas from the process of digestion in the absence of air could be collected stored and also supplied through a valve to a burner(s) for basically cooking purposes in homes, on camps, and absolutely anywhere relevant. It was carried out using different kitchen waste from the restaurants in Federal University of Technology, Minna. It was realized through the Observation and Experimental Test that the rate of gas produced and retention time (with 24 hour biogas was produced) is greatly dependent on the ambient temperature of the surrounding environments, as well as the temperature of the digester, and that Fermentation of a mixture of different kitchen waste including rice, bean, lettuce, cabbage and carrot produced more gas after 24 hours than the unadventurously used cow dung. Thereby, using the mass of ingest as platform for efficiency and mobility of plant. VI

7 TABLE OF CONTENT Title page Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations or Symbols or Notations II 111 IV V VI Vll Xll Xlll XlV CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Information 1.2 Biogas 1.3 Background ofbiogas Plant and Production 1.4 Biogas Production 1.5 Biogas Plant 1.6 Potentials ofbiogas and Current Global Use 1.7 Aims and Objectives 1.8 Scope l.9 Problem Statement 1.10 Significance of the Project Vll

8 CHAPTER nvo 2.0 REVIEW OF LITERA TURE AND THEORETICAL FRAME WORK Historical Review ofbiogas Technology Biogas Technology Overview of Anaerobic Digestion Technology Anaerobic Digestion Process Biogas Plant Technology First Case Overview (Lithuanian) Second Case Overview (Korea) Third Case Overview (USA) Fourth Case Overview (Nepal) Fifth Case Overview (India) Sixth Case Overview (China) CHAPTER THREE 3.0 DESIGN ANALYSIS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Environmental and Operational Considerations Raw Materials Influent Solids Content Loading Seeding ph Temperature Nutrients Toxic Materials Vlll

9 Stirring Retention Time Design Consideration Engineering Requirements Digester Tank Heating System Gas Collection System Service and Maintenance Digester Tank: Acetylene Hose Gas Collector Volume Measuring Calibration The Charging and Discharging Openings Maintenance Designs for the Plant Geometrical Assumptions for Volume in Design ofbiogas Plant Geometrical Dimension Assumptions for the Biogas Plant Volume Calculation for the Required Slurry digester Determination of Diameter for the Digester Chamber Determination of Height for the Digester Chamber Determination of Volum~ for the Gas Storage Chamber Determination of Parameters for the Gas Collector Dome Determination of the Parameters for the Gas Collector Cylinder Determination of the Total Volume for the Digester Determination of Pressure and Stresses acting on the Plant's Wall 36 IX

10 Determination the Principal Hoop and Longitudinal Stresses in the Shell Sheet Metal Work Galvanized Iron Marking Bending Seam Folding Materials Materials for Fabrication Properties of Galvanized steel Material for Plant Operation Animal Waste Industrial Waste Sewage Plant waste Domestic Waste Facts about Biogas from high caloric feedstock Material Selection Selection for Valve Selection for Paint Fabrication Processes Fabrication Operations Cost Analysis Material cost 49 x

11 Manufacturing Cost Overhead Cost 50 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Biogas Plant Test Graph Analysis of Result Noon Result Evening Result Discussion of Result Principle of Operation 55 - CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion Recommendations 56 REFERENCES 58 APPENDIX I 64 APPENDIX II 65 APPENDIXID 66 Xl