The IIR s global network of universities and companies and its tools for researchers and students in all refrigeration and cryogenics fields

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1 The IIR s global network of universities and companies and its tools for researchers and students in all refrigeration and cryogenics fields International Institute of Refrigeration Houston, USA April 18, 2013 Didier COULOMB, Director of the International Institute of Refrigeration International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) -

2 Member Countries Intergovernmental organization 60 Member Countries Developed and developing countries

3 The IIR - Members Member Countries Commission Members (nominated by countries) Country Category Number of countries Corporate and Private Members - Private companies (equipment, utilities, food and health products, ), Consultants, Universities, - Special prices for junior members (16 under 29, 70 or 60 under 35) - Differentiated fees, according to member-country status - For valuable and updated information Number of Commission Members per country

4 Mission of the IIR The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is the only independent intergovernmental organization which promotes knowledge of refrigeration and associated technologies that are necessary for life in a science-based, cost-effective and environmentally sustainable manner including: Food quality and safety from farm to consumer Comfort in homes and commercial buildings Health products and services Low temperatures and liquefied gas technologies Energy efficiency Use of non-ozone depleting and low global warming refrigerants in a safe manner

5 Science and Technology Council E1 Air conditioning E Heat pumps, energy recovery E2 D1 Refrigerated storage D Refrigerated transport D2 C1 Cryobiology, cryomedicine C Food science and engineering C2 B1 Thermodynamics and transfer processes B Refrigerating equipment B2 A1 Cryophysics, cryoengineering A Liquefaction and separation of gases A2 International Institute of Refrigeration

6 Tools (1) The Refrigeration Portal IIR Web Site totally renewed with new services Selection of scientific, technical and economical articles from all over the world, in various languages, included in Fridoc database, the most important one is its field entries keywords authors Expertise Directory: 500 experts Laboratory Directory: 300 laboratories in 55 countries Technical files Thematic alerts Periodicals - International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR) for scientific articles with peer review. The best impact factor in its field. - Newsletter

7 Tools (2) Books, guides: - Technical books, brochures, diagrams Reference documents: - International Dictionary of Refrigeration (11 languages) for example Training courses International standards Review articles Informatory notes (for example, «Liquefied Natural Gas: Current Expansion and Perspectives»)

8 Tools (3) Statements prepared for international events: - Montreal Protocol on ozone depletion: The latest one: MOP24 (Geneva, Switzerland, November 2012) - Mitigation of Global Warming and Kyoto Protocol: The latest one: COP-18/CMP-8 (Doha, Qatar, December 2012) - Sustainable Development: Rome, Committee of Food Safety (CFS), 2012 Working Parties Research Projects: Frisbee, CoolSave

9 Conferences Tools (4) 4-5 IIR Conferences per year and 8 IIR co-sponsored Conferences per year on an average

10 - Maryland, USA

11 Challenges IIR main challenges are: - The quality of the cold chain for food and of the medical applications of refrigeration: applied cryophysics for medicine and biology is currently one of the most upcoming research fields; - The reduction of energy consumption: it concerns all refrigeration and cryogenic technologies; - The reduction of refrigerant emissions, because of climate change. These topics require scientific and technological transfers between laboratories, universities and industries involved in the various fields covered by IIR activities and also updated information on the latest updated information on research, technology and international regulations in theses fields, provided by the IIR. I would like to discuss the two recent challenges related to energy and refrigerants.

12 The energy challenge Refrigeration and air conditioning represent 15% of global electricity consumption. Electricity is generally produced using fossil fuels. International pressure to reduce its carbon footprint. The price of energy will be maintained at a high level because of costly new energy sources. Increasing demand in developing and emerging countries. Energy efficiency can be improved in refrigerating equipment and overall systems. (IIR guide) Energy recovery: the IIR was requested to help harness wasted energy in regasification plants by using the cold temperature generated by the regasification (Dunkerque, France). Energy storage: because of new energy sources such as solar or wind energy. New sources of energy. Solar cooling Hydrogen as a fuel as well as LNG: transport, storage and distribution at lower scales will be necessary. Cryogenic fluids (carbon dioxide-co 2, nitrogen) to replace vapour-compression systems. Other fluids like helium are also used for various low temperatures applications. CO 2 capture and storage thanks to cryogenics

13 The refrigerants challenge (1) Most refrigeration equipment consists in vapour compression systems. Most use fluorinated gases. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) already banned. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) will be banned in the near future: the stratospheric ozone layer. They are being phased out within the framework of the Montreal Protocol (international agreement). However, they have to be replaced. The easiest way: Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). No impact on the stratospheric ozone layer. Potent greenhouse gases, as CFCs and HCFCs Included within the list of greenhouse gases according to the Rio Convention and the Kyoto Protocol. Their Global Warming Potential (GWP) is currently 150 up to according to the various molecules, compared to CO 2. Fluorinated gas emissions currently represent 1-2% of total greenhouse gas emissions (eq CO 2 ). This percentage could be much higher in the future (at least 7% in 2050), if no measures are taken, due to an increase of refrigeration and airconditioning equipment, particularly in emerging countries.

14 The refrigerants challenge (2) A will on an international level to organize a phase down of the production and consumption of HFCs within the Montreal Protocol on ozone depletion (as was the case for CFCs and HCFCs). The USA s proposal: a reduction of 85% in 2033 in developed countries and in 2043 in developing countries (in CO 2 equivalent emissions). Emerging countries would prefer to avoid such a phase-down, considering that the related negotiations should be part of the overall negotiations on climate change. The deadline for these negotiations: The European Union already decided to implement a phase down of HFCs, along with some other countries, whatever the decision is made on an international level. Consequently, many technologies are being developed and are to be developed: use of new low GWP HFCs, use of «natural» refrigerants (ammoniac, CO 2, hydrocarbons, water, air), use of cryogenic fluids, magnetic refrigeration at low and ambient temperatures

15 The refrigeration sector seemed to be a traditional world until recently: biotechnologies, information technologies, nanotechnologies, even if they require refrigeration technologies to be used, seemed to be more exciting and cutting edge. However, the need for new technologies in the refrigeration and cryogenics fields and the need for researchers and engineers to deal with refrigeration-related issues is increasingly crucial in addressing these challenges. Technology transfers between these various sectors are necessary and are underway. The IIR network of universities and companies can help researchers, engineers and students in all these refrigeration technologies and uses, through: Its publications, Its reference documents, Its databases Its network of experts, Its participation in international decisions, Its conferences, congresses, research projects, working parties. See our Web site: THANK YOU.