Urban Energy Use and Carbon Emission in Jakarta: Modeling Challenges

Transcription

1 Urban Energy Use and Carbon Emission in Jakarta: Modeling Challenges by: Charles O.P. Marpaung Universitas Kristen Indonesia International Workshop on Urban Energy and Carbon Modeling February 5-6, 2008, AIT Centre, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand 1

2 Presentation Outline Introduction Objective Overview of Jakarta Energy Use and CO 2 Emission Conclusions 2

3 Introduction Population in urban area would increase in the future. Economic activities would also increase More energy would be consumed. The contribution of CO 2 emission from the urban area would increase. Great opportunity to reduce CO 2 emission in the urban area 3

4 Objective To examine the energy use and CO 2 emission in an urban area in a developing country (Jakarta-Indonesia) 4

5 Overview of Jakarta 5

6 Map of Indonesia 6

7 Geographical Map 6 o 12' South latitude 106 o 48' East longitude 7 meter above the sea level Land area: km 2 Sea area: 6,977.5 km 2 7

8 Boundaries/JABODETABEK TAngerang BEKasi DEpok BOgor 8

9 Climate Seasons: Rainy season Dry season Temperature: Highest: 34.1 o C (by day) Lowest: 23.5 o C (by night) Humidity: Maximum: 88.0% (by day) Minimum: 23.5% (by night) Rainfall intensity: mm 2 9

10 Economic Activities Manufacturing activities: Northern and Eastern part Business and office administration activities: Western, Center, and Southern part 10

11 Gross Domestic Regional Product 350 GDRP constant price 2000 (Trilliun Rp.) Year AAGR: 5.43% 11

12 GDRP/Capita 40 GDRP/Capita (Million Rp.) Year AAGR: 4.62% 12

13 Population Year Population Population density (per km 2 ) ,312,200 12, ,386,000 12, ,396,000 12, ,379,000 12, ,603,776 13, ,725,630 13, ,864,519 13, ,961,680 13,545 AAGR population = 1.1% 13

14 Primary Energy Supply During Prima r y Ene r gy Suppl y ( T J) 250, , , ,000 50,000 AAGR TPES from 1999 to 2001: 155,033 to 218,197 TJ (19%) Shares from 2000 to 2001 in: Oil 89.58% to 82.20% Coal 0.86% to 0.95% Natural gas 9.56% to 16.85% Year Oil Coal Natural Gas 14

15 Final Energy Demand During , ,000 AAGR FED from 1999 to 2001: 186,913 to 302,996 TJ (30%) Final Energy Dem and ( TJ) 250, , , ,000 50,000 Shares from 2000 to 2001: Agriculture 0.008% to 0.005% Commercial 0.93% to 0.68% Industrial 30.35% to 28.28% Year Agriculture Commercial Industrial Residential Transport Residential 3.76% to 2.58% Transport 64.96% to 64.46% 15

16 Total CO 2 emissions 37,360 CO2 emission (thousand tons) 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 25,533 29, Year AAGR: 21.1% 16

17 Sectoral Shares to Total CO 2 Emission CO 2 em ission (thousand tons) 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 Industrial from 8.0% to 11.1% Power from 54.1% to 46.0% Residential from 2.0% to 1.4% Transport from 35.5% to 41.2% 5, Year Agriculture Commercial Industrial Power Residential Transport 17

18 Other Indicators Unit Per capita energy consumption toe per capita Energy intensity of GDRP kgoe/1995 US$ CO 2 intensity of GDRP kg/1995 US$ Per capita CO 2 emissions ton per capita

19 Strategy for Urban Air Quality Improvement (UAQ-i) 1. Air pollution prevention strategy Utilization of gas fuel for public transport and industry for at least 5% in 2009 Utilization of bio-fuel at least 2% from the domestic consumption of oil fuel in Increasing the number of urban citizens that give attention to the problem of air pollutions and the improvement efforts as high as 90% in 2020 as compared to in 2007 Well planned urban de-concentration and development Integrated transportation system and rationalization of urban land use Campaign on responsible use of vehicles Campaign on responsible on energy conservation and utilization alternative fuel Campaign on the improvement of people awareness 19

20 Strategy for Urban Air Quality Improvement (UAQ-i) (cont d.) 2. Strategy for air pollution control from various sources The availability of unleaded fuel with the sulfur content of 500 ppm and diesel fuel with the sulfur content of 500 ppm nationally in 2007 The improvement of average speed of vehicles in big cities and metropolitan cities as high as 25% in 2020 Decrease of air pollution coming from vehicles as high as 50% in 2020 as compared to the level of pollution in Decreases of air pollution from industrial activities as high as 50% in 2020 as compared to the level of pollution in The improvement of fuel quality Compliance to the threshold of vehicle emission Implementation of compliance to emission quality standard for industrial activities Controlling pollution from other sources 20

21 Strategy for Urban Air Quality Improvement (UAQ-i) (cont d.) 3. Monitoring of air quality strategy 4. Control strategy and mitigation of the health impact 5. Strategy strengthening institutions and improvement of Government capacity 21

22 Conclusions The share of oil in the primary energy supply is the highest but tend to decrease. The share of transport sector in the final energy demand is the highest (> 64%) and then followed by the industrial sector. The AAGR of total CO 2 emission during is around 21%. The highest contribution of CO 2 emission to total CO 2 emission is from power sector and then followed by the transport sector. 22

23 23