The Future of Green Energy Technologies for Municipalities. Fuel Cells, Solar, Wind & Algae
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1 The Future of Green Energy Technologies for Municipalities Fuel Cells, Solar, Wind & Algae Tom Mossinger Carollo Engineers 2010 PNCWA Annual Conference October 25, 2010 Bend, Oregon
2 Presentation Outline Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/2 The future of renewable energy for municipalities 30,000 ft overview Traditional Technologies Fuel cells Solar Wind Algae Incentives to help with implementation Questions/answers
3 Why is renewable energy so important? Water & wastewater services account for 30-50% of municipal energy use. Equivalent to 3-4% of the nation s total energy use. Nearly 20% of electricity usage is associated with moving water 25 to 30% of the cost for water and wastewater systems operations is for power. Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/3 As primary consumers of electricity, water & wastewater organizations have the opportunity to dramatically affect overall energy consumption.
4 Drivers for Implementation Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/4
5 What Are The Emerging Technologies? Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/5 Photosynthetic process enhancement (algae culturing/digestion) Alternate solar power generation equipment Cell lysis pulsed electricity, mechanical destruction, temp/press control, ultrasonic New cogeneration technologies Biogas supply/wholesaling Renewable motor vehicle fueling
6 Cogeneration Technologies Reciprocating Engines (60 to >2,000 kw) Micro Turbines (30 to 1,000 kw) Gas Turbines (>3,000 kw) Fuel Cells (300 to 2,800 kw) Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/6 15-MW Cooper Bessemer Digester Gas Fueled Cogeneration System, Orange County Sanitation District, CA
7 Traditional Digester Gas Power Generation Technology Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/7
8 Reciprocating Engines Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/8 Proven technology for using digester gas Electrical Output Efficiency = 30-35% Proven technology for over 40 years Strict (and getting stricter) air permit regulations Regulations moving towards oxidation catalysts, SCR and CEMS Installations now require extensive fuel conditioning to remove contaminants no longer optional 2.35-MW Enterprise Digester Gas Fueled Cogeneration System, East Bay Municipal Utilities District, CA
9 Micro Turbines Easy to permit (low emissions) Only two manufacturer s with DG experience (limited) Lower efficiency than engines; approximately 25% Requires >50 psi fuel pressure Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/9 250-kW Ingersoll-Rand Landfill Gas Fueled Cogeneration System, Lancaster, CA
10 Gas Turbines Strict air permit regulations Limited manufacturer s with experience on DG Effective fuel conditioning is required Competitive only for larger installations; greater than 3MW Efficiency typically 25-35% Requires >200 psi fuel pressure Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/10 8-MW Solar Turbines Digester Gas Fueled Cogeneration System, King County DNR, Renton, WA
11 Fuel Cell Power Generation Technology Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/11
12 What is a Fuel Cell? Electrochemical Device Similar to a Battery Except Fuel Cells Use an External Supply of Reactants Hydrogen Fuel (Methane) and Oxygen (Air) In Electricity and Water (Exhaust) Out O 2 H 2 O Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/12 H 2 Fuel Cell Electricity
13 Fuel Cell Types Type PEM Alkaline Electrolyte Polymer Membrane Potassium Hydroxide Operating Temp. F Single-Cycle Electrical Efficiency % Expected Capacity Range By-Product Heat Use kw to 250 kw Warm Water 200 <40 3 to 5 kw Warm Water Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/13 Phosphoric Acid Molten Carbonate Solid Oxide (Tubular) Solid Oxide (Planar) Phosphoric Acid kw to 200 kw Hot Water Potassium/ Lithium Carbonate Stabilized Zirconium Dioxide Ceramic Stabilized Zirconium Dioxide Ceramic kw to 2.4 MW kw to 2 MW kw to 10 kw Hot Water or High Pressure Steam Hot Water or High Pressure Steam Hot Water or High Pressure Steam
14 Fuel Cells Electrical Output Efficiency = 47% Constant from % load Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/14 Advantages Ultra low emissions Highest efficiency Minimal operator time for O&M Significant tax credit/grant funding available 1-MW Fuel Cell Energy Fuel Cell Riverside, CA WWTP
15 Environmental Benefits Nearly double the reduction in plant carbon footprint over other cogeneration technologies Significant overall reduction of emissions of criteria pollutants NOx, CO, VOC, PM Order of magnitude reduction compared to other generation equipment Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/15
16 Fuel Cells Other Drivers Qualifies for simplified interconnection All utility protection is built into inverter Federal Investment Tax Credit 30% of qualified costs available as a tax credit Up to $3000/kW Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/16
17 Drivers for Implementation Typical Emissions for Various Digester Gas Fueled Equipment Average NOx (lb/mwh) Average CO (lb/mwh) Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/17 Fuel Cells Engines Microturbines Boilers Flares
18 Fuel Cell Air Emission Permits Emissions in lb/mwhr Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/18 Fuel Cells NO X = 0.02 SO X = PM 10 = 0.01 CO = 0.05 VOC = 0.02 Recip Engines <==> NO X = 3.4 <==> CO = 6.8
19 Digester Gas Fueled Fuel Cells Operating Installations Santa Barbara, CA LA County San. District, CA City of Tulare, CA * DSRSD, CA City of Riverside, CA EMWD, CA (Moreno Valley) * TID/City of Turlock, CA * City of Rialto, CA Under Construction EMWD, CA (Perris Valley) * City of San Jose, CA * IEUA, CA Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/19 * CE involved in Design/Implementation
20 Digester Gas Fueled Fuel Cells Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/20 Projects Under Active Consideration 1. City of Davis, CA * 2. Union Sanitation District, CA * 3. Palm Springs, CA * 4. MRWPCA, CA * 5. City of Visalia, CA * 6. City of Livermore, CA * 7. City of Redlands, CA * 8. Las Virgenes Municipal Water District, CA 9. EMWD, CA (Temecula) * 10. City of Yuma, AZ * 11. City of Salem, OR * 12. Delta Diablo Sanitation District, CA * 13. City of Fayetteville, NC * 14. City of Fresno, CA * * CE involved in Design/Implementation
21 Fuel Cell History Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/21 Early Experience on DG Santa Barbara LA County Sanitation District Portland, OR Renton, WA Yonkers, NY LADWP Inland Empire Utilities District
22 Fuel Cell Manufacturer s Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/22 Currently manufacturing units: Fuel Cell Energy Unit sizes: 300 kw, 1400 kw and 2800 kw MCFC: 47% efficiency United Technologies Corporation Unit size: 400 kw; not currently available for ADG, but planned for 2010 Phosphoric Acid: 37-39% efficiency Bloom Energy Unit size: Approximately 100 kw; not available for ADG No heat recovery possible Solid Oxide Fuel Cell = 50-55% efficiency Potential Future manufacturer s: Agni GenCell Planned unit size range: Approx. 40 kw to 200 kw Expected availability: PEM/MCFC/SOFC units, MCFC to be used for power generation
23 Tulare Fuel Cell Project Sample Three 300 kw FCE 300MA units 4 th unit being installed now Digester gas treatment system H 2 S, siloxanes, water, VOC, etc. Electrical interface with utility Hot water heat recovery Started operation in October 2007 Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/23 Generated >16 million kwh (thru May 2010) Value of generated electricity to the City is over $1.5 million Average availability greater than 98%
24 Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/24
25 City of Tulare WPCF AFT Fuel Conditioning System Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/25
26 City of Tulare WPCF 900 kw Fuel Cell Project Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/26
27 EMWD Moreno Valley RWRF 750 kw Fuel Cell Project Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/27
28 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/28
29 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells: Fixed Axis Fixed roof mounted solar panels that do not track the sun $7,500/kW average cost Typically 12-18% efficiency Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/29
30 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells: Tracking Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/30 Single axis tracker $10,000/kW average cost Panels rotate on a N-S axis in E-W direction Up to 30% increase in energy output vs. fixed axis Dual axis tracker $12,000/kW average cost Rotates about two axes to maximize solar exposure Up to 35% increase in energy output
31 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells: Concentrated Uses lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam $10,000/kW average cost Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/31 Approximately 40% efficiency
32 U.S. Solar Resources Map Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/32
33 Solar Power Site Conditions Footprint Minimum 4 acres for 1 MW facility, tracking Minimum 5 acres for 1 MW floating panel facility Sizing Dependent on panel efficiency 12-40% Dependent on orientation and tracking Floating solar array in Oakville, CA Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/33
34 Solar Power - Economics Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/34 System procurement Owner purchase Owner buys panel and pays for all maintenance Full ownership of RECs Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Third party owns and operates the PV system and sells power to City or Agency at agreed upon rate Savings from 30% federal tax credit passed on to owner with lower rates RECs negotiable Best payoff when average electricity rate >$0.10/kWh
35 Wind Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/35
36 Wind Power - Turbines Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/36 Small and medium wind Small: <100 kw each Medium: 100 1,000 kw each Primarily used to reduce onsite energy consumption $5,000 - $8,000/kW average cost Architectural wind turbine Utilizes building aerodynamics Large wind (1 MW - 2.5MW ea) Used for utility wind farms $2,000/kW average cost Future sizes expected up to 5.0 MW
37 U.S. Wind Resources Map Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/37
38 Wind Power - Site Conditions Wind turbines operation dependent on site specific wind characteristics Wind study needs to be performed to determine availability and speed of wind onsite Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/38
39 Wind Power - Economics Payback period Dependent on wind resource quality, siting, permitting costs, energy costs, and turbine performance Greater payback potential for energy costs over $0.10/kWh Average Wind Payback Period: years Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/39 Wind Farm Palm Springs, CA
40 Algae Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/40
41 Algae: WEFTEC 08 Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/41 Meeting drew over 80 people from academia, industry, municipalities, consultants and manufacturers Significant impacts to water and wastewater community Algae-to-fuel requires large volumes of water Algae-to-fuel effort faces discharge concerns, nutrient controls and water use constraints Meeting conclusions: Knowledge gaps and regulatory impacts must be addressed Focus on algae as a treatment technology with biofuel production as an added benefit Core advisory group has been formed
42 Biodiesel from Algae Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/42 Algae can generate biodiesel, ethanol, or cellulose Average production: Algae: up to 6,000 gallons biodiesel per acre per year Soybeans: up to 70 gallons biodiesel per acre per year Corn: up to 420 gallons of ethanol per acre per year
43 Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/43 Growing Algae Variables: Temperature, light, water level, salinity, ph, turbulence Outdoor ponds Low capital cost Undesirable strains can contaminate ponds Enclosed atmospheres Continuous harvest Higher output Less fouling High capital cost Cannot easily be grown in areas where it freezes in winter
44 Harvest and Extraction Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/44 Harvesting technologies still developing (centrifuge, DAF, fine screens) Coagulants for DAF or settling affect biodiesel production Cost of harvesting affects economic payback Oil extraction remains a challenge Currently, it takes more energy to extract the oil than the energy in the oil
45 Methane from Algae Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/45 Single phase digestion has led to digester upsets and decline in methane production Two-phase digestion promising. Acid phase lyses algae cells open, methane phase digests the contents Promising technology from Europe for cell lysing may benefit algae digestion Acid Phase Digester, TMWRF, NV
46 Carbon Credits Potential to generate carbon capture credits Algae extracts carbon from the air turning CO 2 into O 2 Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/46 Additional CO 2 can be introduced into ponds from fuel cell exhaust; resulting in CO 2 capture credit if fuel was NG and increasing algae growth rate
47 Sampling of Incentives/Credits/Grants For Cogeneration Projects Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/47
48 Identifying Funding Opportunities Is Important to the Feasibility of any Project Incentives Funding Opportunities Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/48 Loans Tax Credits
49 Potential Tax Incentives Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/49 Business Energy Investment Tax Credit U.S. Government Provides a 30% corporate tax credit for installation of fuel cell projects and 10% corporate tax credit for other technologies $3,000/kW maximum for fuel cells $200/kW maximum for microturbines Can now be realized as a one-time Grant payment
50 Other Incentives Renewable Energy Production Incentive U.S. Department of Energy Provides incentive payments for electricity produced from renewable sources Up to $0.021/kWh for first 10 years of operation Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/50
51 Potential Tax Incentives May Be Available Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/51 Renewable Electricity Production Tax Credit U.S. Government Provides corporate tax credit for renewable energy systems Up to $0.022/kWh for 1 st 10 years of operation Applicability for digester gas questionable
52 Available Loan Programs Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/52 U.S. Department of Energy - Loan Guarantee Program Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREBs) Commercial Loan Programs Non-government sponsored loan programs
53 Grants, Funding California Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/53 Self Generation Incentive Program $4,500/kW to $1,125/kW (based on size) for fuel cell projects Up to $7,875,000 per project for 3.0 MW system $1,500/kW for wind projects California Solar Initiative Performance-based incentive rate: Currently $0.26/kWh produced for 5 years - Municipal Approx $2,750,000 total incentive for 1 MW system California Energy Commission Energy Efficiency Financing Program; Up to $3 million; 3.95% fixed APR; up to 15 year term California G$S$ Smart Program Energy Efficiency Financing; >$1 million; approx. 4% APR; negotiable terms up to 12 years
54 Grants, Funding - Oregon Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/54 Oregon Department of Energy Business Energy Tax Credit Up to 50% of Total Project Costs for Renewable Energy Generation Projects Can be passed through to Municipal entities Energy Trust of Oregon Open Solicitation Program Innovative/Renewable Energy Projects Oregon Department of Energy Small Scale Energy Loan Program Loans up to $20 million for municipal renewable energy projects PACE Loans & Small-Scale Energy Loan Program Community Renewable Energy Feasibility Fund Program
55 Grants, Funding Idaho Renewable Energy Equipment Sales Tax Refund Renewable Energy Project Bond Program Low-Interest Energy Loan Programs 4% for 5 years up to $100,000; $15,000 for solar Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/55
56 Grants, Funding Washington King County - Green Building Grants Program Up to $35,000 grant Washington Renewable Energy Production Incentives Up to $5,000 per year Renewable Energy Sales and Use Tax Exemption Tgm409cwea-FutureGreen.ppt/56
57 Thank You
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