MDG 7c Access to Water & Sanitation. New Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific

Transcription

1 MDG 7c Access to Water & Sanitation. New Opportunities for Asia and the Pacific Conference on Sustainable Sanitation: The drive to 2015 Initiative-Sanitation in Societies 20 February 2013, Tokyo By ESWRS/ESCAP

2 6 th World Water Forum, Asia-Pacific process: Marseille, 2012 identified their priorities, including satisfying water and sanitation needs in all communities, committed to the Right to Water and Sanitation, committed to give the highest priority to achieving universal and sustainable access to sanitation and drinking water by 2015 Target 1 for Asia Pacific: Reduce by half the number of people who do not have access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation in our region by 2015 and Reduce that number to achieve universal and sustainable targets by On sanitation, this includes the adoption of new and innovative sanitation systems that are not as water-reliant as current methods

3 The Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation Resolution para 5c) and d) of 16/2 of 2011: The Human Rights Council Requested the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms Catarina de Albuquerque to: To work on identifying challenges and obstacles to the full realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, as well as protection gaps thereto, and To continue to identify good practices and enabling factors in this regard To monitor the way in which the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation Is being realised throuought the world Resolution para 16 of 21/2 of 2012: Requests the Special Rapporteur to report on an annual basis to the General Assembly

4 What conflict exists in your country between different types of water uses (e.g. agriculture, industry, tourism, among others)? What are the main challenges in your country concerning water resources and waste water management that impact on the realization of human rights? How are different users prioritised in national legislation and policies? How are these priorities implemented in practices? Are there any implementation challenges? If yes, please elaborate on them and on measures taken to overcome them What strategies, approaches and mechanisms guide water resources and wastewater management? How do these ensure that the basic needs of the entire population are met? How does your organization ensure transparency, access to information and participation in decision making regarding water resources and wastewater management? In your view, should water resources and waste water management be reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals/post-2015 development framework?

5 Mapping of the Water Hotspots

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7 A basic framework for defining water hotspots [1] Challenge Measures available * Countries in challenge Water availability Vulnerability & risk Household Water Adequacy Human Development Index of Water Available for Development (IWAD) (Threat #2) Water utilization level (Threat * #1) Water quality (Threat #3 and #4) Frequency of floods (Threat #5) Frequency of cyclones (Threat #6) Frequency of droughts (Threat #7) Climate change pattern (Threat #8) Access to water (Threat #9) Access to sanitation (Threat #10) DALY from diarrhoea Life expectancy at birth Inequalities in access People living in poverty Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, DPRK, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, DPRK, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, Pacific Islands, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, RoK, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor Leste, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Nepal, Pacific Islands, Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste Cambodia, DPRK, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Pacific Islands, Papua New Guinea, Philippines [1] Table compiled by ESCAP based on the following data sources: Threats 1, 9 and 10: ESCAP Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific (United Nations Publication Sales No. E.10.II.F.1) Threat 2:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations AQUASTAT global information system, Threats 3 and 4: State of Environment in Asia and the Pacific 2005 (United Nations Publication Sales No. E.06.II.F.30) Threats 5-8: Maxx Dilley, Robert S. Chen, Uwe Deichmann, Arthur L. Lerner-Lam and Margaret Arnold, et al Synthesis Report Natural Disaster Hotspots: Global Risk Analysis. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

8 Asian Water Development Outlook 2013

9 Composite Water Security Index KD1: Household Water Security Index Performance in satisfying household water and sanitation needs and improving hygiene for public health KD2: Economic Water Security Index Performance in ensuring the productive use of water to sustain economic growth in food production, industry and energy KD3: Urban Water Security Index Performance in creating better urban water services and management to develop vibrant, livable cities and towns KD4: Environmental Water Security Index Performance in restoring their river basins and ecosystems to health on a national and regional scale KD5: Resilience Index (water-related disasters) Performance in building resilient communities that can adapt to change Asian Water Development Outlook 2013

10 Household Water Security (HHWS)

11 Country Final Household Water Security Index (Best Performers) Subregion water access sanitation access DALYs diarrhoea Water Rank Sanitatio n Rank DALYs Rank HWSI Total Rank Armenia CCA 96% 90% Austrilia PI 100% 100% Cook Islands PI 96% 100% Japan ENEA 100% 100% Malaysia SEA 100% 96% Niue PI 100% 100% Republic of Korea ENEA 98% 100% Russian Federation CCA 96% 87% Singapore SEA 100% 100% Sri Lanka CCA 96% 90% Tonga PI 100% 96% Turkey SSWA 99% 90% Georgia CCA 98% 95% Maldives SSWA 91% 98% Samoa PI 88% 100% Thailand SEA 98% 96% Viet Nam SEA 94% 75% Asian Water Development Outlook 2013

12 Country Final Household Water Security Index (Worst Performers) Subregion water access sanitation access DALYs diarrhoea Water Rank Sanitation Rank Pakistan SSWA 90% 45% 1, Azerbaijan CCA 80% 45% 1, Bangladesh SSWA 80% 53% 1, Fiji PI 47% 71% Mongolia ENEA 76% 50% Myanmar SEA 71% 81% 1, Solomon Islands PI 70% 32% Tajikistan CCA 70% 94% 1, Timor-Leste SEA 69% 50% India SSWA 88% 31% 1, Nepal SSWA 88% 31% 1, Kiribati PI 65% 33% Lao People's Democratic Republic SEA 57% 53% 1, Papua New Guinea SEA 41% 45% 1, Cambodia SEA 61% 29% 2, Afghanistan SSWA 48% 37% 5, Asian Water Development Outlook 2013 DALYs Rank HWSI Total Rank

13 Sanitation Trends

14 UN WATER: "sanitation covers: safe collection, storage, treatment and disposal/re-use/recycling of human excreta (faeces and urine); management/re-use/recycling of solid wastes (trash, rubbish); drainage and disposal/re-use/recycling of household wastewater (often referred to as sullage or grey water); drainage of storm water ; treatment and disposal/re-use/recycling of sewage effluents; collection and management of industrial waste products; management of hazardous wastes (including hospital wastes, and chemical/ radioactive and other dangerous substances) Ref:

15 Trends in global sanitation coverage , projected to 2015 Source: Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation, 2012 update, UNICEF & WHO

16 Sanitation is a global development priority but it has fallen short Progress needed to meet MDG (Asia) Gap per sub-region, to meet MDG % Urban Rural Eastern Southern South-Eastern Western Oceania

17 Coverage with improved sanitation in Asian MDG regions Asia sub-region Location MDG Gap* (target) Eastern Urban Rural Total Southern Urban Rural Total South-Eastern Urban Rural Total Western Urban Rural Total Oceania Urban Rural Total * Reflects the progress in coverage that needs to be made between 2010 and 2015 to meet the MDG target. A negative number the MDG target for sanitation has already been met

18 7c: Sanitation Source: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in an ear of global uncertainty Asia Pacific Report 2009/2010

19 capital rural town small city rural urban (municipal) urban no slum tribal small city capital rural town rural urban capital town rural small city rural town small city capital 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% The Highest Inequalities In Access to Sanitation are in Urban Areas percentage point difference between richest and poorest quintiles access to sanitation ( ) 100% rural urban tribal Armenia Bangladesh Pakistan Cambodia India Nepal Source: DHS and MICS,

20 20%Gap in Sanitation Access Between Richest and Poorest 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% India Viet Nam Kazakhstan Nepal Philippines Lao PDR Source: DHS and MICS,

21 Falling Gap in Water Access Between Richest and Poorest 20% (in quintiles) 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% % Bangladesh Uzbekistan Armenia Philippines Kyrgyzstan Nepal India Source: DHS and MICS,

22 How to facilitate HHWS? New Opportunities Of Sanitation Legal, institutional aspects Policy -Science- Technology Frameworks CWSI and HHWS Index Financing sanitation

23 Paths 2015 report presents seven drivers for achieving the MDGs, including: 1. Strengthening growth by stimulating domestic demand and intra-regional trade 2. Making economic growth more inclusive and sustainable 3. Strengthening social protection 4. Reducing persistent gender gaps 5. Ensuring financial inclusion 6. Supporting least developed and structurally disadvantaged countries 7. Exploiting the potential of regional economic integration Source: Paths to 2015: MDG Priorities in Asia and the Pacific, Asia-Pacific MDG Report 2010/11, UNESCAP, ADB & UNDP

24 Paths to 2015 Reports on some facts on access to sanitation If the attitude of Govts would change, then we may observe by 2015: India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Cambodia, Azerbaijan, Mongolia and Micronesia would have to reduce the proportion of the population without access to basic sanitation by a minimum of 3.5 percentage points per year Thus for India this would mean that 284 million more people would have access than if current trends were to continue 1.2 billion of people would still not have access to sanitation by 2015 If Asia and the Pacific as a whole would not change attitudes then by 2015, we would observe: 1.7 billion of people would not have access to sanitation on current trends (a difference of 516 million) Source: Paths to 2015: MDG Priorities in Asia and the Pacific, ADB, UNESCAP, UNDP

25 Challenges of the Brown Economy: Overuse of resources and Resource constraints Urbanization &population growth Financial crises Coping with climate change Etc.

26 Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap, 2012 Proposes an ambitious economic system change to pursue green growth as a new economic development path. The roadmap provides policymakers with a comprehensive list of policy options and strategies and elaborates 5 tracks: (1) Improving quality of growth and maximizing net growth; (2) changing invisible structure of the economy: closing the gap between economic and ecological efficiencies, (3) changing the visible structure of the economy: planning and designing eco-efficient infrastructure; (4) turning green into a business opportunity; (5) formulating and implementing low carbon development strategies

27 Greening of the economy Policy Objective: Green Growth/Green Economy Investing in natural capital Green Growth Double Dividend Double dividend Strengthening Environmental Management Water-Food-Energy Security Nexus Approach Food Tripple benefits Water security Water Energy security Energy Food security Efficient management of resources, finding sectorial policy synergies, management of trade-offs, would ensure health and sustainable livelihoods Higher economic growth and employment Lower resource consumption and pollution

28 Water in Green Growth/Economy Main application is within IWRM: address water loss during transmissions Certain services: eco-efficient water infrastructure requires a shift in Policies, from piecemeal to integrated Infrastructure design, from a centralized single-purpose to decentralized & multipurpose Promoting a water cycling system through the reuse and recycling of water: Eco-efficient water cycle in urban setting, harmonizing human activities with natural water cycle The basic principle of water reuse to avoid wasting water resources Ref at:

29 Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 27 Asian states participated in the GLAAS 2012 Leads to finding new ways of Financing Sanitation Only half of the development aid is targeted to MDG for sanitation and dinking water 70% of the global unserved live in sub-saharan Africa, Southern Asia and South-Eastern Asia Source: GLAAS 2012 report, WHO & UN-WATER

30 Factors favoring sanitation Sanitation is less politically complex( than many other development issues, such as water, climate change, food production and energy) It is more sellable to the global community, with limited political risk There is a considerable momentum within the global sanitation sector that has translated to increased commitments at country level

31 Costing of Sanitation US$1 invested in water and sanitation returns US$7 of economic benefit through increased productivity and improved human health Access to water and sanitation: Spares the Loss of 20 billion working days a year, estimated in US$63 billion savings Health care savings from access to water and sanitation are estimated at US$340 million for individuals and US$7 billion for health agencies

32 Example of the Cost of Inaction Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines and Viet Nam lose an aggregated US$2 billion a year in financial costs and US$9 billion a year in economic losses due to poor sanitation.

33 Policy Instruments: Low Carbon Green Growth Roadmap, ESCAP, 2012 Category Subcategory Description Economic instruments Governance structures Water pricing Integrated water resource management Distributed wastewater management system Reuse and recycling Low impact development (LID) Increase of block tarrifs, providing subsidies to the lower-income households, etc. 1. Integrating water resource provision and a wastewater treatment system 2. Optimizing water infrastructure 3. Promoting an environment-friendly water cycle system Has 3 main objectives: 1. Public health improvement 2. energy and water conservation 3. environmental protection Helps to avoid water losses and save energy consumption, has low-cost and site-specific opportunities Minimizes freshwater demand and reduce wastewater treatment needs. The following treatment technologies can be used: membranes, wetlands, sand filters and waste stabilizing ponds. Local and decentralized measures, mitigate development impacts to land, water and air by: mimicking natural drainage, using small-scale practices, managing stormwater at the source, using simple and natural practices and making landscape and infrastructure multifunctional

34 The Way Forward For Policy Makers Institutional and Legal Policy Leverage Establishing a coordinating mechanism to address water and sanitation questions Raising awareness and improving understanding of benefits of water supply and sanitation Establishing simple, independent and transparent regulatory environments Asian Water Development Outlook 2013

35 The Way Forward For Policy Makers Financial Leverage (ctd.) Explore innovative strategies to attract investments from the private sector, governments and donors Leverage the potential contributions from households themselves Asian Water Development Outlook 2013

36 What are the New Ways of Financing Sanitation? A Paradigm Shift: Development of Financing for Tangible Results Move to Outcome Models Impact Investment 1. Release supply-side constraints Encourage scale to reduce unit costs Loan Financing to bring in players Enable Partnerships & Collaboration 2. Cause social movements 3. Capture externalities 3. Incentivise economic scale 5. Distribute the benefits: equity focus

37 Potential Scope for Developments Development of measures for the rest three dimensions of water security other than access to water and access to sanitation, especially for the resilience to water-related disasters Reconciliation and standardization of data across countries to improve comparability; Expansion of research areas by ESCAP/partners beyond the five pilot countries, calculation of waterfootprint Field projects in the area of science-policy-technology interface, ex. IRM for SSA and FS, would allow to find out policy bottlenecks

38 Potential Scope for Developments Integrated Approach in Research; Explore : Relationship within nexus and develop integrated water security management plans Multi-functions of water and multi-dimensions of water security Resource-efficient to address access to water and access to sanitation together than to address them individually Significance of water to areas beyond water security

39 Potential Scope for Developments (ctd) Further Assessment and Roadmap of our Proposals Revising detailed and workable plans in changing institutions (based on IEA, SEA, footprint, efficiency, etc.) Developing innovative structures that brings government, business and individuals together

40 Thank you