Urban issues and challenges

Transcription

1 Urban issues and challenges

2 Describe the distribution of the percentage of people living in urban settlements (3 Marks) Describe how the rural and urban populations have changed from 1950 to 2050 (3 Marks) Urban change 1. 50% of the world s population live in urban areas 2. HIC s have a higher proportion of people living in urban areas, as this is where the jobs are 3. LIC s have the lowest proportion of people living in urban areas = farm in rural 1. However.. 2. The rate or urbanisation is growing quickly 3. NEE s and LICs are experiencing the greatest growth in urban living 4. With industrialisation in cities offering jobs 5. HICs are growing slowly, due to counter urbanisation and people commuting to work 1. In many LICs and NEEs, the rate of urban growth = housing and services not being able to keep up. 2. This has resulted in the growth of squatter settlement! What might be the consequence of rapid urbanisation?

3 Describe the distribution of the percentage of people living in urban settlements (3 Marks) Describe how the rural and urban populations have changed from 1950 to 2050 (3 Marks) Urban change

4 What is a mega city (1 Mark) Describe how the distribution of mega cities is predicted to change (3 marks) Mega / world Cities Mexico city Population 21.2 million the largest city in the west. Located in an NEE 1. Megacities generally have a population of over 10 million inhabitants 2. There are 34 world wide 3. 2/3 s are in LICs and NEEs 4. Asia has the most mega cities 5. More mega cities are predicted 6. All of the new mega cities will be in NEEs and LICs 7. In Africa the number of mega cities will double

5 What is a mega city (1 Mark) Describe how the distribution of mega cities is predicted to change (3 marks) Mega cities

6 What is rural-urban migration (1 Mark) Suggest reasons why people in LICs/ NEE s take part in rural-urban migration (4 marks) Rural-urban migration Natural increase is also causing urban areas in LICs and NEEs to grow! Push factors: 1. Mechanisation = fewer jobs in the rural areas 2. Lack of medical help = diseases untreated 3. Lack of education = children low literacy 4. Desertification = land unproductive = no food/ income 5. Lack of running water/ reliable supply = disease/ cholera Pull factors: 1. More jobs and better pay = money food/ medicines 2. Better health care = illness treated 3. Better education = literacy & jobs 4. Housing with water supply = less diseases 1. The population is young = high birth rates 2. Medical care is improving = lower death rates 3. = growing population!!!

7 Quiz 1 8 Qs: 1. As a % how much of the world s population live in urban areas? Do more people live in urban areas in HICs, LICs or NEEs? 3. Which countries of the world are seeing rapid urbanisation? 4. Give one factor which causes urbanisation: 5. How many people need to live in a city for it to be classified as a mega city? 6. In which continent is there the most mega cities? 7. Give 2 push factors from rural areas which cause people to move to urban areas: 8. Give 1 pull factor (not an opposite of your push factor) which draws people to urban areas:

8 Quiz 1: 1. As a % how much of the world s population live in urban areas? Do more people live in urban areas in HICs, LICs or NEEs? HICs 3. Which countries of the world are seeing rapid urbanisation? NEEs and LICs 4. Give one factor which causes urbanisation: Mechanisation in rural areas / Industrialisation (growth of jobs) in urban areas 5. How many people need to live in a city for it to be classified as a mega city? 10 million 6. In which continent is there the most mega cities? Asia 7. Give 2 push factors from rural areas which cause people to move to urban areas: Mechanisation = fewer jobs in the rural areas /Lack of medical help = diseases untreated / Lack of education = children low literacy / Desertification = land unproductive = no food/ income / Lack of running water/ Unreliable food source 8. Give 1 pull factor (not an opposite of your push factor) which draws people to urban areas: More jobs and better pay = money food & medicines / Better health care = illness treated / Better education = literacy & jobs / Housing with water supply / electricity etc.

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11 Suggest how urban growth has created opportunities in an NEE or LIC city (4 Mark) Explain why a city in an NEE is important in a regional context (2 marks) Rio - Opportunities Social opportunities: 1. 55% of people have access to health clinics = diseases treated = life expectancy improvements 2. Education in Rio is compulsory until 14 years old = literacy rates improve = jobs 3. 88% of housing in Rio is connected to the main water supply = less diseases e.g. cholera Rio s growth and importance: 1. Rio has a population of around 6.5 million people 2. The surrounding areas consist of another 12.5 million 3. It hosted the 2016 Olympic Games and 2014 World Cup 4. Known for football and Samba 5. Exports coffee and sugar globally 6. Companies such as Fiat and Volkswagen 7. Brazil s 2 nd most important industrial centre = 5% of Brazil s GDP Economic opportunities: 1. Rio has the highest incomes per head in the country = disposable cash = food and medicines & send kids to school 2. Largest steel works in S. America at Sepetiba Bay = taxes = schools & hospitals 3. Oil refining on the coast of the country = jobs and taxes.

12 Assess the challenge of providing services to the people in a HIC or an LIC studied (6 marks) Rio s growth means services can t keep up! In LICs and HICs the rate of urbanisation is so quick that services simply can t keep up. What are the specific challenges in Rio... Did you get: 1. Clean water 2. Litter collection 3. Paved roads 4. Electric to houses 5. Sanitation plumbing for toilets etc Look at the images, what service provision are the governments struggling to provide in the LICs and NEEs shown Other service issues not seen in the photo include: 1. Providing education 2. Providing health care

13 Suggest how urban growth has created challenges in an NEE or LIC city (4 Mark) Urban growth in an LIC or NEE city will create more environmental challenges than anything other Discuss this statement (6 marks) Rio Challenges Social challenges: 1. 1/5 of the population live in Favelas like Rochinha = lack of privacy/ overcrowded/ poorly built leak during storms 2. 12% of the population do not have access to clean water = dirty water and risk of disease 3. 45% of people can t access health care = disease and low life expectancy 4. In Rochinha sewage runs through a channel between houses = cholera 5. A lack of schools means that in favelas literacy rates are lower than 50%. 6. Crime = powerful drug gangs = favelas have some of the highest murder rates in the world 7. Daily black outs in favelas common lack of reliable electric Environmental challenges: 1. Only 50% of waste is collected = waste builds up in streets = mosquitos and malaria and vermin tonnes of raw sewage flows into the bay each day = fish habitats destroyed 3. Air pollution causes 5000 deaths per year roads congested as few built due to mountainous area Economic challenges: 1. Unemployment in favelas is 20% = informal cash in hand jobs e.g. street vendor = $60 per month = can t afford basic medicines and food.

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16 Evaluate the effectiveness of a strategy to improve urban living in an NEE or an LIC city studied (6 marks) Rio Solutions Favela-Bairro project The project ran from Covered 73 favelas Social improvements: 1. Improved sanitation and water supply = all have access = less diseases (also environmental) 2. Paved and formally named roads = access and deliveries = growth of business and jobs 3. Day centres and adult training education classes = literacy improved and can learn skills to take part in self help schemes = homes improved 4. Pacifying Police Unit (UPP) set-up = crime reduced safe community Economic improvements: 1. Access to credit so that people can get small loans to buy materials to improve homes = improved living conditions % mortgages available = people own homes = no fear of being evicted 3. Cable car system across favelas = transport to work in city. Environmental improvements: 1. Rubbish collection service to all areas improved = no waste in streets = no diseases

17 Evaluate the effectiveness of a strategy to improve urban living in an NEE or an LIC city studied (6 marks) Rio Solutions Favela-Bairro project It s not been a complete success! 1. Residents still lack skills so improving homes has been slow 2. Rents are increasing in the improved areas = poor forced out 3. The new infrastructure is not being maintained 4. The project was small in scale = means the challenges still exist in other areas

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21 Quiz 2 10 Qs: 1. Name a foreign company which operates / manufactures cars in Brazil: 2. What age must you attend school to in Rio? 3. The income per head in Rio is said to be how high in comparison to other places in Brazil? 4. What % of homes have access to safe water? 84% 88% 89% 5. Rio has the largest what in S. America (it provides lots of jobs)? 6. How many people are unemployed in Rochinha? 7. How much waste is not collected as a % in Rochinha? 50% 70% 80% 8. What were people given as part of the Favela Bairro project, so they could formally buy homes? 9. What scheme was set-up so that neighbours could improve their properties? 10.Give one failure of the Favela Bairro project:

22 Quiz 2: 1. Name a foreign company which operates / manufactures cars in Brazil: Fiat / Volkswagen 2. What age must you attend school to in Rio? The income per head in Rio is said to be how high in comparison to other places in Brazil? The highest 4. What % of homes have access to safe water? 88% 5. Rio has the largest what in S. America (it provides lots of jobs)? Steelworks at Sepetiba Bay 6. How many people are unemployed in Rochinha? 20% 7. How much waste is not collected as a % in Rochinha? 50% 8. What were people given as part of the Favela Bairro project, so they could formally buy homes? 100% mortgages 9. What scheme was set-up so that neighbours could improve their properties? Self help 10.Give one failure of the Favela Bairro project: Residents still lack skills / Rents increasing / Small scale / Not being maintained

23 Describe the distribution of urban areas in the UK (3 Mark) Explain factors which have influenced the distribution of cities in the UK (4 marks) The location of UK cities Factors influencing the location of urban areas in the UK: 1. Coastal areas = many settlements e.g. Liverpool/ Southampton = trade 2. In lowland areas e.g. Birmingham = easy and cheap to build & milder climate 3. Natural resources e.g. Newcastle and Leeds = coal field sites = jobs and industry 4. Along major rivers e.g. London = trade, water source and defence.

24 Describe the features of suburban areas in the UK cities (or CBD/ inner city/ rural-urban fringe) (3 Mark) Urban land use the UK Central business district (CBD): 1. Normally middle of the town 2. Land use - Shops, restaurants and entertainment 3. On maps roads converge here ring roads may surround this area Inner city: 1. Mixed land use 2. Residential, some businesses and parks. 3. Houses often in lines = terraced 4. Some tower blocks due to cost of land 5. New flats 6. Look for parallel roads on maps Suburbs: 1. Edge of city 2. Land use = residential 3. Semi-detached homes, with drives and gardens 4. Look for short curved roads on a map The rural-urban fringe: 1. Edge of city 2. Farmland, golf courses 3. New homes 4. Retail and business parks 5. On maps look for white spaces and low density

25 Describe how urban change has altered the character of a urban area in the UK (2 Mark) Explain the opportunities associated with urban change (4 marks) Urban change in the UK creates opportunities Redevelopment: 1. New investment has seen CBDs regenerated 2. New shops and entertainment = tourists, jobs and money Immigrant communities! 1. This has changed the character of cities 2. Multicultural 3. Food and festivals e.g. Curry Mile New transport solutions: 1. Reduces congestion 2. Reduces noise, air and visual pollution e.g. Manchester and Sheffield tram Urban greening: 1. Importance of green space now recognised 2. Parks and gardens are now more common 3. Habitats and places for families/ people to spend time

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27 Explain the challenges associated with urban change / dereliction / deindustrialisation (4 Marks) Explain how urban change can impact the rural urban fringe (4 Marks) Urban change causes challenges Industrial decline! 1. Has left buildings empty in cities urban dereliction 2. The buildings are an eye sore 3. Drug dens and crime 4. Lack of jobs for many in areas = deprivation People move out: 1. Those with money move to the suburbs 2. Empty homes = crime 3. Those left behind are poor urban deprivation / inequality 4. Access to services is poor 5. High unemployment = poor health and poor education Leads to pressure on the rural-urban fringe: 1. New homes away from the inner city are built 2. Land is cheaper here as greenfield 3. Damages habitats and farmland 4. Local villages engulfed 5. Increase in commuters.

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29 Explain the importance of a UK city on a national and international scale (4 Marks) London location and importance Why did London grow: 1. Built by the Romans 2000 years ago 2. They used the Thames as a defensive site and for transport 3. Built at the lowest bridging point meaning it was easy to bridge and navigate both sides important trading docks to rest of Colony. 5. Today it is a transport hub international airports and rail London's importance: 1. Nationally = UK s capital city 2. Sits at the top of the UK settlement hierarchy = all will visit e.g. international sports, airports, shows etc. 3. Globally 2 nd most important financial centre in the world after New York. 4. International centre for universities and research 5. International investment Chelsea = Russian investment Key terms: 1. Urban deprivation/ inequality = differences between those living in urban areas covers economic, social and environmental factors 2. Urban dereliction = an area of the city where the environment is in poor repair How is London different to the rest of the UK: London s population is much younger = young professionals older people move out

30 Quiz 3 9 QS: 1. Give 2 factors which have influenced the location of urban areas in the UK: 2. What does CBD stand for and where would you normally find it in a city? 3. What does urban dereliction mean? 4. How has migration impacted the character of cities in the UK? 5. Why are inner cities associated with unemployment? 6. What is counter-urbanisation? 7. Give one benefit of London's site: 8. Give one reason why London is important on a national level? 9. Give one reason why London is important on an international level?

31 Quiz 3: 1. Give 2 factors which have influenced the location of urban areas in the UK: Coastal / Flat land / Resources available / Rivers for transport 2. What does CBD stand for and where would you normally find it in a city? Central Business District / In the centre of cities 3. What does urban dereliction mean? An area of the city which has fallen into disrepair 4. How has migration impacted the character of cities in the UK? Multicultural / different foods / festivals etc. 5. Why are inner cities associated with unemployment? De-industrialisation / counter-urbanisation of the wealthy = poor left behind 6. What is counter-urbanisation? Movement from urban areas to rural areas (cities to villages) 7. Give one benefit of London's site: Thames = trade / defensive due to river / bridging point 8. Give one reason why London is important on a national level? Capital city / international transport hub / top universities / sporting and recreational events 9. Give one reason why London is important on an international level? 2 nd most important financial centre / international centre of Universities and medical research

32 To what extent has urban change created opportunities in a UK city studied (9 Marks) Urban change and regeneration in Stratford - opportunities Social opportunities 1. Cultural mix ethnic diversity from repeated migrations has brought a range of foods and festivals to the area = visitors e.g. Great Eastern Market 2. Recreation and entertainment The creation of the Elizabeth Park = West Ham football stadium, Copper Box arena gigs and boxing 3. 9,000 affordable homes created = eases overcrowding in the area raises aspiration 1. Located in London s East End 2. Previously known for low life expectancy, low wages, high unemployment (double UK av.) Economic opportunities: 1. Employment jobs in the Westfield shopping centre = 8,000 = taxes 2. Integrated transport system = Stratford International station = easier for visitors to get to = encourage other businesses to set up = taxes Environmental opportunities: 1. Olympic parkland (25 acres) added to the site = habitats to area 2. Strafford energy centre provide power in the local area = 0% C02 uses biomass from house waste = less air pollution 3. Brownfield land which has been regenerated = less pressure on the greenfield land on the outskirts of the city

33 To what extent has urban change created opportunities in a UK city studied (9 Marks) Urban change and regeneration in Stratford - opportunities Social challenges: homes owners forced to move = community broken up 2. Carpenters Estate residents feel the inequality = new homes are still too expensive and can t afford to use the new facilities 3. 25% of homes are overcrowded in the Carpenters Estate area = reduced quality of life Environmental challenges: 1. Houses in Carpenters Estate have been left empty = vandalism and graffiti 2. Waste disposal is an issue as the city s population has grown = new waste and recycling centre are needed 3. Some people have moved to more suburban areas as nicer = damaging greenfield sites = habitats lost Economic challenges: 1. New jobs have not gone to those that lost jobs during deindustrialisation = 2 nd highest unemployment rate in Carpenters Estate in London = poverty

34 Quiz 4 8 Qs: 1. How much higher was unemployment in Stafford before the Olympics compared to the national average? X2 x3 2. Give one piece of evidence to prove that there are cultural opportunities in Stratford: 3. How many affordable homes were developed during the regeneration of Stratford? 7,000 9, How many acres of parkland has been created in Elizabeth Park? How many people are employed at Westfield shopping centre? 6,000 7,000 8, How many home owners were forced to move from the Stratford site (Carpenters Lane)? 7. How many homes on Carpenters Estate remain overcrowded? 25% 50% 8. How high is the unemployment on Carpenters Estate since the regeneration? 2nd highest 4 th highest in London

35 Quiz 4: 1. How much higher was unemployment in Stafford before the Olympics compared to the national average? X2 2. Give one piece of evidence to prove that there are cultural opportunities in Stratford: Many languages / Range of restaurants / Great Eastern Market 3. How many affordable homes were developed during the regeneration of Stratford? 9, How many acres of parkland has been created in Elizabeth Park? How many people are employed at Westfield shopping centre? 8, How many home owners were forced to move from the Stratford site (Carpenters Lane)? How many homes on Carpenters Estate remain overcrowded? 25% 8. How high is the unemployment on Carpenters Estate since the regeneration? 2nd highest in London

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38 Explain the problems associated with urban sprawl (4 Marks) Suggest how urban sprawl could impact the environment (2 Marks) Cane Hill Park Croydon Urban sprawl and counter urbanisation Urban sprawl Is the unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding countryside As the city of London has grown it has sprawled outwards. This has impacted the urban rural fringe. Colonnades leisure park Croydon 1. Large housing estates such as Crane Hill Park = pleasant housing in nice environment but. 2. On greenfield land open space lost ecosystem lost habitats destroyed 3. Out of town shopping e.g. Colonnades Park easily accessible from city, free parking but 4. People travel by car = congestion = noise and air pollution for nearby residents! 5. Land lost = farmland ruined and famers profits reduced.

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40 Explain how counter-urbanisation can impact the character of rural villages (4 Marks) Urban sprawl and counter urbanisation Elstead Surrey 1. As Londoners have moved out houses prices in Elstead have increased locals can not afford 2. Increase in commuting in local area = noise and air pollution 3. Parking problems = many new comers have 2 or 3 cars 4. Some new housing built = damaged rural land = lost habitats 5. Businesses e.g. village shop may suffer = new comers use supermarkets in city or order shopping via internet Elstead has become a commuter settlement 1. People from London move there as it is 2. Quieter 3. Less crime 4. Less noise, visual and air pollution 5. Can easily commute to work

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42 To what extent can urban areas be made more sustainable (9 Marks) Making urban areas more sustainable Water conservation: 1. Adding rain butts to downpipes = water garden 2. Dual flush toilets = less wasted 3. Water meters = people take more care Creating green space (urban greening): 1. Nice environment = where people want to live = reduced counter urbanisation 2. Encourages people to exercise = healthier life expectancy improves 3. Reduces flood risk = less surface run-off 4. Habitats created = less risk of local extinction 1. Cycle lanes are also a common feature 2. Car charging points. Waste recycling: 1. Using different coloured bins for certain waste =. 2. Reduces amount at landfill = less methane being released & less habitats lost Energy conservation: 1. Renewable energies e.g. solar = less fossil fuels = reduce global warming impact 2. Cheaper bills = more disposable cash 3. Houses can have smart meters = people less wasteful = turn off at the plug

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44 Describe the distribution of urban areas in the UK (3 Mark) Traffic Congestion Traffic congestion: 1. Economic problems = late for work and deliveries late = lost profit 2. Environmental problems air pollution = climate change & local issues e.g. asthma 3. Social problems = noise pollution and reduced quality of life for those nearby. London s congestion charge: 1. Brought in to reduce congestion in London most congested city in Europe 2. Has reduced journey times for all by 40% = business profit 3. However 4. Public transport can t cope at peak times 5. Businesses have been negatively impacted in the congestion zone area

45 Evaluate the effectiveness of an urban transport scheme studied (9 Marks) Transport For London an integrated scheme Boris Bikes: 1. Located around city pick up and drop off points. 2. Cycle lanes = less use of vehicles which use fossil fuels = less air pollution 3. Bike lanes = not well connected = share road with cars = dangerous 4. Not useful in poor weather = cars used as alternative Bus lanes: 1. Encourage people to use bus = less cars on road = less congestion & air pollution. 2. Buses can be unreliable = late for work = lost profit. 3. Reduces road space for cars = congestion increases = late & air pollution. London Underground: 1. 3 million passengers a everyday on time as no traffic = efficient 2. Problem peak times too busy = wait for emptier trains = late! The Docklands Light Railway: 1. Automatic train system connecting east London to city centre million people per year = on time 3. Has resulted in house prices/ rent increasing along line = poorer families forced out Other methods: 1. Ring roads = dual carriage ways around city = less congestion and air pollution in town 2. However Ring roads can encourage more people to use cars! 3. One way streets = traffic flows quicker = less air pollution from traffic at a standstill 4. However Longer journeys = more fossil fuels burnt

46 Quiz 5 10 Qs: 1. Which type of land has not been built on before? Greenfield Brownfield 2. Give one problem of suburbanisation: 3. Give 2 reasons why counter urbanisation is happening in UK cities: 4. Give 2 problems of counter urbanisation for places such as Elstead: 5. Give 2 ways that urban areas can be made more sustainable: 6. Give one economic problem of congestion for UK cities: 7. Give one problem of the congestion charge in London: 8. How many people per day are transported on London s tube network? 3 million 6 million 1. Give one problem of bus lanes: 2. How would you describe what a ring road is?

47 Quiz 5: 1. Which type of land has not been built on before? Greenfield 2. Give one problem of suburbanisation: Greenfield land destroyed = habitats lost / More commuters = congestion (associated problems) / Farmland lost 3. Give 2 reasons why counter urbanisation is happening in UK cities: Less crime / Less pollutions (all types) / Can commute / Larger homes / Nicer schools 4. Give 2 problems of counter urbanisation for places such as Elstead: House price increase = locals can t afford / Parking issues / Village services e.g. shops close / commuting = air and noise pollution 5. Give 2 ways that urban areas can be made more sustainable: Recycling facilities / Urban greening / renewable energies e.g. solar panels / water storage facilities 6. Give one economic problem of congestion for UK cities: Late for work = lost profits / Deliveries late = lost profit 7. Give one problem of the congestion charge in London: Businesses within the zone have lost trade = some moved / Public transport can t cope at peak times 8. How many people per day are transported on London s tube network? 3 million 9. Give one problem of bus lanes: Increased congestion for cars / Buses not always on time 10.How would you describe what a ring road is? A road which circles the city centre

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