4/3/2017. Refining Crude Oil. How do oil fields/petroleum pools form? Why use Oil?

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Sabina Jenkins
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How do Conventional oil fields/petroleum pools/ aka Oil Traps form?

burial / Heat and Pressure applied to source rocks to promote Kerogen conversions 3) Concentrate

thing..>>>> How do oil fields/petroleum pools form?

shale, salt deposit) Common Oil Traps include anticlines, faults, salt domes & stratigraphic Why

It burns Yields lots of energy It s relatively cheap It flows Easy to extract or pump it out Easy

1 How do Conventional oil fields/petroleum pools/ aka Oil Traps form? 1) Need Source Rock (different types) (sedimentary layers originally containing organic C) 2) Need burial / Heat and Pressure applied to source rocks to promote Kerogen conversions 3) Concentrate petroleum into a pool-- > HC compounds can Migrate from source rocks into rocks that can become saturated with petroleum. 4) Need Reservoir Rock: permeable rock whose pore space is saturated with oil/gas and one last thing..>>>> How do oil fields/petroleum pools form? 5) To accumulate a pool, the HC must be trapped in the Reservoir Rock: Need Cap Rock: impermeable layer that halts migration of fluids (e.g. shale, salt deposit) Common Oil Traps include anticlines, faults, salt domes & stratigraphic Why use Oil? It burns Yields lots of energy It s relatively cheap It flows Easy to extract or pump it out Easy to transport Not much land disruption It s abundant At end of 2011, world proven crude oil reserves stood at over >1.4 trillion Barrels (~1,482 billion barrels) 1,481,526 can be converted to useful materials Refining Crude Oil Heating / distilling separates crude oil into components with different boiling points Lightest components rise: petroleum gases, gasoline. Then kerosene (used as jet fuel), heating oil, and diesel fuel for trucks, buses, trains, and ships. Heaviest fractions stay at the bottom of the column: lubricating oils, waxes and asphalt. Petrochemicals are products of oil distillation, over 4,000. Common end-products are pesticides, plastics, fibers, paints, synthetic rubbers and medicines 1

42 Gallons/Barrel A bi-product of oil & coal used as fuel, and in smelting iron ore Mostly methane, ethane, propane, butane Sweet crude oil is a type of petroleum with less than 0.42% sulfur.

Source: Wiki *Includes both home heating oil and diesel fuel **Heavy oils used as fuels in industry, marine transportation, and for electric power generation (Source: American Petroleum Institute)

Burns hotter than oil It s cleaner than oil Easy to extract Easy to transport Yields lots of energy Global reserves up 140% since 1973 Not much land disruption Disadvantages of using Oil & Natural

be explosive Not much time left at current rate of use Damaging leaks, spills and runoff are common in the world s oceans.

2 42 Gallons/Barrel A bi-product of oil & coal used as fuel, and in smelting iron ore Mostly methane, ethane, propane, butane Sweet crude oil is a type of petroleum with less than 0.42% sulfur. Petroleum containing higher levels of sulfur is called sour crude oil. Sweet crude oil contains small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Source: Wiki *Includes both home heating oil and diesel fuel **Heavy oils used as fuels in industry, marine transportation, and for electric power generation (Source: American Petroleum Institute) How Plastic Bottles are Made 3:11 How is Plastic Made 2:54 Why use Natural Gas? Burns hotter than oil It s cleaner than oil Easy to extract Easy to transport Yields lots of energy Global reserves up 140% since 1973 Not much land disruption Disadvantages of using Oil & Natural Gas? Often degrades fresh air, soil and water Emits greenhouse gases (CO 2, CH 4 ) and other damaging gases (CO, NOx, SOx, H 2 S) Gases contributes to global climate change Causes acid deposition Can be explosive Not much time left at current rate of use Damaging leaks, spills and runoff are common in the world s oceans. San Francisco Bay Wednesday November 7 th, 2007 ~58,000 gallons of oil spilled from the 926-foot ship Cosco Busan after tanker hits Bay Bridge; Coast Guard determines cause was human error. Bunker Fuel is a general name given to any type of fuel oil used aboard ships. Investigators found that pilot John Cota of the Costco Busan abandoned his radar because he was high on pharmaceuticals. On March 6, 2009, A plea agreement was negotiated with prosecutors to charges of federal water pollution and migratory bird killings. He was sentenced in July 2009 to 10 months imprisonment and fined between $3,000 and $30,000. He s currently trying to pilot again. Pilots now earn $451,000 /yr & Cota s pension is ~$228,864/yr 2

Is petroleum formation likely to happen again soon? No. No petroleum found in rocks younger than 1-2 million years so it s extremely likely it takes at least this long for petroleum to form.

Some settings lack adequate heat to convert kerogen to petroleum Some settings lack sufficient depth or the necessary cap rock to burry and trap fluids from escape.

Uplift, erosion and faulting can remove cap rocks or rupture traps allowing oil or gas to escape at the surface. Majority of current oil reserves are in rocks < 160 my old.

3 Is petroleum formation likely to happen again soon? No. No petroleum found in rocks younger than 1-2 million years so it s extremely likely it takes at least this long for petroleum to form. It s estimated that <0.1% of all marine organic matter buried on the sea floor is eventually trapped as usable petroleum. Some settings lack adequate heat to convert kerogen to petroleum Some settings lack sufficient depth or the necessary cap rock to burry and trap fluids from escape. Conditions required to produce, concentrate, trap and retain hydrocarbons are rarely observed together--> most marine sedimentary rocks lack petroleum. Geologic processes can destroy oil traps. Uplift, erosion and faulting can remove cap rocks or rupture traps allowing oil or gas to escape at the surface. Majority of current oil reserves are in rocks < 160 my old. 90 &150my common >90% of all petroleum formed Earth s surface. Abiotic Oil? Some challenge the accepted view of petroleum formation being exclusively from biological material. Extraterrestrial occurrences used to support hydrocarbons may be inorganic: Outer planets and moons contain methane. Some stony meteorites (chondrites) contain hydrocarbons. Carbonaceous chondrites (5% of all chondrites) are a type of stony meteorites that contain Silicates, Oxides, Sulfides and traces of various hydocarbons, including amino acids. Most chondrites (86% of all meteorites) are rich in silicate minerals olivine and pyroxenes. (Iron meteorites account for <6% of all meteorites but make up ~90% of the mass of all known meteorites.) Since hydrocarbons formed from inorganic reactions in the above 2 examples, some think hydrocarbons on earth may have formed in a similar way. Abiotic Oil? Methane is present in volcanoes (1% - 15%). Abiotic oil from the mantle that migrated upward, or volcanoes erupting through a cover of sediments already containing some hydrocarbons? Some laboratory experiments using a high-pressure and high temperature apparatus have produced petroleum from solid iron oxide (FeO), marble (CaCO 3 ) and H 2 O with no biotic compounds or hydrocarbons originally present. Could petroleum be produced abiotically? Yes, in association with extraterrestrial and internal igneous activity but it s not commercial grade. Could petroleum be produced from recycling various waste? Yes. Thermal Conversion Process (TCP) Changing of manure and/or animal & vegetable waste to crude oil. Thermal Depolymerization (TDP) Can change many carbon-based materials into crude oil and methane, and is not limited to manure or vegetable waste. Web Link: Anything into Oil, Discover Vol. 27 April Pyrolysis Decomposition of organic material at high temperatures without oxygen. Web link: Clean Oceans International Carthage Missouri plant opens in Feb tons turkey guts & 20 tons of pig fat can yield 500 barrels oil worth ~$42,000/day. Other by-products: fertilizer and water. Problems: initial high cost, odors and emission violations. US consumes >22 million bpd 175lb human = 38lbs oil, 7lbs gas, 7lbs mineral & 123 lbs water 175 3

Top Producing Oil Countries as of 2014 BBL/Day 1 United States 13,973,000 2 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 11,624,000 3 Russia 10,853,000 4 China 4,572,000 5 Canada 4,383,000 6 United Arab Emirates (OPEC)

2,055,000 15 Norway 1,904,000 16 Angola (OPEC) 1,756,000 17 Algeria (OPEC) 1,721,000 18 Kazakhstan 1,719,000 19 Colombia 1,016,000 20 India 978,000 t List includes conventional and unconventional

Known and projected global oil reserves expected to be 80% depleted in 42 93 yrs. At the rate of consumption in 2008, OPEC s reserves will last ~85 yrs.

5 million barrels of oil/day (~61% of 22 mill). 21 billion barrels/the remaining 8.5 million US barrels use/day = 6.

» Source: G.Griggs, UCSC Peak Oil = the midpoint of depletion, when ½ the total has been taken.

4 Top Producing Oil Countries as of 2014 BBL/Day 1 United States 13,973,000 2 Saudi Arabia (OPEC) 11,624,000 3 Russia 10,853,000 4 China 4,572,000 5 Canada 4,383,000 6 United Arab Emirates (OPEC) 3,471,000 7 Iran (OPEC) 3,375,000 8 Iraq (OPEC) 3,371,000 9 Brazil 2,950, Mexico 2,812, Kuwait (OPEC) 2,780, Venezuela (OPEC) 2,689, Nigeria (OPEC) 2,427, Qatar (OPEC) 2,055, Norway 1,904, Angola (OPEC) 1,756, Algeria (OPEC) 1,721, Kazakhstan 1,719, Colombia 1,016, India 978,000 t List includes conventional and unconventional sources Approximate US Energy breakdown (notice 86% is from Fossil Fuels) How long will current conventional oil reserves last? Known and projected global oil reserves expected to be 80% depleted in yrs. At the rate of consumption in 2008, OPEC s reserves will last ~85 yrs. Known recoverable US reserves is ~21 billion barrels and US consumes ~22 million barrels/day. US reserves with no oil imported: 21 billion barrels/22 million barrels/day = 2.6 years US imports ~13.5 million barrels of oil/day (~61% of 22 mill). 21 billion barrels/the remaining 8.5 million US barrels use/day = 6.7 years Opening the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to drilling would add ~4 10 months Saudi Arabia alone could supply world for ~10 yrs. Global oil consumption is expected to increase >30% by 2020.» Source: G.Griggs, UCSC Peak Oil = the midpoint of depletion, when ½ the total has been taken. Other sources of Oil / Unconventional Oil Shale and Oil Sand (aka Heavy Oils ) Oil still in Source Rock Oil Shale: Sedimentary rock containing organic kerogen (altered org matter in Sed Rk) never buried deep enough to raise temperature required to convert Kerogen to liquid oil Massive deposits underlie US (estimate 2-5 trillion barrels) Oil Sand/ aka Tar Sand: mixture of sand, clay, water and Bitumen (a viscous, heavy oil, too thick to flow out of rock, the soluble portion of Kerogen). Alberta Canada extensive deposits-- few in US 4

$Monterey Shale Oil Shale Booming Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking): a drilling process designed to increase the yield of oil and/or gas out of rock; method involves fracturing surrounding rock$ $(increasing permeability) and pumping fluids into the fractures under extremely high pressures to force the desired gas or liquids out. Web Link: Horizontal Wells and Fracking http://www.northernoil.$ $org/special/hydraulic-fracturing-national Steel casing, cement sleeve protect aquifers Horizontal drilling Perforation Water + sand + slickening agents + salt http://en.wikipedia.$

5 Oil Shale Resources of North America It s estimated that the Green River Formation in Colorado, Wyoming and Utah contain >400 billion barrels of oil. Monterey Shale Oil Shale Booming Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking): a drilling process designed to increase the yield of oil and/or gas out of rock; method involves fracturing surrounding rock (increasing permeability) and pumping fluids into the fractures under extremely high pressures to force the desired gas or liquids out. Web Link: Horizontal Wells and Fracking (6.5min) As of 2012, 2.5 million "frac jobs" had been performed worldwide on oil and gas wells; over one million of those within the U.S. Oklahoma Earthquakes: between 1978 and 2008 ~2-6/yr. In 2010 there were 1,047 earthquakes 28 Some Fracking Practices Read this slide at home Steel casing, cement sleeve protect aquifers Horizontal drilling Perforation Water + sand + slickening agents + salt electrical gunshots perforate steel casing & cement, then slickwater pressure + propping agents fracture the shale 5

How Fracking Can Impact The Environment water consumption, C0 2 output; use of diesel pumps, compressors, drills, etc.

$commercial vehicles has increased by more than 50 percent since the fracking boom started there in 2008.$ wastewater disposal underground / aquifer contamination untreated in streams burden on sewage treatment plants ~93x54 Miles 32 How much Oil Shale and Tar

wastewater disposal underground / aquifer contamination untreated in streams burden on sewage treatment plants ~93x54 Miles 32 How much Oil Shale and Tar

The Athabasca Tar Sands of Alberta, Canada McMurray Formation Fluvial and estuarine, Early Cretaceous (146-100my) Global supplies are estimated to be

It is estimated that tar sand in Alberta & Orinico Oil Belt in Venezuela contain nearly 3.4 trillion barrels of oil.

Oil shale and sand extraction requires surface mining ecosystem disruption; forests, wetlands, grasslands huge volumes of waste rock-- only ~3 barrels of

6 How Fracking Can Impact The Environment water consumption, C0 2 output; use of diesel pumps, compressors, drills, etc. methane escape & flaring truck traffic, emissions, habitat impacts, pipelines The number of people who have died in Texas car crashes involving commercial vehicles has increased by more than 50 percent since the fracking boom started there in Fatal car accidents in Texas rose from 301 incidents in 2009 to 454 incidents in 2013, according to Texas Dept of Transportation data. wastewater disposal underground / aquifer contamination untreated in streams burden on sewage treatment plants ~93x54 Miles 32 How much Oil Shale and Tar Sand (aka oil sand)? The Athabasca Tar Sands of Alberta, Canada McMurray Formation Fluvial and estuarine, Early Cretaceous ( my) Global supplies are estimated to be 200X larger than conventional oil. More oil is trapped in Canadian tar sands than Saudi Arabia has in all it s reserves. It is estimated that tar sand in Alberta & Orinico Oil Belt in Venezuela contain nearly 3.4 trillion barrels of oil. At end of 2010, world proven conventional crude oil reserves stood at >1.49 trillion Barrels Why not use these resources? Oil shale and sand extraction requires surface mining ecosystem disruption; forests, wetlands, grasslands huge volumes of waste rock-- only ~3 barrels of shale oil for 1 ton of rock processed 3 barrels of H 2 O/1 barrel of shale oil produced tailing ponds created: hold leftover water, sand, clay, bitumen, salts, metals (Ni, V, Hg, As, Pb) pollution floats downstream land reclamation issues lower useful energy yield than conventional oil and gas Web Link: Web Link: Garth Lenz: The True Cost of Oil min 6

Called: Solid Why use Oil / Natural Gas. (clay, sand, aluminum) Where does oil come from? Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks Abiotic Oil?

Called: Solid Why use Oil / Natural Gas. (clay, sand, aluminum) Where does oil come from? Oil Traps; Source, Reservoir & Cap Rocks Abiotic Oil? ES 10 Nonrenewable Energy Resources 4/17/13 Oil and Natural Gas Perpetual Resources Nonrenewable or Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Past to Present (29 slides) These two are Winds, Direct Fossil Metallic