ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION

Transcription

1 ROCKWOOL international ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION ROCKWOOL Stone Wool Thermal Insulation For External Wall and Pitched Roof According to EN and ISO Manufacturer: ROCKWOOL International A/S Verification : Owner of the declaration: ROCKWOOL International Hovedgaden Hedehusene Denmark External independent verification of the LCA background report and declaration, according to EN ISO 14025:2010 Third-party verifier: drs. J.P.R. Meijer SGS INTRON Dr. Nolenslaan 126, Sittard, the Netherlands (joepmeijer@therightenvironment.net) Contact person: Agnes Schuurmans (agnes.schuurmans@rockwool.com) Date of issue: April Valid to: April 2018 April 2013 Life Cycle Assessment study This environmental product declaration is based on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) background study according to EN15804:2012 carried out by: PE INTERNATIONAL AG Hauptstr Leinfelden-Echterdingen Germany Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) may not be comparable if they do not comply with the EN15804:2012 Clause 5.3 Product ROCKWOOL stone wool insulation for thermal insulation of external walls and pitched roofs. Calculated as typical average European ROCKWOOL products with lambda W/m.K ± 0.001

2 ROCKWOOL international Product Declared unit 1 kg of average European ROCKWOOL stone wool product without facings for external wall and pitched roof applications. Dual-density products or products with specific top layers are not considered within the scope of this EPD. Intended application of the Environmental Product Declaration The intended application is to have a generic EPD available in the ROCKWOOL Group for generic information purposes only. The EPDs are intended to be used as a basis for business-tobusiness communication. The declared unit is expressed in kg as a basis for generic calculations within the Rockwool Group and should be extrapolated into R-values to obtain a meaningful unit for communication. Example: For a product with density 39 kg/m3 and λ= W/ mk (i.e m thickness for R=1 m2k/w): x 39 = kg per R=1 per 1 m2. The environmental indicator values in this EPD must be multiplied by to obtain the values per 1 m2 and R=1 Linear scaling could be applied within the uncertainty margins of the LCA for the product range of external wall and pitched roof products, up to a density of approx. 50 kg/m3, provided that the products are single density. Any facings such as glass fleece, aluminium foil or other laminations are excluded in this EPD. If relevant for a product, their environmental parameter values should be added. Product description Stone wool is a widely used building material and is mainly used for thermal insulation. ROCKWOOL insulation products contribute to energy-efficient and fire-safe buildings with good acoustics and a comfortable indoor climate. Stone wool is available with different densities and thermal conductivities and is applicable in all areas of the building, ranging from roofs, loft, walls, floors, foundation to fireprevention solutions, HVAC systems and sub-sea pipelines. The products considered in this EPD are boards or rolls used for external wall insulation, typically cavity walls, ventilated facades and timber constructions, and pitched roof applications, with a lambda (λ) of W/mK. Product specification ROCKWOOL stone wool is traditionally made from volcanic rock, typically basalt or dolomite, an increasing proportion of recycled material and a few percent resin binder (typically 2 3% w/w for external wall and pitched roof products). The binder is a water-based phenol-formaldehyde resin which is polymerized into bakelite during production of the final stone wool product. A typical European average product for external wall and pitched roof application is defined with a density of lambda (λ) of / W/mK in these applications in the ROCKWOOL Group. Production data are derived from four typical ROCKWOOL plants in Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands and Spain) and weighted by production volume. These plants cover the volume of the producing factories in the EU where good data necessary for this EPD are available. The plants chosen cover >40% of the ROCKWOOL Group s combined sales (covering all products produced in these plants), but the amounts produced do not vary significantly. The plants chosen also represent the average technology in the company in terms of energy use and emission and the application of environmental technology. This EPD is valid for this generic ROCKWOOL stone wool product specification. Reference service life The reference service life of the insulation products in the building is not relevant in this EPD since the use stage of the building is not considered.

3 ROCKWOOL products are durable and usually fulfil their function as thermal insulation as long as the building lasts. For calculation purposes a reference service life of 50 years has been agreed for as a basis for the EN13162, but could be adapted if a longer service life is assumed for the building s wall and roof in which ROCKWOOL insulation products are applied. In some calculations, a service life equivalent to the building part life or building lifetime can be applied. Technical information The product standard that applies is EN13162:2008 Thermal insulation products for buildings - Factory made mineral wool (MW) products Specification. Specific characteristics and additional functionalities shall be taken into account when applying the EPDs in the building context: ROCKWOOL stone wool material is classified as noncombustible (Euroclass A1), the best reaction to fire class according to EN ROCKWOOL stone wool products are often applied because of their acoustic properties. For example, a wellconstructed wall using mineral wool insulation can reduce noise transmission by more than 50dB [ref. Eurima-noise]. Specific acoustic properties can be retrieved through the local sales organizations. ROCKWOOL stone wool products are durable without any ageing of the thermal performance, are both water repellent and moisture resistant. Moisture and nutrient are necessary conditions for mould growth. Since more than 95% of the mass of mineral wool products are inorganic, there is little nutrient source to allow fungi/ mould growth [ref. Eurima-health-safety]. More specific product information can be found on the ROCKWOOL website or through the local ROCKWOOL sales organizations. Guidance on safe and effective installation is also provided through the local organizations and at the end of this EPD. ROCKWOOL stone wool can be disposed of as nonhazardous waste. Leaching tests of mineral wool waste by Eurima demonstrate that they comply with the criteria for acceptance of waste at a landfill for non-hazardous waste and with the criteria for acceptance of waste at a landfill for inorganic waste with low organic content [ref. Hjelmer 2004, Polden 2004]. In countries with an existing infrastructure (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, UK), ROCKWOOL stone wool waste from construction sites and in some cases from refurbishment and demolition sites can be returned and recycled into new stone wool products. Information on the recycling service can be retrieved through the local sales organizations Life Cycle Assessment: Calculation rules EPD type Cradle-to-gate with options. Included are: Production stage (modules A1 A3). Installation stage (modules A4 transport to site, and A5 installation into the building). End-of-life stages (modules C2 transport, and C4 disposal). Module D for the packaging materials.

4 Flow diagram system boundaries A1-A3 Acquisition transport Primary raw materials (natural stone) Secondary materials/ waste Recycled stone wool (briquettes) Production transport Binder components - additives Cupola oven (melting) Spinning Stone wool production waste Curing Pig iron Recycling Production Packaging material transport Cutting Packaging Other waste Treatment / Recycling / incineratio n / disposal A4 A5 Transport to site Installation recycling possible Packaging waste D Treatment / Recycling C2 Transport after building demolition recycling possible C4 Disposal

5 Description of production process Stone wool is produced as follows: Raw materials, mainly basalt rocks, recycled content (briquettes) and coke are weighed and lead into the cupola oven where they are melted. The melted mass from the cupola then goes through a spinning machine in order to create fibres. At this stage also, binder is applied and fibres are formed. This wet pack of stone wool (uncured binder) is carried through by air fed into the curing oven where the binder is polymerized. Once removed from the oven, the products are cooled down and go through a series of cutting stages in order to give each product its final dimensions before packaging. Several after-burners, installations and filters made of stone wool are used for cleaning the air of the melting process and the curing oven. Off-cuts and stone wool air filters are all recycled back into the production. The technological background of the collected data reflects the actual average stone wool produced by the different ROCKWOOL plants, and not a difference in data-collection methods. Throughout its factories, ROCKWOOL stone wool products are manufactured with the same underlying technology and pass through the same production processes in different production plants. Modelling and uncertainties Modules A1 A3 Production stage The LCA is modelled as a European process (i.e. it can be situated anywhere in Europe). It is not the intention to have a mathematical average of ROCKWOOL plants, or a national version but it is intended to make a European modelling. From two plants Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data for an average kg of stone wool is used for the calculation (based on gross inputs and net outputs of all production lines). For two additional plants the LCI data used is product specific, and based on the resin contents of wall and roof products. Here, the resin content of the final product is 2 3%. In the calculations the input-related amounts of binder materials (gross input) are used. Some choices had to be made to make the data consistent between the four plants with regard to binder production and were based on worst-case scenario assumptions. The plants cover >40%of the ROCKWOOL Group s combined sales. ROCKWOOL states that the plants chosen represent average technology in the company in terms of energy use and emission and environmental technology applied. 1 1 This is a Rockwool claim that has not been reviewed by the third party. The average LCI data per plant is linked to European background data for the raw materials and energy production, to reflect the European angle. The LCA results thus may differ from specific national EPD data. The results per plant are weighted based on production volumes. Data in all plants were collected based on the financial year The variability in the end results due to the averaging can be up to 10 20% for some environmental indicators. These variations are caused by differences in local production, differences in data availability per country, different measuring and reporting systems between the plants and uncertainties in background data used in the LCA. The LCA data from the plants is derived from local LCA projects and differ on some points with regard to the data collected. Assumptions have been made to make the data as consistent as possible for this EPD, for example with regard to binder production and emissions at a plant. Such assumptions are worst-case based. An uncertainty of 20% between plant data related to binder results in an uncertainty of less than 10% in the LCA. Uncertainties in emission data introduce an uncertainty in the LCA results for GWP, AP, EP and POCP which could end up being approximately 10 20%. This EPD can therefore only be used for generic purposes within the limits of this uncertainty range. ROCKWOOL is considering implementing procedures to narrow the data collection uncertainty for future updates. Modules A4 A5 Installation stage Transport to construction site (A4) is calculated for 150 km as a basic scenario that should be extrapolated for specific cases. Example: if the transport distance in a certain country is 600 km on average, the A4 indicators in this EPD have to be multiplied by a factor of four. In general, the installation (A5) takes place manually. Further, it depends on the method and tools used, which can be very diverse. Thus, machines or energy expenditures are not taken into account. The waste generated in the installation is assumed by ROCKWOOL to be 2%. These losses are modelled in this EPD as landfilled (worst case scenario). In some countries recycling services exist for construction waste. The LCA results of the extra production required for this waste, being 2% of modules A1 A3, are reported in module A5.

6 Modules C2 C4 End-of-life Although mineral wool products from ROCKWOOL can be recycled, they are estimated as being 100% landfilled after the use phase as the most conservative approach. The binder content in the product that is landfilled is assumed by ROCKWOOL to be 2.5% on average. As a worst-case scenario a full decomposition and European average landfilling is modelled in the LCA, although this is not likely to happen in practice. ROCKWOOL stone wool can be disposed of as non-hazardous waste. Module D Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary Post-consumer recycling scenarios are not considered within this EPD. Credits resulting from waste incineration of packaging (A5) are reported in this module. Power and thermal energy for European boundary conditions are taken into account. Cut-off criteria Included are all the basic materials used as per formulation, utilized thermal energy, internal fuel consumption and electric power consumption, direct production waste, and all emission measurements available. All material and energy flows, except paper for labels in packaging, with a proportion of less than 1% w/w have been considered. The neglected flows do not exceed 1% of the impact categories. Machines and facilities required during production are treated as capital goods and therefore not included in the LCA. Allocation According to EN 15804, secondary products which enter the system boundaries are without any burdens in upstream processes except for their transportation. Besides stone wool iron ore is produced during the melting process of raw materials and sold. The iron ore is considered to be a co-product. Iron as a by-product is allocated by mass since the overall revenue represents less than 1%. This is in line with EN Packaging products in module A5 are sent to a waste incineration plant. The allocation is based on a physical classification of the mass flows or calorific values. In wasteto-energy plants combustible waste materials are utilized as a source of energy (e.g. plastics, wood). The combustion is accounted for using /GABI / with energy credits and is given in module D. For wood (e.g. pallets for packaging purposes) the following approach is considered: since timber absorbs CO2 in its growth stage via photosynthesis, the production of timber represents a net CO2 sink. This incorporated CO2 is released when incinerated in the end of life stage of the respective wooden products or product systems. The landfill model for rock mineral wool is based on its average material composition and a specific landfill model for rock mineral wool was created. Mineral wool consists of about 97.5% inert material. The remaining 2.5% are made of organic binder component. Since there is no reliable data on the amount of carbon released from the binder, the study is based on a worst-case scenario, with 100% carbon release scenario over a 100 year-time period. An average percentage of the landfill gas is captured and used for power generation (credits grouped under module D). Background data and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA ) method All relevant background datasets are taken from the GaBi software database. The datasets from the GaBi database are all PE International datasets and are documented in the online documentation /GABI B/. To ensure comparability of results in the LCA, the basic data of GaBi database were used for energy, transportation and auxiliary materials. The database contains the European power grid mix for the reference year 2002, which is a conservative choice. Since EU datasets were not available for all consumables, German datasets were used, but here the choice of respective boundary conditions is of minor importance. Using German datasets brings some inconsistency to the calculation but this doesn t affect the results significantly. All data used is no more than 10 years old at the time of the LCA study (2012). Note that an update of the Gabi 4 model to Gabi 5 would improve the environmental performance slightly because of lower impacts resulting from the background data used. In general, this won t affect the results significantly because the production process dominates the results. The LCIA is based on the CML methodology as recommended in the amendment for EN 15804:2012 published in June The final standardized list of characterization factors is not published yet as a final standard. Differences might occur when both methodologies and a guidance document are compared in future when the standard is published, Data quality The data quality of the data is assessed as appropriate.

7 Life Cycle Assessment: Scenarios and additional technical information The following information describes the scenarios in the different modules of the EPD. Module A4 Transport to construction site A truck Euro 3 with t of total capacity and a payload capacity of 27 t is used. The load factor is 30% including fully loaded return trips. Parameter Used transport vehicle Distance Utilisation capacity (including fully loaded return trips) Module A5 Installation in the building Parameter Auxiliary materials for installation Consumption of other resources Parameter expressed by functional unit Average truck trailer with a 27 t payload 150 km 30%, Truck fleet, outbound considered only Parameter expressed by functional unit Not applicable Not applicable Module C2 Transport to waste processing The rock mineral wool is not transported alone to the landfill but also mixed with other construction waste, therefore a load factor of 50% is considered in this case. The same truck is considered as in Module A4. Module C4 Disposal A conservative scenario of 100% landfill is assumed. Life Cycle Assessment: Results Limitations Conservative choices are made in the LCA. The background data used are also considered to be worst case. Therefore, the results can be considered to be conservative and worst case. The variability in the end results due to the averaging can be up to 10 20%, depending on the parameter. These variations are due to differences in local production, differences in data availability, measuring and reporting between the plants and uncertainties in background data used in the LCA. Uncertainties in emission data introduces an uncertainty in the LCA results for LCA results for GWP, AP, EP and POCP which could be end up to approximately 10 20%. This EPD can only be used for generic purposes within the limits of this uncertainty range. Quantitative description of the type of energy and consumption rate during the installation process Waste at the construction site generated from installation of the product Material output as a result of waste management processes at the installation site, e.g. compilation for recycling, energy recovery and final disposal Emissions to air, soil and water Not applicable 2% Wastemanagement process for packaging materials Not applicable

8 Description of the system boundaries (X=included, MNA = Module not assessed) Product stage Construction installation stage Use stage End-of-life stage Benefits and loads beyond the system boundaries Raw materials Transport Manufacturing Transport Assembly Use Maintenance Repair Replacement Refurbishment Operational energy use Operational water use De-construction demolition Transport Waste processing Disposal Reuse-Recovery- Recycling-potential A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D x x x x x MNA MNA MNA MNA MNA MNA MNA MNA x MNA x X ROCKWOOL external wall product 1 kg of average European ROCKWOOL stone wool product without facings for external wall applications Environmental impact Global warming kg CO2 eqv 1,09 0,02 0,18 0,00 0,09-0,07 Ozone depletion kg CFC11 eqv 4,39E-08 3,28E-11 9,97E-10 7,26E-12 2,20E-10-4,68E-09 Acidification kg SO2 eqv 6,65E-03 7,34E-05 1,71E-04 1,61E-05 8,52E-05-1,75E-04 Eutrophication kg PO43- eqv 7,96E-04 1,67E-05 2,56E-05 3,67E-06 4,80E-05-1,27E-05 Photochemical ozone creation kg Ethene eqv 3,72E-04 8,08E-06 1,18E-05 1,73E-06 3,04E-05-1,28E-05 Depletion abiotic resources - elements kg Sb eqv 2,54E-07 3,46E-10 1,10E-08 7,67E-11 2,69E-10-4,31E-09 Depletion abiotic resources fossil fuels MJ 13,85 0,23 0,36 0,05 0,17-1,04

9 Resource use Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials Total use of renewable primary energy resources Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources MJ 1,24 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MJ 0,00* n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MJ 1,24 0,00 0,03 0,00 0,01-0,03 MJ 15,46 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MJ 0,00* n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MJ 15,46 0,23 0,40 0,05 0,17-1,21 Use of secondary materials kg 0,207 0,000 0,004 0,000 0,000 0,000 Use of renewable secondary fuels MJ 0,013 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 Use of non-renewable secondary fuels MJ 0,066 0,000 0,001 0,000 0,000 0,000 Net use of fresh water m3 4,063 E-03 0,002 E-03 0,245 E-03 0,000 0,297 E-03-0,172 E-03 * The heating value for stone wool is 0. Packaging material is not included here. The primary energy is calculated as product-related indicators. But within the modules A1 A3 the production of packaging materials is included. Waste categories Hazardous waste disposed Non-hazardous waste disposed Radioactive waste disposed kg 7,91E-04 0,00E+00 3,14E-03 0,00E+00 5,13E-05 0,00E+00 kg 3,31* 0,00 0,10 0,00 1,02-0,07 kg 5,16E-04 4,09E-07 1,16E-05 9,07E-08 5,85E-07-5,87E-05 * This waste arises in the upstream processes in Module A1 in connection to coke extraction and stone mining. The data originate from the background GaBi 4 software database

10 Output flows Parameter Unit A1-A3 A4 A5 C2 C4 D Component for re-use kg n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Materials for recycling kg n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Materials for energy recovery kg n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Exported energy MJ n/a 0 0,077 (power) 0,812 (thermal) 0 0,039 (power) n/a ROCKWOOL pitched roof product 1 kg of average European ROCKWOOL stone wool product without facings for pitched roof applications Environmental impact Global warming kg CO2 eqv 0,98 0,02 0,20 0,00 0,09-0,08 Ozone depletion kg CFC11 eqv 3,80E-08 3,28E-11 9,15E-10 7,26E-12 2,20E-10-5,19E-09 Acidification kg SO2 eqv 6,82E-03 7,34E-05 1,79E-04 1,61E-05 8,52E-05-1,96E-04 Eutrophication kg PO43- eqv 9,09E-04 1,67E-05 2,87E-05 3,67E-06 4,80E-05-1,44E-05 Photochemical ozone creation kg Ethene eqv 4,80E-04 8,08E-06 1,44E-05 1,73E-06 3,04E-05-1,44E-05 Depletion abiotic resources - elements Depletion abiotic resources fossil fuels kg Sb eqv 2,64E-07 3,46E-10 1,32E-08 7,67E-11 2,69E-10-4,89E-09 MJ 13,05 0,23 0,36 0,05 0,17-1,19

11 Resource use Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials MJ 1,52 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MJ 0,00* n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Total use of renewable primary energy resources MJ 1,52 0,00 0,03 0,00 0,01-0,03 Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources MJ 14,47 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MJ 0,00* n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a MJ 14,47 0,23 0,39 0,05 0,17-1,37 Use of secondary materials kg 0,286 0,000 0,006 0,000 0,000 0,000 Use of renewable secondary fuels MJ 0,015 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 Use of non-renewable secondary fuels MJ 0,227 0,000 0,005 0,000 0,000 0,000 Net use of fresh water m3 4,176 E-03 0,002 E-03 0,272 E-03 0,000 0,297 E-03-0,190 E-03 * The heating value for stone wool is 0. Packaging material is not included here. The primary energy is calculated as product-related indicators. But within the modules A1-A3 the production of packaging materials is included Waste categories Hazardous waste disposed kg 7,00E-04 0,00E+00 4,31E-03 0,00E+00 5,13E-05 0,00E+00 Non-hazardous waste disposed kg 2,99* 0,00 0,09 0,00 1,02-0,08 Radioactive waste disposed kg 4,35E-04 4,09E-07 1,04E-05 9,07E-08 5,85E-07-6,51E-05 * This waste arises in the upstream processes in Module A1 in connection to coke extraction and stone mining. The data originate from the background GaBi 4 software database Output flows Component for re-use kg n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Materials for recycling kg n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Materials for energy recovery kg n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a Exported energy MJ n/a 0 0,089 (power) 0,930 (thermal) 0 0,039 (power) n/a

12 Other Information Dangerous substances ROCKWOOL stone wool does not contain substances from the Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern. Mineral wool fibres produced by ROCKWOOL have been classified as non-hazardous under REACH (Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and Council on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) and the Globally Harmonised System (GHS). The ROCKWOOL fibres are registered with REACH under the following definition: Man-made vitreous (silicate) fibres with random orientation with alkaline oxide and alkali earth oxide (Na2O+K2O+CaO+MgO+BaO) content greater than 18% by weight and fulfilling one of the Note Q conditions. ROCKWOOL products produced in Europe fulfil the Note Q requirements [ref. Note Q]. This is certified by the independent certification body EUCEB. More information on EUCEB can be found at The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization, revised its classification of mineral wool fibres in October 2001, including them in Group 3 as an agent not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. Cover exposed skin. When working in unventilated area wear disposable face mask Rinse in cold water before washing Clean area using vacuum equipment Ventilate working area if possible Waste should be disposed of according to local regulations Wear goggles when working overhead Indoor air ROCKWOOL stone wool products fulfil the national demands in the EU with regard to emission to indoor climate. Rockwool stone wool products have small impact on emission levels in buildings. [ref. Salthammer et al. 2010] notes that the presence of mineral wool had no influence on the formaldehyde level in the house. All ROCKWOOL s products for external walls and pitched roofs meet the requirements of the Finnish M1 classification ( or the similar German AgBB scheme. Instruction for safe installation Due to the well-known mechanical effect of coarse fibres, mineral wool products may cause temporary skin itching. Mineral wool fibres cannot cause a chemical or allergic reaction. To diminish the mechanical effect of coarse fibres and avoid unnecessary exposure to mineral wool dust, information on good practice is available on the packaging of all mineral wool products with pictograms and/or written tips (see below). Safe use instruction sheets similar to safety data sheets are also available from each producer. Bibliography EN 15804: Sustainability of construction works Environmental product declaration Core rules for the product category of construction products ISO 14025: Environmental labels and declarations Type III environmental declarations Principles and procedures EN 13162: Thermal insulation products for buildings Factory made mineral wool (MW) products Specification Eurima, Eurima, Hjelmer, Ole, Results of column leaching tests performed on 4 mineral wool products, DHI Water & Environment , Ref. 5256, Internal ROCKWOOL report. Note Q, uri=oj:l:2008:353:0001:1355:en:pdf, p. 335 PE International, Background report for Environmental product declarations for stone wool products, Part of the project: Life Cycle assessment (LCA) of ROCKWOOL International A/S stone wool products, November 2012, finalized after verification, 13 February 2013 Polden Insavalor, Mohamed Abdelghafour, Adaption of the up-flow percolation test TS for mineral wools, Preparation and analyses of eluates, Feb 2004 Tunga Salthammer, Sibel Mentese and Rainer Marutzky, Formaldehyde in the indoor environment, Chemical Reviews, 2010, 110 (4), , available at: