THE PROBLEM. 4 Million deaths per year from indoor air pollution (2013) Number One cause of death among infants/children
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2 THE PROBLEM 4 Million deaths per year from indoor air pollution (0) Number One cause of death among infants/children
3 CLEAN COOKSTOVE ROBERT BOOMER DAN HOWARTH CARLY PATTERSON ANDREW PUTZ
4 COLLABORATORS LANE KAUFMANN CERAMICIST DR. BRIAN S. THOMPSON FACULTY ADVISOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY COLLABORATIVE DESIGN CONSULTANTS JOHN BARRIE LORI HART TOM STANTON
5 OVERVIEW Design Challenge Design Specifications Stove Components Combustion Chambers Initial Prototypes Conceptual Design Manufacturing Rapid Prototyping Final Design
6 DESIGN CHALLENGE Develop an affordable, clean, wood-burning stove for the impoverished families of Guatemala.
7 GUATEMALA Population using wood for cooking:.% Income per day (USD): $7.84 Population using improved biomass cookstoves: 0.75%
8 DESIGN SPECS DESIGN SPECIFICATION WEIGHT SIZE WEIGHT 7 SPATIAL CONSTRAINTS ENERGY CONSUMPTION 9 TRANSPORTATION AND PACKAGING 7 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AESTHETICS PRODUCT COST 7 OPERATING COST SAFETY OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS HUMAN FACTORS HEALTH ISSUES QUALITY 0 5
9 COMPONENTS Fuel Sources Heating Interface Exhaust Systems Combustion Chambers Auxiliaries
10 FUEL SOURCES Biogas Biomass Crops Landfill Gas Alcohol Fuels Charcoal Pellet Briquettes Solar
11 HEATING INTERFACE Plancha/Griddle Pot skirts Grate Radiant Heat Forced Air
12 EXHAUST SYSTEMS Straight Flue Balanced Flue Valve System
13 AUXILIARIES Lid vs. No Lid Drying the Wood
14 AUXILIARIES Emissions Testing Thermal Electricity
15 AUXILIARIES Heating the Home Diverting Exhaust Heating Bench Heat Exchanger
16 COMBUSTION CHAMBER Rocket Chamber Top Lit Up-Draft J Chamber
17 COMBUSTION MATRIX Rocket Stove TLUD Open Air Down Draft Charcoal Ideal Rocket Stove TLUD Open Air Down Draft Charcoal Ideal Design Spec Design Weight SIZE WEIGHT SPATIAL CONSTRAINTS ENERGY CONSUMPTION TRANSPORTATION AND PACKAGING Scores Weighted Scores ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AESTHETICS 8 8 PRODUCT COST OPERATING COST SAFETY OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS HUMAN FACTORS 9 HEALTH ISSUES QUALITY Totals
18 INITIAL PROTOTYPES
19 BOILING TEST Boiling (w/ Lid) Boiling Test Stove Temperature (*F) 50 Time minutes Rocket 00 TLUD 50 Delta Time % Difference 9 4% Rocket 00 TLUD Time (minutes) 0 5
20 FUEL CONSUMPTION Rocket vs. TLUD 5 Temperature (degree f) Rocket 90 TLUD Time (minutes) 4 8
21 TLUD BREAKDOWN Combustion Chamber Gasket Burning Syngas Secondary Air Inlets External Housing Volatile gasses (syngas) rise and mix with hot Wood secondary gasifies dueairto heat and primary combustion Primary Air Inlets Colder Intake Air
22 TLUD BREAKDOWN ~500 to 00 F for Wood Pyrolysis Creates Charcoal ~00 F and higher for Gasification requires controlled oxygen intake
23 TLUD BREAKDOWN Reburn the Syngas : Hot air and Syngas Secondary burn effect Reduces toxic emissions
24 COMBUSTION WITHIN A TLUD Wood comprised of Cellulose Hemi-Cellulose Lignin Oxygen required for chemical reactions Energy or Heat!
25 Energy Generated Q = χ*m *Af*ΣHc (Joules) Heat Release of reactants Methane.0 MJ/lb BTU/g Hydrogen 09. MJ/lb BTU/g
26 Radiation q = εσ A (Ts4 - T 4) σ = 5.7E-8 W/m Boltzman Constant Ts = Surface Temperature T = Surrounding Surface A = surface Area ε = Emissivity of the material Pine Wood -.90 Clay/Pottery -.95 Steel -. -.
27 Conduction q = -k A dt /dx A = area of the Plancha dt/dx = Temperature change over thickness K= Thermal Conductivity {W/(m.K)} Pine Wood - 0. Clay/Pottery.0 Steel 45.0
28 Convection q = hc A (Ts-TA) Ts = Surface Temperature TA = Temperature of the air A = Surface Area hc = Heat transfer coefficient
29 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
30 PERFORMANCE TEST
31 RAPID PROTOTYPING Combustion Chamber Lower Hole Upper Hole Time / shim Size Distance Size Distance :49 7: : :5 5: :00 5: : : 7:9
32 OPTIMIZATION TEST
33 FINAL DESIGN Manual For Education Plancha Combustion Chamber Flat Stones Combustion Housing Adobe
34 Preguntas? (QUESTIONS)
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