Quantifying the Sustainability of Waste Management Systems
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1 Quantifying the Sustainability of Waste Management Systems RT Scott M. Kaufman Lenfest Center, Earth Institute Department of Earth & Environmental Engineering Columbia University October 16, 2008
2 ASSUMPTIONS AND MOTIVATIONS
3 ASSUMPTIONS AND MOTIVATIONS Disposal of municipal solid waste leads to significant environmental burdens
4 ASSUMPTIONS AND MOTIVATIONS Disposal of municipal solid waste leads to significant environmental burdens There is a desire to manage wastes sustainably
5 ASSUMPTIONS AND MOTIVATIONS Disposal of municipal solid waste leads to significant environmental burdens There is a desire to manage wastes sustainably We need goals and tools to measure progress towards sustainable waste management
6 OUTLINE (1) Municipal Solid Waste Data & Metrics (2) Measuring Sustainability Resource Conservation Efficiency (RCE) (3) Conclusions
7 OUTLINE (1) Municipal Solid Waste Data & Metrics (2) Measuring Sustainability Resource Conservation Efficiency (RCE) (3) Conclusions
8 CREATING A QUALITY METRIC
9 CREATING A QUALITY METRIC Least desirable Waste to Energy ycling Reuse Reduce
10 CREATING A QUALITY METRIC Least desirable (7.4%) Waste to Energy ycling ycling (28.5%) Reuse Reduce Landfilling (64%)
11 CREATING A QUALITY METRIC Least desirable (7.4%) Waste to Energy ycling ycling (28.5%) Reuse Reduce Landfilling (64%) Components of a Quality Metric Functional Robust Easy & quick to use
12 CREATING A QUALITY METRIC Least desirable (7.4%) Waste to Energy ycling ycling (28.5%) Reuse Reduce Landfilling (64%) Components of a Quality Metric Functional Robust Easy & quick to use Why Develop a New Waste Metric? Quantify & benchmark sustainability Identify ways to improve systems Help set goals Track progress towards goals
13 OUTLINE (1) Municipal Solid Waste Data & Metrics (2) Measuring Sustainability Resource Conservation Efficiency (3) Conclusions
14 MOTIVATIONS AND BACKGROUND FOR RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY
15 MOTIVATIONS AND BACKGROUND FOR RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Assumptions Leading to Metric Life cycle energy inputs trend with environmental impacts
16 MOTIVATIONS AND BACKGROUND FOR RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Assumptions Leading to Metric Life cycle energy inputs trend with environmental impacts Background Research Is life cycle energy in fact a good indicator for sustainability of waste systems? Use of life cycle impact analysis
17 IS LIFE CYCLE ENERGY USEFUL AS A PROXY FOR A FULL LCA OF WASTE SYSTEMS? Increasing energy inputs Life cycle Energy (MJ) Increasing environmental impact
18 IS CUMULATIVE ENERGY DEMAND USEFUL AS PROXY FOR A FULL LCA?
19 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper...
20 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper... Treatment Method Energy extracted or saved (GJ) ycling 10 Waste to Energy 5 Landfilling 1
21 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper... Treatment Method Energy extracted or saved (GJ) ycling 10 Waste to Energy 5 Landfilling 1 Because there is a maximum amount of energy saved or extracted, waste management can be expressed as an efficiency...
22 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper... Treatment Method Energy extracted or saved (GJ) ycling 10 Waste to Energy 5 Landfilling 1 Because there is a maximum amount of energy saved or extracted, waste management can be expressed as an efficiency...
23 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper... Treatment Method Energy extracted or saved (GJ) ycling 10 Waste to Energy 5 Landfilling 1 Because there is a maximum amount of energy saved or extracted, waste management can be expressed as an efficiency...
24 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper... Treatment Method Energy extracted or saved (GJ) ycling 10 Waste to Energy 5 Landfilling 1 Because there is a maximum amount of energy saved or extracted, waste management can be expressed as an efficiency...
25 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper... Treatment Method Energy extracted or saved (GJ) ycling 10 Waste to Energy 5 Landfilling 1 Because there is a maximum amount of energy saved or extracted, waste management can be expressed as an efficiency...
26 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper... Treatment Method Energy extracted or saved (GJ) ycling 10 Waste to Energy 5 Landfilling 1 Because there is a maximum amount of energy saved or extracted, waste management can be expressed as an efficiency...
27 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper... Treatment Method Energy extracted or saved (GJ) ycling 10 Waste to Energy 5 Landfilling 1 Because there is a maximum amount of energy saved or extracted, waste management can be expressed as an efficiency...
28 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper... Treatment Method Energy extracted or saved (GJ) ycling 10 Waste to Energy 5 Landfilling 1 Because there is a maximum amount of energy saved or extracted, waste management can be expressed as an efficiency...
29 THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY Let s start out with an example: Waste newspaper... Treatment Method Energy extracted or saved (GJ) 100% 50% /25% /25% ycling % Waste to Energy 5 Landfilling % 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Because there is a maximum amount of energy saved or extracted, waste management can be expressed as an efficiency... Energy Extracted or Saved (GJ) Resource Conservation Efficiency (Percent)
30 REFERENCE TABLE OF LIFE CYCLE ENERGY VALUES TO FACILITATE RCE ANALYSIS Material energy (GJ/ton) energy (GJ/ton) energy (GJ/ton) EMAX,sav Process Newspaper ycling Kraft paper ycling Set of values determined by literature search Allows easy application of resource conservation efficiency metric by policy makers & other waste management stakeholders Waxed OCC High Grade Paper ycling Mixed low grade paper ycling Polycoated paper Soiled paper ycling Other paper Glass ycling PET ycling HDPE ycling PP ycling Aluminum ycling Steel ycling Yard waste ycling Food waste ycling
31 REFERENCE TABLE OF LIFE CYCLE ENERGY VALUES TO FACILITATE RCE ANALYSIS Material energy (GJ/ton) energy (GJ/ton) energy (GJ/ton) EMAX,sav Process Newspaper ycling Kraft paper ycling Set of values determined by literature search Allows easy application of resource conservation efficiency metric by policy makers & other waste management stakeholders Waxed OCC High Grade Paper ycling Mixed low grade paper ycling Polycoated paper Soiled paper ycling Other paper Glass ycling PET ycling HDPE ycling PP ycling Aluminum ycling Steel ycling Yard waste ycling Food waste ycling
32 REFERENCE TABLE OF LIFE CYCLE ENERGY VALUES TO FACILITATE RCE ANALYSIS Material energy (GJ/ton) energy (GJ/ton) energy (GJ/ton) EMAX,sav Process Newspaper ycling Kraft paper ycling Set of values determined by literature search Allows easy application of resource conservation efficiency metric by policy makers & other waste management stakeholders Waxed OCC High Grade Paper ycling Mixed low grade paper ycling Polycoated paper Soiled paper ycling Other paper Glass ycling PET ycling HDPE ycling PP ycling Aluminum ycling Steel ycling Yard waste ycling Food waste ycling
33 APPLICATION: COMPARING RCE VALUES BETWEEN TWO CITIES - HONOLULU & SAN FRANCISCO San Francisco ycles at high rate for US cities Does not utilize for remainder High landfilling rates
34 APPLICATION: COMPARING RCE VALUES BETWEEN TWO CITIES - HONOLULU & SAN FRANCISCO San Francisco ycles at high rate for US cities Does not utilize for remainder High landfilling rates Honolulu ycles at roughly the US average rate Relies heavily upon for remainder Limited space (low landfilling rates)
35 APPLICATION: COMPARING RCE VALUES BETWEEN TWO CITIES - HONOLULU & SAN FRANCISCO San Francisco ycles at high rate for US cities Does not utilize for remainder High landfilling rates Honolulu ycles at roughly the US average rate Relies heavily upon for remainder Limited space (low landfilling rates) FIGURE 5a. WASTE MANAGEMENT PERCENTAGES 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% SAN FRANCISCO HONOLULU
36 APPLICATION: COMPARING RCE VALUES BETWEEN TWO CITIES - HONOLULU & SAN FRANCISCO San Francisco ycles at high rate for US cities Does not utilize for remainder High landfilling rates Honolulu ycles at roughly the US average rate Relies heavily upon for remainder Limited space (low landfilling rates) FIGURE 5a. WASTE MANAGEMENT PERCENTAGES FIGURE 5b. RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY 100% 80% 80% 60% 70% 40% RCE (%) 60% 20% 50% 0% SAN FRANCISCO HONOLULU 40% SAN FRANCISCO HONOLULU
37 COMPARING TWO CITIES: SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS (RCE AS A DESIGN AID) 6b. WASTE MANAGEMENT PERCENTAGES SAN FRANCISCO HONOLULU 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% SF BASE SF R1 SF H BASE H R1
38 COMPARING TWO CITIES: SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS (RCE AS A DESIGN AID) 6b. WASTE MANAGEMENT PERCENTAGES SAN FRANCISCO HONOLULU 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% SF BASE SF R1 SF H BASE H R1 Increased recycling scenario
39 COMPARING TWO CITIES: SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS (RCE AS A DESIGN AID) 6b. WASTE MANAGEMENT PERCENTAGES SAN FRANCISCO HONOLULU 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% SF BASE SF R1 SF H BASE H R1 Increased recycling scenario Increased recycling + scenario
40 COMPARING TWO CITIES: SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS (RCE AS A DESIGN AID) 6b. WASTE MANAGEMENT PERCENTAGES SAN FRANCISCO HONOLULU 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% SF BASE SF R1 SF H BASE H R1 Increased recycling scenario Increased recycling + scenario Increased recycling scenario
41 COMPARING TWO CITIES: SUGGESTED IMPROVEMENTS (RCE AS A DESIGN AID) 6b. WASTE MANAGEMENT PERCENTAGES 6b. RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY SAN FRANCISCO HONOLULU SAN FRANCISCO HONOLULU 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 40% 40% 20% 20% 0% SF BASE SF R1 SF H BASE H R1 0% SF BASE SF R1 SF H BASE H R1 Increased recycling scenario Increased recycling + scenario Increased recycling scenario Increased recycling scenario Increased recycling + scenario Increased recycling scenario
42 OUTLINE (1) Municipal Solid Waste Data & Metrics (2) Measuring Environmental Effectiveness Resource Conservation Efficiency (3) Conclusions
43 CONCLUSIONS - RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY SUMMARY
44 CONCLUSIONS - RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY SUMMARY Measures sustainability in terms of resource conservation (materials & energy)
45 CONCLUSIONS - RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY SUMMARY Measures sustainability in terms of resource conservation (materials & energy) May be useful as a screening-level environmental effectiveness indicator
46 CONCLUSIONS - RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY SUMMARY Measures sustainability in terms of resource conservation (materials & energy) May be useful as a screening-level environmental effectiveness indicator Allows stakeholders to easily and intuitively assess and make changes to waste strategies
47 CONCLUSIONS - RESOURCE CONSERVATION EFFICIENCY SUMMARY Measures sustainability in terms of resource conservation (materials & energy) May be useful as a screening-level environmental effectiveness indicator Allows stakeholders to easily and intuitively assess and make changes to waste strategies Shows that a combination of recycling & waste to energy is optimal
48 Acknowledgements Earth Engineering Center, Columbia University Professor Nickolas Themelis Professor Marco Castaldi EPA Region 9 Timonie Hood Dr. Paul Brunner, Vienna Univ. Tech. 15
49 THANK YOU... Scott M. Kaufman Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy Earth Institute Dept. of Earth & Environmental Engineering Columbia University October 16, 2008
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