Overview of environmental aspects of cogeneration

Transcription

1 Overview of environmental aspects of cogeneration 2004 Cogeneration Week in Thailand March 2004 Miracle Grand Convention Hotel, Bangkok Thomas Hernoe Environmental Expert

2 Environmental impacts All combustion processes causes various environmental impacts CO 2, CH 4 & N 2 O CO, NO X & NMVOC NO X and SO X CO Particulates Direct Greenhouse Gas Effect Indirect Greenhouse Gas Effect Acid rain Public health Public health

3 Emissions & reduction possibilities

4 Impact of local environment Emission of particles Waste water discharge Ash disposal Fuel transport Noise Impact is dependent on fuels & technology

5 Acid rain Rain becomes acidic because of NO x and SO 2 dissolve in the rain water to form acids SO 2 emissions are responsible for % of the global acid deposition Acid rain causes damage to lakes and rivers, trees, people & buildings Acid rain travels over long distances in clouds Solution: fuel switching, SO 2 scrubbers

6 Proven, Clean & Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration Green House Gas effect (1) Earth is kept warm by its atmosphere Without atmosphere average surface temperature would be -18 deg. C Heat from sun passes through atmosphere, warming it up, and most of it warms surface of earth As earth warms up it emits heat as infra-red radiation. Some heat is trapped by atmosphere Green House Gases make the atmosphere trap more of radiation, so it gradually warms earth up more

7 Green House Gas effect (2) Consequences: Sea level rise and flooding in coastal areas Climate extremes and disaster Human health problems

8 CO 2 equivalent emission Green Houses Gases: Carbon Dioxide CO 2 Methane CH 4 Nitrous Oxide N 2 O Carbon Dioxide equivalent emission = Carbon Dioxide + Methane Carbon Dioxide eq. + Nitrous Oxide Carbon Dioxide eq.

9 GWP & CO 2 equivalent emission Gas Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide GWP (1996) Carbon Dioxide equivalent emission= 1 x Carbon Dioxide emission + 21 x Methane emission x Nitrous Oxide emission

10 Emissions for fuels Emission = Emission factor (kg / TJ) x Energy input (TJ) Usually the fuel amount is known in weight unit: Energy input (TJ) = Fuel amount ( 000 tonnes) x Heating value (TJ / ( 000 tonnes) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes (IPCC) provides emission factors Biomass emissions: CO 2 emission by definition = 0

11 Change of emission Change in emission = Emission cogeneration supply of electricity & thermal energy Emission baseline supply of electricity & thermal energy

12 Proven, Clean & Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration OGEN 3 Technical - Financial Analysis model Green House Gas calculations

13 TFA model principles Emission Emission Cogeneration Boiler

14 Proven, Clean & Efficient Biomass, Coal, Gas Cogeneration ANGE IN GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSION BY IMPLEMENTING COGENERATION PROJECT ge in Carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2 eq.) emission per year compared to baseline 21, Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 20, Ton Methane (CH 4) Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 0.24 Ton Global Warming Potential 1 Global Warming Potential 21 Global Warming Potential 310 GENERATION PROJECT en: Generation electricity & thermal energy 1 input Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 0.00 Ton Methane (CH 4) 5.40 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 1.44 Ton Emission factor Ton/GJ Emission factor Ton/GJ Emission factor Ton/GJ and technology 1 name Rice husk: Boiler Energy contents 100, MWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GJ Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GJ Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GJ 360, GJ Used in calculations Ton/GJ Used in calculations Ton/GJ Used in calculations Ton/GJ eneration: Greenhouse Gas Emissions emission from cogeneration project Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 0.00 Ton Methane (CH 4) 5.40 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 1.44 Ton n fuels, suppl. electricity purchase and suppl. thermal energy fuels) SELINE / CURRENT SITUATION line: Purchase electricity grid & other sources tricity purchase from grid baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 6, Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 6, Ton Methane (CH 4) 0.32 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 0.05 Ton Emission factor Ton/GWh Emission factor Ton/GWh Emission factor Ton/GW ricity purchase name Grid electricity Thailand Electricity purchase 10, MWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GW GWh Used in calculations Ton/GWh Used in calculations Ton/GWh Used in calculations Ton/GW tricity purchase/generation from other sources baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 0.00 Ton Methane (CH 4) 0.00 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 0.00 Ton Emission factor Ton/GWh Emission factor Ton/GWh Emission factor Ton/GW ricity purchase name No selection Electricity purchase 0.00 MWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GW 0.00 GWh Used in calculations Ton/GWh Used in calculations Ton/GWh Used in calculations Ton/GW line: Generation thermal energy 1 input Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 13, Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 13, Ton Methane (CH 4 ) 0.04 Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) 0.00 Ton Emission factor Ton/GJ Emission factor Ton/GJ Emission factor Ton/GJ and technology 1 name Diesel oil: Boiler Energy contents 50, MWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GJ Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GJ Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/GJ 180, GJ Used in calculations Ton/GJ Used in calculations Ton/GJ Used in calculations Ton/GJ line: Dumping of biomass ass 1 dumped or open burned baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 1, Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 0.00 Ton Methane (CH 4 ) Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) 1.63 Ton Emission factor Ton/Ton Emission factor Ton/Ton Emission factor Ton/To ass 1 name Open burning, all biomass Amount 27, Ton Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/Ton Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/Ton Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/To Used in calculations Ton/Ton Used in calculations Ton/Ton Used in calculations Ton/To ass 2 dumped or open burned baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 0.00 Ton Methane (CH 4) Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 0.00 Ton Emission factor Ton/Ton Emission factor Ton/Ton Emission factor Ton/To ass 2 name No selection Amount 0.00 No selectionalt.: Enter own factor Ton/Ton Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/Ton Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/To Used in calculations Ton/Ton Used in calculations Ton/Ton Used in calculations Ton/To line: Greenhouse Gas Emissions emission from baseline / current situation Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 22, Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 20, Ton Methane (CH 4) Ton Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) 1.68 Ton tricity purchase, thermal energy fuels & dumping of biomass)

15 SELINE / CURRENT SITUATION line: Purchase electricity grid & other sources tricity purchase from grid baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 6, Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 6, Ton Emission factor Ton/G ricity purchase name Grid electricity Thailand Electricity purchase 10, MWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/G GWh Used in calculations Ton/G tricity purchase/generation from other sources baseline Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 0.00 Ton Emission factor Ton/G ricity purchase name No selection Electricity purchase 0.00 MWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/G 0.00 GWh Used in calculations Ton/G line: Generation thermal energy 1 input Carbon Dioxide (CO2) eq. emission 13, Ton Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 13, Ton Emission factor Ton/G and technology 1 name Diesel oil: Boiler Energy contents 50, MWh Alt.: Enter own factor Ton/G 180, GJ Used in calculations Ton/G

16

17 For more information, please visit COGEN 3 Website at: Thank You!