Foundation For a Sustainable Future. Dr Ruth Rabinowitz, Director

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1 Clean Stoves For Carbon Credits Foundation For a Sustainable Future Dr Ruth Rabinowitz, Director ruth@mamaearth.org.za

2 About MamaEarth Foundation Registered NGO that promotes healthy people on a healthy planet. Continuation of 15 years as MP in South Africa. Promoting legislation that supports: a sustainable world with biodiversity, clean air and water, renewable resources, less garbage dumping, and better access to clean affordable technology.

3 Goals Achieved Through: Lobbying for legislation that promotes sustainability Education for organized groups about sustainable living Projects that demonstrate pluralism and that think globally but act locally.

4 Requirements for Clean Stove Technology Uptake Enabling legislation Verifiable science emissions data Access to finance e.g. carbon credits, microfinance schemes. Education of organized groups

5 Stove Workhop at Township School

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7 Millions of Stoves Since 1976, Aprovecho has assisted over 100 projects around the world = Millions of ICS As performance requirements have become more demanding a general move from artisanal production to centralized manufacturing Low emission stoves that protect health with reduced global warming potential are a reality

8 What is an improved stove? Proposed Aprovecho/Shell Foundation Water Boiling Test benchmarks: Fuel Use 850 g wood or 15 MJ energy Carbon Monoxide 20 g Particulate Matter 1500 mg In use or modified by PCIA (EPA), World Bank, ARECOP, GTZ, Regional Testing Centers The 2010 definition in the Waxman-Markey Bill is: Reduces fuel by 50% Reduces black carbon by 60% Reduces childhood pneumonia by 30%

9 WBT Performance of ICS Energy Use Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Fan Stoves Charcoal Liquid/ Gas 1. Three Stone Fire 2. Ghana Wood 3. Mud/Sawdust 4. Baldwin VITA 5. Cast Iron Stove from India 6. Modified VITA 7. Modified VITA w/ Insulation 8. Skirt Stove 9. Metal Skirted Rocket 10. Tall Heavy Skirted Rocket 11. Previous Improved 12. Heavy Skirted Rocket 13. Previous Improved 14. Insulated Brick Rocket 15. Short Light Rocket 16. Two-Pot Rocket 17. Extra Small Door w/ Skirt 18. Cast Iron Rocket 19. Large Baldosa Rocket w/ skirt 20. StoveTec Wood Stove 21. Previous with Skirt 22. StoveTec Wood or Charcoal 23. Previous with Skirt 24. Charcoal-Making gasifier 25. Experimental Gasifier 26. Large Gasifier 27. Grid-Powered Fan 28. Battery Powered Fan 29. Bottom Air Fan Stove 30. Wood Gas 31. Aprovecho Rocket with Fan 32. Mali Charcoal 33. Charcoal Jiko 34. Charcoal Stove with Skirt 35. StoveTec Wood or Charcoal 36. Propane (LPG) 37. Ethanol 38. Kerosene Energy to Complete WBT (MJ)

10 WBT Performance of ICS Carbon Monoxide CO Emission Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Forced Air Charcoal Liquid/ Gas 1. Three Stone Fire 2. Ghana Wood 3. Mud/Sawdust 4. Baldwin VITA 5. Cast Iron Stove from India 6. Modified VITA 7. Modified VITA w/ Insulation 8. Skirt Stove 9. Metal Skirted Rocket 10. Tall Heavy Skirted Rocket 11. Previous Improved 12. Heavy Skirted Rocket 13. Previous Improved 14. Insulated Brick Rocket 15. Short Light Rocket 16. Two-Pot Rocket 17. Extra Small Door w/ Skirt 18. Cast Iron Rocket 19. Large Baldosa Rocket w/ 20. StoveTec Wood Stove 21. Previous with Skirt 22. StoveTec Wood or 23. Previous with Skirt 24. Charcoal-Making gasifier 25. Experimental Gasifier 26. Large Gasifier 27. Grid-Powered Fan 28. Battery Powered Fan 29. Bottom Air Fan Stove 30. Wood Gas 31. Aprovecho Rocket with 32. Mali Charcoal 33. Charcoal Jiko 34. Charcoal Stove with Skirt 35. StoveTec Wood or 36. Propane (LPG) CO Emission to Complete WBT (g) 37. Ethanol 38. Kerosene

11 WBT Performance of ICS Particulate Matter PM Emissions Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Forced Air Charcoal Liquid/ Gas 1. Three Stone Fire 2. Ghana Wood 3. Mud/Sawdust 4. Baldwin VITA 5. Cast Iron Stove from India 6. Modified VITA 7. Modified VITA w/ Insulation PM Emission To Complete WBT (mg) 8. Skirt Stove 9. Metal Skirted Rocket 10. Tall Heavy Skirted Rocket 11. Previous Improved 12. Heavy Skirted Rocket 13. Previous Improved 14. Insulated Brick Rocket 15. Short Light Rocket 16. Two-Pot Rocket 17. Extra Small Door w/ Skirt 18. Cast Iron Rocket 19. Large Baldosa Rocket w/ 20. StoveTec Wood Stove 21. Previous with Skirt 22. StoveTec Wood or Charcoal 23. Previous with Skirt 24. Charcoal-Making gasifier 25. Experimental Gasifier 26. Large Gasifier 27. Grid-Powered Fan 28. Battery Powered Fan 29. Bottom Air Fan Stove 30. Wood Gas 31. Aprovecho Rocket with Fan 32. Mali Charcoal 33. Charcoal Jiko 34. Charcoal Stove with Skirt 35. StoveTec Wood or Charcoal 36. Propane (LPG) 37. Ethanol 38. Kerosene NOTE: Only 1 PM measurement for 9 stoves

12 Next-Generation Benchmarks? WBT Benchmarks for the Next Generation stoves could be created. Such as: Fuel Use 850 g wood or 15 MJ energy Carbon Monoxide: 10 g Particulate Matter: 400 mg How low can we go in CCT field testing? Let s see! PM Emissions Simple Stoves Rocket Stoves Gasifiers Forced Air Charcoal Liquid/ Gas 1. Three Stone Fire 2. Ghana Wood 3. Mud/Sawdust 4. Baldwin VITA 5. Cast Iron Stove from India 6. Modified VITA 7. Modified VITA w/ Insulation PM Emission To Complete WBT (mg) 8. Skirt Stove 9. Metal Skirted Rocket 10. Tall Heavy Skirted Rocket 11. Previous Improved 12. Heavy Skirted Rocket 13. Previous Improved 14. Insulated Brick Rocket 15. Short Light Rocket 16. Two-Pot Rocket 17. Extra Small Door w/ Skirt 18. Cast Iron Rocket 19. Large Baldosa Rocket w/ 20. StoveTec Wood Stove 21. Previous with Skirt 22. StoveTec Wood or Charcoal 23. Previous with Skirt 24. Charcoal-Making gasifier 25. Experimental Gasifier 26. Large Gasifier 27. Grid-Powered Fan 28. Battery Powered Fan 29. Bottom Air Fan Stove 30. Wood Gas 31. Aprovecho Rocket with Fan 32. Mali Charcoal 33. Charcoal Jiko 34. Charcoal Stove with Skirt 35. StoveTec Wood or Charcoal 36. Propane (LPG) 37. Ethanol 38. Kerosene NOTE: Only 1 PM measurement for 9 stoves

13 Field Testing Assures Stoves Are Used & Functional in Real World 1.) Five categories of new clean stoves 2.) Technologies look good on WBT 3.) Field data including emissions/particle color is needed 4.) Will the stove be used? Will it perform? 5.) Follow pages in Sam Baldwin s book outlining testing procedures including commercial viability 6.) More than one stove is needed

14 Types of Improved Stoves: 1.) Natural Draft Rocket Stoves Fuels: Sticks, woody biomass, Gathered fuels, some crop residue Higher temperatures, mixing, metering and then forcing the gases against the bottom, sides of the pot reduces fuel use and emissions Envirofit, $25 Time to Boil Fuel Use CO Emission PM Emission 3-Stone Rocket StoveTec $8-$12 51% with Skirt 70% 67%

15 Types of Improved Stoves: 2.) Fan Stoves TOP LOADING Fuel: Pellets, small pieces Philips, $60 WoodGas, $55 Oorja, $25 Burning the fuel with forced air jets at the bottom and/or top of the combustion chamber creates high velocity mixing which dramatically decreases fuel use & emissions. Time to Boil Fuel Use CO Emission PM Emission 3-Stone Fan SIDE FEED Fuel: Sticks, gathered biomass 51% 91% 88% StoveTec/Biolite TEG, $20

16 Types of Improved Stoves: 3.) Semi-Gasifiers Fuel: pellets, briquettes, some crop residues Burning the fuel with carefully controlled primary and secondary air within a closed stove results in efficient fuel use, and emissions are removed through the chimney. Yunnan Gasifier, $45 Time to Boil Fuel Use CO Emission PM Emission 3-Stone Yunnan % 88% 87% Daxu Stove, $50

17 Types of Improved Stoves: 4.) Natural Draft (TLUD) Fuels: Pellets, some gathered fuels Champion Stove, $30 Vesto Stove, $60 Top lighting, limiting the Primary Air in a TLUD, secondary burn, results in very low particulate matter emissions. Time to Boil Fuel Use CO PM Emission Emission 3-Stone TLUD % 72% 89% World Stove, $35

18 Types of Improved Stoves: 5.) Institutional Stoves Fuels: Sticks, woody biomass, Gathered fuels, some crop residue Transferring heat to the bottom and sides of a very large pot efficiently uses the heat from the fire and emits fewer emissions. Time to Boil Fuel Use CO Emission PM Emission 3-Stone L Stove (Data Normalized for 5L) StoveTec, $400 76% 89% 92%

19 Knowing which Stove Works: Testing is Essential LABORATORY Stoves are carefully designed and optimized in the laboratory WBT/Emissions measurements quickly, inexpensively highlight promising technologies FIELD Stoves must be designed/modified with input from focus groups Consumer testing is at least ½ of stove development Cooks must be involved when selecting, comparing, choosing stove models. It does not matter if a stove performs well in the lab if the cooks don t use it or will not buy it!

20 Stove Performance Comparison Time to Boil Fuel Use CO Emission PM Emission 3-Stone Rocket w/skirt Fan Top loaded Fan Side Feed Semi-Gasifier TLUD Gasifier Institutional 60L (Data is from Water Boiling Test)

21 Clean Cook Stoves at Market Price Carbon credits can reduce the consumer price of new clean stoves My Uncertain Estimates: (will vary with market, etc) Carbon credit income per ton per year: ~$5-$10/year$10/year Total Global Warming Potential grams CO2 equivalent per liter of water boiled and simmered 30 minutes, normalized for starting temperature and fuel moisture content 5 years? Stove generates 1-4 tons CO2e savings per year Global Warming Potential (g CO2 equivalent/l) PM *OM PM--680*EC 3*CO 12*NMHC 296*N2O 21*Methane CO2 calculated CO2 savings switching from coal to renewable biomass about 3.8 ton CO2e/yr. From A Laboratory Comparison of the Global Warming Potential of Five Major Types of Biomass Cooking Stove Energy for Sustainable Development, June Three Stone Fire Rocket Fan Gasifier Charcoal

22 Summary There are promising new generation stoves in existence Stove community could proceed to multiple-site in-field testing of performance w/emissions, user satisfaction, and durability Stove community could support mass manufacturing/distribution: best quality, lowest price for successful purchased stoves There can be millions of stoves ready to address climate change and health in the near future Very clean stoves can be sold at the local market price due to a $~$5-10/year carbon credit NOLS saying as 5 people push a 2,000 pound boat up a steep beach: If we all push easy, it s hard If we all push hard, it s easy