SURFACE WASHING AGENTS:

Transcription

1 SURFACE WASHING AGENTS: PRODUCT EVALUATIONS, CASE HISTORIES, AND GUIDELINES MARINE AND FRESHWATER HABITATS Jacqueline Michel Research Planning, Inc.

2 To assist in determining when and how to use SWAs: mechanism of action when to use authority required for use general application requirements health and safety issues limiting factors environmental concerns

3 To select the most appropriate products: comparisons of key characteristics of each listed product To learn from the experiences of others: case histories of use So others may learn: suggested monitoring plans and strategies for operational use of SWAs

4 WHAT ARE SURFACE WASHING AGENTS? Oil spill treating agents designed to enhance oil removal from substrates HOW DO THEY WORK? They contain surfactants, solvents, and/or other additives that soften and lift oil off the surface

5 THERE ARE TWO BASIC TYPES 1. Lift and Disperse Industrial cleaners that emulsify the oil (like dishwashing soaps) Key descriptors: oil is dispersed, emulsified, or encapsulated The oil is not recoverable, so effluent must be contained, recovered, and properly treated

6 TWO BASIC TYPES, cont. 2. Lift and Float Specially formulated cleaners that dissolve or lift the oil without dispersing it The oil forms surface slicks that can be recovered

7 RRT APPROVAL REQUIRED? YES: NO: use in any manner which would cause for them to be released to the environment. hand wiping down of oil on boats cleaning of boom in containment areas where all of the effluents are recovered for proper disposal.

8 LIMITING FACTORS / ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS No flushing across sensitive substrates For soft substrates, "wash to water" Products must be shown safe for vegetation prior to use

9 LIMITING FACTORS / ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS No wash water from land to enter water bodies without proper treatment Use lift and float products on shorelines, to allow oil recovery except in high energy environments where the oil can not be recovered

10 TOXICITY of SELECTED PRODUCTS (mg/l) Product Inland silversides 96h Mysid shrimp 48h Aquaclean Biosolve CN ,200 12,300 Corexit Corexity CytoSol Nature's Way HS Cleaner

11 Product Inland silversides 96h Mysid shrimp 48h PES Petro-Clean Petro-Green ADP-7 Petrotech Premier PX Simple Green Split Decisions Topsall #

12 T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN SPILL, PUERTO RICO, JANUARY 1994 Substrate Cleaned: beachrock and riprap Oil Type: No. 6 fuel oil Agent Used: Corexit 9580, Corexit 7664, PES-51

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15 Hot-water flushing

16 Corexit 9580

17 PES-51

18 First field use effectiveness

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20 T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN SPILL, PUERTO RICO, JANUARY 1994 Results: Used on beachrock Lessons Learned: Corexit 9580 treated oil initially disperses PES-51 needed a repeat application

21 JULIE N SPILL, PORTLAND ME, SEPTEMBER 1996 Substrate Cleaned: salt marsh Oil Type: IFO-180 Agent Used: Corexit 9580 Results: Further use not recommended

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27 JULIE N SPILL, PORTLAND ME, SEPTEMBER 1996 Lessons Learned: Only effective where product is directly sprayed on oil One application = 50% removal Treated oil dispersed in the wash water and moved with tidal flow Operations window very limited if need to "wash to water"

28 SAN JOAQUIN RIVER, TX, 1994 Substrate Cleaned: Riprap Oil Type: Crude oil Agent Used: Corexit 9580 Results: Effective Lessons Learned: None reported

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31 SMALL DIESEL SPILL, PA, 1999 Substrate Cleaned: Parking lot Oil Type: Diesel Agent Used: Biosolve Results: Treated oil and product washed down storm drain; fish kill for 3 mi downstream Lessons Learned: All washwaters must be contained

32 SLEEPY BAY, PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, AK, JULY 1997 Substrate Cleaned: Gravel beach with subsurface oil Oil Type: Weathered (8 year old), emulsified crude oil Agent Used: PES-51

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39 SLEEPY BAY, PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND, AK, JULY 1997 Results: Product injected with air knives, water flush released oil; recovery by skimmer/ sorbent. Extensive studies showed short-term oil/product uptake by mussels in immediate area. No long-term impacts. Lessons Learned: PES-51 effective in removing subsurface oil

40 M/V GENMAR HECTOR, TEXAS CITY, TX, MARCH 2001 Substrate Cleaned: Vessels Oil Type: Kuwait crude oil Agent Used: PES-51

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47 BARGE BOUCHARD 120 BUZZARDS BAY, April 2003 Substrate Cleaned: Cobbles Oil Type: Heavy fuel oil (API = 7.7) Agent Tested: PES-51, Corexit 9580A, Cytosol

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51 PES-51 C-9580A C-9580 Cytosol

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53 TORO CREEK SPILL, CA, JULY 1997 Substrate Cleaned: Streambank vegetation Oil Type: Crude oil Agent Used: CytoSol Results: Lessons Learned: Product increased oil release over water alone. No increase in plant mortality noted

54 ST. MARYS RIVER MYSTERY SPILL, NOVEMBER 2000 Substrate Cleaned: Bricks, concrete, misc. rocks, limestone pebbles Oil Type: Weathered heavy fuel oil Agent Used: Corexit 9580 Results: Inconclusive; did not use further

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60 ST. MARYS RIVER MYSTERY SPILL, NOVEMBER 2000 Lessons Learned: Rain reduced effectiveness Only effective where product is directly sprayed on oil Under windy conditions, reduce soak time to prevent evaporation Less effective on porous substrates (e.g., limestone) Key indicator of effectiveness: brown wash water Dispersed oil refloated in quiet water (in ~8 minutes)

61 SURFACE WASHING AGENTS Summary SWAs can improve oil spill cleanups Must be properly used Many products are not suitable for use on natural substrates Many products are not suitable for release to water bodies Evaluate each product wide variability in effectiveness and effects

62 SURFACE WASHING AGENTS Practical Issues Requires LOTS of logistics Spraying systems, additional PPE Flushing and containment systems Seldom actually used They are a specialty response tool, most applicable to small, special problem areas

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