Cumulative Impact Assessment
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1 Cumulative Impact Assessment GEMS Environmental Compliance-ESDM Training Series Africa-Asia-Latin America-Middle East
2 Session Objectives: Understand USAID criteria for cumulative impact assessment Review role of cumulative impacts assessment (CI) in the project review process Develop a understanding of the framework for performing CIA Work through a project example on CI assessment 2
3 Definition of Cumulative Effects Assessment The U.S. Council on Environmental Quality (1997) defines cumulative effects assessment (CEA) as: the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to their past, present and reasonably foreseeable future actions... Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 3
4 Why account for cumulative impacts? Reg 216.6(d) states a Program Assessment may be appropriate in order to assess the environmental effects of a number of individual action and their cumulative environmental impact. ADS 201and 204 Multilateral development bank projects (e.g., IFC, World Bank) It is an essential component of environmental compliance for ESDM Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 4
5 What are cumulative impacts/effects? Combined, incremental adverse or beneficial effects of human activity (spatial or temporal) Accumulate over time from one or more sources *Individual minor actions that are insignificant on their own can collectively result in significant impacts over a period of time. Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 5
6 Types of Cumulative Impacts Additive: Equal to the sum of individual impacts Interactive : Greater than the sum of individual impacts Magnification Synergistic Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 6
7 Examples of Cumulative Impacts Increases in pollutant concentrations in a water body, soil or sediments, Reduction of water flow in a watershed due to multiple withdrawals. Increases in sediment loads on a watershed or increased erosion. Interference with migratory routes or wildlife movement. Depletion of a forest as a result of multiple logging concessions. Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 7
8 Examples of Cumulative Impacts (cont d) Increased pressure on the carrying capacity or the survival of indicator species in an ecosystem. Wildlife population reduction caused by increased hunting, road kills, and forestry operations. Secondary or induced social impacts, such as inmigration, or more traffic congestion and accidents along community roadways owing to increases in transport activity in a project s area of influence. Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 8
9 Small Scale Small Impact! Myth: Environmental impacts of smallscale activities are negligible. Reality: Impacts of single poorly designed/implemented activity may be small overall, BUT Local impacts can be significant Numerous small-scale activities together can have significant cumulative impacts Potable water supply near hospital morgue Total failure of latrines to contain pathogens Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 9
10 An example a small scale activity The environmental effects of a small-scale animal husbandry project may be minor What might some of these incremental impacts be? With project success, more effects occur that cause incremental impacts on the environment. Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 10
11 What is cumulative impact assessment? Purpose: To ensure that incremental effects from various actions are accounted for in project design. Process: A systematic way to identify and analyze cumulative environmental and social change as a result of projects, programs, plans, and policies. Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 11
12 Identify valued environmental and social economic components (VECS) VECs = environmental and social attributes that are considered to be important in assessing risks Physical features, habitats, wildlife populations (e.g., biodiversity) Ecosystem services Natural processes (e.g., water and nutrient cycles, microclimate), Social conditions (e.g., health, economics), or Cultural aspects (e.g., traditional spiritual ceremonies) Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 12
13 What is the difference between project impact assessment and a cumulative impacts assessment? Traditional EIA Policy & Planning Cumulative Impacts Policy & Planning Proposed Project Past Projects Proposed Projects Future Projects Individual Environmental Impacts Individual VECs & Total Impact Current Projects Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit ndex.htm & 13
14 What tools do we use in cumulative impact assessment? SCOPING & IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION EVALUATION TECHNIQUES Network & Systems Analysis Checklists Spatial Analysis Matrices Expert Opinions Modeling Carrying Capacity Analysis Consultations & Questionnaires Adapted from European Commission,1999 Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit htm & 14
15 General CEA Process in Six Easy Steps!! 1. Identify incremental effects of the proposed project and VECs 2. Identify other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions within the space and time boundaries. 3. For the selected VECs, collect appropriate information on their indicators, describing baseline & historical indicators 4. Connect the proposed project & other actions in the study area to the selected VECs & indicators 5. Assess significance of cumulative impacts on each VEC over the time horizon for the study. 6. Develop mitigation measures for VECs or their indicators that may be negatively effected & for which the cumulative impacts are significant. Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 15
16 Sample Project Matrix Activity Scores Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 16
17 Activity What kinds of cumulative impacts might be identified in designing this project? Project: a small hydropower facility (<30 MW) River in a remote region with low access to electricity Communities utilize the river for subsistence fishing and transportation Forests cover 40% of surrounding hillsides and is habitat for 2 species of birds and 3 mammal species all classified as threatened Infrastructure proposed: Transmission lines, turbines, generators, and construction camp, roads, and bridges. Run of River Hydro (IPCC 2011) Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 17
18 Uncertainties in Cumulative Impact Assessment Boundaries Timeframe CIA procedure Methods Tools Data requirements Complexity of the analysis Temporal and geographic boundaries Predictive abilities Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 18
19 Summary Cumulative impacts are the additive AND interactive impacts of various projects and activities on environmental and social systems, temporally and geographically Limited information or knowledge is a major challenge in cumulative impact assessment CEA should be adapted to the context. Uncertainty is part of the CEA process. Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 19
20 Additional Resources IFC, Good Practice Handbook: Cumulative Impact Assessment and Management: Guidance for the Private Sector in Emerging Markets, August FC_GoodPracticeHandbook_CumulativeImpactAssessment.pdf?MOD=AJP ERES U.S. Council on Environmental Quality The World Bank ontentmdk: ~pagepk:148956~pipk:216618~thesitepk:244381,00. html IAIA CEA Wiki Cumulative Effects Assessment Practitioners Guide (Canada) Implementing IEE/EA Conditions. Visit & 20
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