Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand Experience transfer from Europe

Transcription

1 Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand Experience transfer from Europe co organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Thailand and the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy Wind Energy Projects Tom Cronin, DTU Wind Energy, Denmark 4 th October 2012

2 Wind Energy Projects Experience Transfer from Europe Tom Cronin Special Advisor Danish Technical University it Risø Campus Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

3 Wind Energy Projects: Outline Introduction Tom Cronin, DTU Wind Energy and You Part 1: 13:00 14:15 Wind farm development and good practice Part 2: 14:30 15:45 Standards, codes and guidelines Part 3: 15:45 16: Approaches for low wind areas Interaction from you, the delegates Please ask questions as they occur to you no need to wait!

4 Wind Energy Projects: Introduction

5 Tom Cronin Mechanical Engineer BSc, Bristol UK Masters in Renewable Energy, MSc, Loughborough UK 10 years in industry working for engineering consultancies. Joined Risø in 2004, Wind Energy Systems section Research topics include: integration of wind energy into national power systems; wind energy and isolated systems; electrical tests for wind turbines. Commercial work: advice concerning wind farm development to investors, monitoring of wind farm construction and operation. Teaching planning and development of wind farms since 2009 (part of the M.Sc. Wind Energy course)

6 DTU Wind Energy 1 Composites and Materials Mechanics Wind Energy Division Materials Science and Characterisationacte Fluid Mechanics Test and Measurements Materials Research Division Wind Turbines Structures Fluid Dynamics Aerolastic Design Meteorology Composite Mechanics Wind Energy Systems

7 DTU Wind Energy 2 More than 230 staff members Including 150 academic staff members and 50 PhD students

8 Advanced Wind Turbine Aerodynamics

9 Wind Turbine Structures Load and safety Structural design of blades Wind turbine structures and components Multi-disciplinary optimization

10 Wind Power Meteorology Atmospheric flow modelling Methods for atmospheric model verification Fundamental atmospheric processes Determination of external wind conditions for siting and design of wind turbines

11 Wind Turbines in Complex Terrain

12 Wind power variability and prediction Improve power system and wind power plant functionality Enable integration of large amounts of wind power Security and reliability of power supply in power systems with large amounts of wind power Relevance for planning, design and operation! Example of Horns Rev offshore wind farm Power fluctuations offshore more than onshore power gradients of 15MW/min from 0 to 160MW in min! Possible impact on: system power balancing deviations of the power exchanges between neighbouring countries DTU Wind Energy, Source: Technical DONG University Energy of Denmark and Vattenfall Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

13 Who is in the audience? Who are you and what is your interest in coming today?

14 Wind Energy Projects 1 Wind Farm Development and good practice Tom Cronin Special Advisor Danish Technical University it Risø Campus Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

15 Wind Farm Development and good practice Overview Wind energy in Europe Wind farm projects: what is needed? Typical phases of wind farm development

16 Growth in World Market for Wind Power 45, ,000 MW per year 36,000 Total installed: 230 GW Electricity prod: 470 TWh ~2 2% of global electricity (2010) 27,000 Germany el. cons: 545 TWh/yr* 18, years track record Annual 9,000growth rates of 20-35% In more than 50 countries *(2011) 200, , ,000 50,000 Cumulativ ve MW Year Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant - March

17 Installed capacity in Europe Installed Accu. Installed Accu. MW MW MW MW Austria 16 1, ,082 Belgium ,147 Bulgaria Czech Rep Denmark 365 3, ,927 Estonia Finland France 1,186 5, ,836 Germany 1,551 27,364 2,007 29,248 Greece 284 1, ,856 Hungary Ireland (Rep.) 262 1, ,688 Italy 948 5, ,733 Latvia Installed Accu. Installed Accu. MW MW MW MW Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands 15 2, ,309 Norway Poland 382 1, ,667 Portugal 363 3, ,214 Romania Spain 1,516 20,300 1,050 21,350 Sweden 604 2, ,904 Switzerland Turkey 528 1, ,982 UK 1,522 5,862 1,293 7,155 Rest of Europe: Cyprus, Malta, Iceland, Balkan states etc Total Europe 10,980 87,565 10,226 97,588 Source: BTM Consult - A Part of Navigant - March 2012

18 Electrical contribution from wind

19 Targets Europe s target(s) Denmark s targets

20 History of wind development 1975 The first grid-connected wind turbine First generation turbines (15-45 kw) 1980: 20 wind turbine manufacturers in Denmark Some more figures Medium onshore wind farms

21 Offshore wind farms: pilot projects Vindeby Tunø Knob 1991: 11 x 450kW, 1995: 10 x 500kW, 2-3 km off-shore 5-6 km off-shore Middelgrunden 2001: 20 x 2 MW, 1,5-2,5 km off-shore

22 Offshore in Europe in 2012 Wind farm installed capacities now commonly >400MW World-wide offshore capacity is still only 1.7% of total

23 12 Size of Wind Turbines 10 8 cent/kwh Year

24 Challenges of wind power Past Technology: development from a collection of components to a system Connection to a grid Rules for operation and payment Confidence in the industry to provide a generation source Present Confidence in resource assessment Financing Logistics for construction Public acceptance Future Bottlenecks in power transfer Interaction and integration with power systems (balancing, etc) Technology and material resources DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

25 Denmark as a demonstration case National targets and policy 25% of electricity from wind energy today 50% of electricity from wind energy by 2020 Innovation Partnership between Research and Industry (MegaVind) to provide the most effective wind power and wind power plants that ensure the best possible integration of wind power A demonstration country for wind energy How to reach the targets and maintain power system balance stability cost efficiency

26 The challenge of integration Approximately 20% of electricity consumption 50% of electricity consumption to be met by wind met by wind power annual average power annual average Around 3GW installed wind power capacity Around 6GW installed wind power capacity For a few hours in a year wind power covers the Wind power production will often exceed the entire Danish demand Danish demand Source: Energinet.dk - EcoGrid

27 The challenge of integration 2 Some challenges Balancing production and consumption Power transfer from production to consumers Coping with faults Requirements for ancillary services Some promising solutions The grid Enhancing grid infrastructure Smart grids Storage Power system modelling Wind power plant capabilities Wind farms behaving more like conventional power stations Low voltage ride through Better forecasting of wind power More flexible and controllable turbines

28 European Synchronous Zones European DC interconnectors Source: EWEA Existing Under construction Under consideration

29 The Danish Grid

30 The challenge of wind resource: wind atlas Published in 1989 Covered 17 countries Wind resource at 50m Used by authorities, planners and developers Since then many further wind atlases have been published Wind atlas techniques refined

31 Wind industry players in Europe 1 Wind farm developers Utility companies Development companies Construction companies Individuals Power system organisations Transmission i system operators (TSOs) Utilities and distributors Manufacturers OEMs Component suppliers Investors Banks Pension companies Governments Individuals DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

32 Wind industry players in Europe 2 Service sector Consultants Wind resource assessors Operations and maintenance companies Regulators and certification bodies Electricity authorities Test and certification bodies Standard organisations (IEC, ISO, etc) Government authorities Planning authorities Associations Wind industry associations European wind energy association Research and education sector Research institutes Universities DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

33 The wind energy challenge?

34 Discussion in Groups Thailand has a target of installing having 1200 MW in Much of this will have to be met by sizeable wind farms. What are the most important issues? How should a developer develop a wind farm? What is needed? Discuss with your neighbours for 10 minutes

35 The fundamentals of wind farm planning Wind resource Environment and public acceptance Grid connection Project economy Political support

36 Typical phases of wind farm development 1) Measurements & data management 2) Wind resource assessment WARNING: 3) Site selection List is typical good 4) Initial design for power system analysis practice for Europe but is 5) Feasibility study & economics not exhaustive. Depends 6) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) very much on local regulations and practices 7) Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) 8) Financing & due diligence 9) Construction and O&M contract bidding and evaluation 10) Wind farm construction 11) Operation & Maintenance 12) Decommissioning

37 1) Measurements & data management To ascertain the general wind conditions and resources Information from literature, airports and met stations Use existing wind turbine production statistics Wind atlases Local experience Decide where to make more thorough measurement campaigns

38 2) Wind resource assessment Typically, a number of locations are measured Depending on terrain, more than one mast may be needed Measurement campaign one year or longer Measurements need to be in a location with same wind climate as possible sites

39 3) Site selection Selection of which site(s) are suitable to develop is dependent on a number of factors, including: Wind resource Physical access to site Planning considerations Legal access to site Environmental considerations Distance to suitable grid connection

40 4) Initial design for power system analysis In order to: a) Find a grid connection suitable (strong enough) b) Satisfy the electrical connection requirements c) Obtain a Power Purchase Agreement Then an initial electrical design will need to be done to: a) Demonstrate t wind farm active power delivery b) Reactive power characteristics c) Fault behaviour d) Controllability l according to the authority s requirements

41 5) Feasibility study & economics The feasibility study will determine if the project is viable for the next stage In brief: problems and objectives technical analysis (including turbine selection and siting) organisational and institutional analysis sociological analysis investment budget environmental impact financial and economic analysis assumptions and risks

42 6) Environmental Impact Assessment Usually carried out by a company specialising in this work, the EIA covers: noise visual impact, scenic values and landscaping impact on flora and fauna impact on reservation areas, archaeological sites safety issues for humans It should not be forgotten that the impact of a wind farm should be compared to the impact of using other power supply options use of fuels and resources emissions (NOx SO2, CO2) and waste generated

43 7) Power purchase agreement This is an essential agreement as if forms the basis for calculating the financial feasibility of the project: Influenced by political policy May or may not include conditions for other than active power Penalties for reactive power consumption State length of agreement

44 8) Financing and due diligence Depending on the stage of the project, investors will require: A description of the project Wind resource analysis and energy yield report Technical substantiation for technology chosen Risk analysis and mitigation Company profile and experience Project capital investment details Analysis of revenue and costs Financial spreadsheet for operational lifetime of wind farm Net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) for project Contracts with suppliers Agreements for O&M Due diligence of the project by independent experts

45 9) Construction and O&M contracts Two main models for construction contracts: a) Turn-key: a main contractor (e.g. turbine manufacturer) is responsible for and executes all the works b) Separate: contracts are issued by the developer for the various parts of the project foundations, buildings, roads, cables, turbines, switchgear, etc. Which one is suitable very much depends on the company profile and local conditions. The operations and maintenance, similarly has two main models: a) The turbine manufacturer signs a long-term (10-15 year) contract for the O&M of the wind farm b) The developer/owner takes on the responsibility for the O&M It is usual for the manufacturer to offer a 5-year O&M contract as standard. DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

46 10) Wind farm construction Needs careful planning as some activities are weather-dependent Special attention to be paid to timing of grid connection Take into account any special requirements from EIA Should be monitored carefully Test and commissioning procedures in contract Hand-over procedure to include an outstanding actions list

47 11) Operations and Maintenance Many companies now building up considerable experience Central control rooms to monitor and plan O&M is surprisingly labour intensive Access to machines is required Distance to source of spare parts is important Contract conditions require that certain data be recorded to monitor O&M performance. SCADA (System Control and Data Acquisition) system is the main interface between the equipment and the operator

48 12) Decommissioning 1 LCA for Vestas V90 3MW

49 12) Decommissioning 2 Recycling of Vestas V80-2 MW Source: A. Feito-Boirac, T. Vromsky, A. Villaume: Recycling Wind Turbines. Outlook and Technologies. Vestas Poster 029 at EWEA conference 2011

50 Typical phases of wind farm development 1) Measurements & data management 2) Wind resource assessment WARNING: 3) Site selection List is typical good 4) Initial design for power system analysis practice for Europe but is 5) Feasibility study & economics not exhaustive. Depends 6) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) very much on local regulations and practices 7) Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) 8) Financing & due diligence 9) Construction and O&M contract bidding and evaluation 10) Wind farm construction 11) Operation & Maintenance 12) Decommissioning

51 Seminar on Renewable Energy Technology implementation in Thailand Experience transfer from Europe co organised by the Delegation of the European Union to Thailand and the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy Wind Energy Projects 2 Tom Cronin, DTU Denmark 4 th October 2012

52 Wind Energy Projects Experience Transfer from Europe Tom Cronin Special Advisor Danish Technical University it Risø Campus Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

53 Wind Energy Projects: Outline Introduction Tom Cronin, DTU Wind Energy and You Part 1: 13:00 14:15 Wind farm development and good practice Part 2: 14:30 15:45 Standards, codes and guidelines Part 3: 15:45 16: Approaches for low wind areas Interaction from you, the delegates Please ask questions as they occur to you no need to wait!

54 Wind Energy Projects 1 Standards, codes and guidelines Tom Cronin Special Advisor Danish Technical University it Risø Campus Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

55 Standards, codes and guidelines Overview Standards in general For which phases are standards, etc. applicable to wind farms? The IEC series standard Certification Grid codes Guidelines

56 Discussion in Groups Standards set minimum requirements and ensure quality Standards restrict innovation and stifle progress Discuss with your neighbours for 10 minutes

57 Questions for a new technology Terminology Standards can provide common, recognized Safety Environmental impact Performance Business risk System integration Verification definitions iti and specification requirements to design, function, safety and risk level methods for tests and documentation of performance Procedures But will standards allow innovation? Component or systems approach?

58 Innovations (from Wind Directions Sept-Oct 2007 The Road to Maturity)

59 Wind Business A regulated market Market stimulation through national support mechanisms: Fixed tariffs Renewable energy obligations Quotas Green certificates CO2 premium Investment grants How to secure optimal benefits to society from support? Technology development through R&D Quality requirements and verification

60 Standards? Standards are voluntary agreements that regulate the market in order to facilitate trade. They are important in order to ensure competition and availability of products and services of high quality and of sustainable manufacturing processes. Standards set uniform rules and specifications for among others function, safety and environmental effects for products, and formulate common specifications, approaches and terminology. (Standards implement laws and directives) Standards are prepared on different levels (industry, national, international and global standards)

61 Who makes wind energy standards? ISO/IEC CEN/Cenelec National standardization organisations (Danish Standard DS) National authorities Certification companies (GL, DNV, BV, UL, etc)

62 International Standardisation Levels of standardisation Global Parallel voting IEC(/ISO) TC88 Europe EU-harmon harmon. CENELEC (/CEN) CLC TC88 National DS, DIN Trend: More international / less national Initiative (and hard work) remains on a national level

63 Interested parties Industry Authorities, society Investors, consultants, developers Experts R&D, test labs, certification

64 The wind turbine: a complex system Gearbox Generator Blade vyod psm gsat,,t UsaPDTYft High voltage cable Transformer hcatt Control Foundation Power curve

65 IEC standardization for wind turbines Technical committee TC 88 formed in 1988 in order to develop standards for wind turbine generators National standardization start mid 80 s, initiated by R&D community d) a) Safety & functional requirements c) a) b) b) Test methods c) Certification procedures d) Interfaces & Component

66 IEC TC88: IEC standards series IEC Design requirements IEC Small wind turbines IEC Design requirements for offshore wind turbines IEC Gears for wind turbines IEC (5) Wind Turbine Rotor Blades IEC , Acoustic noise measurement techniques IEC Power performance measurements IEC Measurement of mechanical loads IEC Declaration of sound power level and tonality IEC Measurement of power quality characteristics IEC Conformity Testing and Certification of wind turbines IEC TR Full scale structural blade testing IEC TR Lightning protection IEC (1-6) Communication IEC TS Availability IEC Electrical simulation models for wind power generation IEC : Transformers for wind turbines applications

67 Design requirements for wind turbines Safety for small wind turbines Design requirements for offshore wind turbines Wind turbine gearboxes Wind turbine rotor blades Acoustic niose measurement techniques Power performance Measurement of mechanical loads Measurement and assessment of power quality Conformity testing and certification rules and procedures Full scale structural testing of rotor blades Lightning protection of wind turbines Communication Availability Electrical simulation models for wind power generation

68 IEC : 2005 Wind Turbines Design Requirements Principles specifies essential design requirements to ensure the engineering integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime Content External conditions (e.g. wind) Wind turbine classes Structural design (e.g. load cases and methods) Control and protection system (what to consider) Mechanical system (e.g. yaw, brakes) Electrical system (e.g. lightning) Site assessment Assembly, installation, erection Commissioning, operation, maintenance DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

69 Wind turbine classes Wind turbine classes are defined in and intended to cover most possible sites Wind turbine class I II III S V ref (m/s) 50 42, A I ref (-) 0,16 B I ref (-) 0,14 C I ref (-) 0,12 Values specified by the designer I ref is the turbulence intensity ratio

70 Assessment of a wind turbine for sitespecific conditions Two approaches: a demonstration that all these conditions are no more severe than those assumed for the design of the wind turbine; a demonstration of the structural integrity for conditions, each equal to or more severe than those at the site. Site conditions: Topographical complexity; Wind conditions; Air density; Earthquake; Electrical l network conditions; Soil conditions.

71 IEC site assessment rules Checklist Extreme winds Background turbulence Shear of vertical wind profile Wake turbulence Flow inclination Wind-speed d distribution ib ti

72 Verification by Certification Certification: Procedure by which a third party gives written assurance that a product, process or service conforms to specified requirements, also known as conformity assessment IEC WT01 01: IEC system for conformity testing and certification of wind turbines Rules and procedures IEC TS: (2009) - Conformity Testing and Certification of Wind Turbines

73 IEC and Wind Turbine Certification IEC standard series provides: Design criteria, test procedures and specifications Rules and procedures for certification How to apply these in a national certification scheme: Legislation Management National regulations Local requirements Other issues

74 Type Certification (IEC ) Verification of product compliance with standards

75 Type Certification A type certificate is issued on the basis of a verification of the supplier's documentation of the wind turbine in consideration and is issued to the supplier Design evaluation Type Testing Manufacturing evaluation (ISO9001) Type characteristics meas. Foundation design evaluation Type A: No outstanding t issues, validity 5 The purpose of type certification is to years Type B: Issues without significant conformity with design assumptions, importance to primary safety, validity 1 year. confirm that the wind turbine type is designed, documented and manufactured specific standards and other technical requirements. DTU Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark Experience Transfer from Europe 4 Oct 2012

76 National Test Station for Large Wind Turbines Coastal, flat terrain 5 test positions Max. 10 MW Max. height 165 m

77 Component Certification design evaluation; type testing; manufacturing evaluation; and final evaluation. Design Basis Evaluation Design Evaluation Manufacturing Evaluation Foundation Design Evaluation Foundation Manufacturing Evaluation The purpose of wind turbine component certification is to confirm that a major component of a specific type is designed, d documented d and manufactured in conformity with design assumptions, specific standards and other technical requirements. Type Testing Type Characteristics Measurements Final Evaluation Optional Module Type Certificate

78 Project Certification Issued to the owner May be used by local building authority for permitting Type certificate Site assessment Foundation design evaluation Installation ti evaluation (partially) O&M surveillance not required Grid connection (local l grid co.) Testing and demonstration (safety) Modifications, relocation and use after the expiry of a certificate for testing and demonstration

79 Project certification The purpose of Project Certification is to evaluate whether type-certified wind turbines and particular support structure/foundation(s) designs are in conformity with the external conditions, applicable construction and electrical codes and other requirements relevant to a specific site.

80 Certifying bodies Body Location Standards used Germanischer Lloyd Germany GL Rules, DK 472, NVN , 0 IEC Risø / DNV Denmark DK 472, IEC CIWI, ECN/KEMA Netherlands NVN , IEC TÜV Germany IEC CRES Greece IEC Underwriters Laboratories (UL) / NREL USA IEC

81 Standards: some lessons learned The development of wind energy technology and markets has gone hand-in-hand with standardization Global business requires international standards Markets with support mechanisms, new technology or risks need standards Standards promote acceptance of new technologies Standardize requirements and documentation methods rather than technology, i.e. to preserve innovation start with system, then component standards Involve all stakeholders Include common procedures for verification & certification according to standards

82 Grid codes A set of rules that dictate behaviour of equipment connected to the grid Usually written and enforced by the Transmission System Operator (TSO) Provides a uniform specification of the requirements for power producing sites to ensure a stable operation of the network Common issues addressed: Active power and power control Reactive power control Voltage and frequency ranges or tolerance Behaviour during grid faults Voltage quality Requiring wind farms to behave more like conventional generation, whilst generator characteristics are very different

83 Variations in Grid Codes Grid codes vary from country to country Denmark has specific codes for wind turbines TSOs are,,generally, conservative and therefore harmonisation is slow Many variations in the set-ups of various TSOs, e.g. GB - National Grid Transco NGT & Ofgem DK - Energinet D - Four independent operators It is the responsibility of the developer to show compliance with the codes in order to obtain a licence The turbines (and their control) are the main components that affect compliance, rather than the specific grid connection design

84 Grid codes: content Grid codes are continually being updated as penetration of variable energy increases and harmonisation occurs. Most important: LVRT, frequency response, PQ response & voltage Requirements usually expressed in terms of desired response for a time at certain conditions and often shown graphically. Most grid codes are imposed at the point of common coupling (PCC) and therefore apply to the wind farm rather than individual turbines However, it is the turbines combined behaviour that determines the wind farm behaviour: for this models are required (IEC ). wind plant owners are typically responsible to provide the wind power plant models to TSO and/or DSO prior to plant commissioning, wind turbine manufacturers will typically provide the wind turbine models to the owner, Future trends Inertia emulation Power oscillation damping

85 Thank you for your attention!