Experimental research on internal convection heat transfer of supercritical pressure CO2 in porous media

Transcription

1 Engineering Conerence International ECI Digital Archive Sixth International Conerence on Porou Media and It Alication in Science, Engineering and Indutry Proceeding Exerimental reearch on internal convection heat traner o uercritical reure CO2 in orou media Le Zhang Tinghua Univerity, le-zhang11@mail.tinghua.edu.cn Pei-Xue Jiang Tinghua Univerity, jiangx@tinghua.edu.cn Rui-Na Xu Tinghua Univerity Zhen-Chuan Wang Tinghua Univerity Follow thi and additional work at: htt://dc.engconintl.org/orou_media_vi Part o the Engineering Common Recommended Citation Le Zhang, Pei-Xue Jiang, Rui-Na Xu, and Zhen-Chuan Wang, "Exerimental reearch on internal convection heat traner o uercritical reure CO2 in orou media" in "Sixth International Conerence on Porou Media and It Alication in Science, Engineering and Indutry", Ed, ECI Symoium Serie, (2016). htt://dc.engconintl.org/orou_media_vi/7 Thi Conerence Proceeding i brought to you or ree and oen acce by the Proceeding at ECI Digital Archive. It ha been acceted or incluion in Sixth International Conerence on Porou Media and It Alication in Science, Engineering and Indutry by an authorized adminitrator o ECI Digital Archive. For more inormation, leae contact ranco@bere.com.

2 Proceeding o the 6th International Conerence on Porou Media and It Alication in Science and Engineering ICPM6 July 3-8, 2016, Waikoloa, Hawaii EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON INTERNAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER OF SUPERCRITICAL PRESSURE CO2 IN POROUS MEDIA Le Zhang, Ruina Xu, Zhenchuan Wang and Peixue Jiang Beijing Key Laboratory or CO2 Utilization and Reduction Technology Key Laboratory or Thermal Science and Power Engineering o Minitry o Education Deartment o Thermal Engineering, Tinghua Univerity, Beijing , China ABSTRACT The low and heat traner o luid at uercritical reure in orou media ha attracted much attention due to it extenive alication, uch a uercritical watercooled nuclear reactor, CO 2 ga cooled reactor, traniration cooling and uercritical CO 2 olar thermal ower generation ytem. There are mainly two theorie to decribe convection heat traner in orou media, i.e., the local thermal equilibrium model (LTE) and the local thermal non-equilibrium model (LTNE). Comared with LTE model, the LTNE model i a more detailed model that ue two energy equation to decribe heat tranort in the olid and luid. The internal heat traner coeicient i a key arameter or LTNE model which ha been tudied thoroughly and many correlation have been rooed. However, or the luid at uercritical reure, the thermohyical roertie vary widely near the eudocritical oint, which igniicantly imact the internal convection heat traner o the luid lowing through the orou media. Thereore, we conducted an exerimental tudy aiming to evaluate the internal convection heat traner o uercritical reure CO 2 in orou media. The exerimental tet ection wa deigned with conining reure to revent the luid rom lowing through the ga between the amle and holder wall. The internal convection heat traner coeicient between article and CO 2 in the intered bronze orou media with average diameter o 0.5 mm and oroitie o 0.42 were determined exerimentally. INTRODUCTION The thermal hydraulic characteritic o uercritical reure luid in orou media ha attracted much attention in recent year, due to it extenive alication, uch a uercritical water-cooled nuclear reactor, uercritical carbon dioxide ga cooled reactor, traniration cooling and uercritical carbon dioxide olar thermal ower generation ytem [1-4]. A erective undertanding and a recie numerical imulation model or convection heat traner o luid at uercritical reure in orou media i quite imortant and eential or engineering alication. In recent year, ome reearcher have tudied the riction actor and local heat traner coeicient o CO 2 at uercritical reure in orou media exerimentally, uch a vertical intered orou tube with article diameter o mm and mm [5-7], tube artially illed with metal oam [8], ilica and acked bed [9]. For numerical imulation in orou media, the local thermal equilibrium model (LTE) and the local thermal non-equilibrium model (LTNE) have been widely ued in the numerical invetigation o convection heat traner in orou media. Jiang et al reented a numerical model or modeling uward low and the convective heat traner o in a vertical orou annulu o water at uercritical [10]. On the bai o the exerimental data [5-7], Jiang et al [7] and Fard [11] reectively etablihed and validated a numerical model with the local thermal equilibrium model or decribing the heat traner in the orou media. The internal heat traner coeicient, h, i o rime imortance in the local thermal non-equilibrium model or decribing the heat traner between the olid matrix and luid in a rereentative volume element. A variety o exerimental invetigation have been ublihed to tudy the internal heat traner coeicient in orou media, under either teady-tate or unteady-tate condition. A or teady-tate exeriment, ome ingle here or the whole orou media are heated electrically or electromagnetic induction and the heat lux, the article temerature and the urrounding luid bulk temerature are meaured. Glaer and Thodo [12] heated the article by aing electric current directly through the bed o metal here and the heat traner coeicient or ga lowing through the acked bed wa calculated directly by temerature meaurement o both gae and olid within the bed. Meng et al. [13] ued the electromagnetic induction heating method to heat the teel here tacked bed with diameter o 3 mm and 8 mm, and the local and average heat traner coeicient were calculated. Jiang and Xu [14-15], Noor and Adebiyi [16], Schroder [17]

3 obtained the heat traner coeicient according to the tranient temerature reone and the energy balance o olid article on a bai o the lumed caacitance heat traner aumtion. The tranient ingle-low method i a oular and claical one-dimenional revere technique to determine the volumetric heat traner coeicient between the ga and the orou media, uch a intered orou media [14-15], ceramic oam [18], metal oam [19], and acked bed [20]. In general, the internal heat traner coeicient in the orou media have been invetigated extenively ince the 1940, and the numerou tudie were well ummarized and reviewed by Wakao [21], Achenbach [22], Gnielinki [23] at dierent eriod. The reviou exeriment were almot carried out or determining the internal heat traner o ga or water lowing in orou media without conideration o the variation o the luid roertie. However, under uercritical reure, the thermohyical roertie o luid vary widely near the eudo-critical oint. Even with mall variation o temerature and reure, the variation o thermohyical roertie and the buoyancy caued by har variation o denity and low direction would caue great change on the internal heat traner coeicient in orou media. Thu, or luid at uercritical reure lowing in orou media, the dicreancy o heat traner erormance will occur when thee exiting correlation o heat traner coeicient are alied to the LTNE model. Guardo et al. analyzed the mixed (i.e., ree + orced) convection at high reure (with uercritical CO 2 a the circulating luid) in a ixed bed by uing the geometrical model comoed o 44 homogeneou tacked here and the turbulent model validated in the reviou tudy [24]. The eect o denity gradient, low tability, low direction and low velocity on the velocity ditribution and the heat traner erormance were analyzed and a novel correlation wa reented or etimating the article-to-luid heat traner coeicient at high reure, but no exerimental data i available or high reure ituation or uercritical ixed bed reactor [25, 26]. Liu et al. exerimentally invetigated the heat torage and heat traner behavior o comreed air lowing through a rock bed under the condition o low reure and uercritical reure. And the article-to-air heat traner coeicient (orce + ooing ree convection) were derived baed on the unteady-tate meaurement and the Schumann model. Thu it can be een rom the ew relative tudie that the inluence mechanim o luid roertie, low direction and other actor on the internal heat traner coeicient h, have not been invetigated thoroughly or mixed convection heat traner o luid at uercritical reure in orou media. For examle, the har variation o thermohyical roertie and the buoyancy caued by har variation o denity and low direction would caue great change on the internal heat traner coeicient in orou media. Moreover, the tortuoity caued by comlex low ath in orou media will inluence the turbulence kinetic energy o the low and aect the heat traner indirectly. In addition, a comrehenive correlation o internal heat traner coeicient or luid at uercritical reure in orou media i eential or the ractical alication. In the reent reearch, an exerimental ytem wa deigned to evaluate the internal convection heat traner o CO 2 at uercritical reure =8 MPa in intered bronze orou media with average article diameter 0.5 mm. The conining reure wa deigned to revent the luid rom lowing through the ga between the orou media and holder wall. With the lumed caacitance method, the internal convection heat traner coeicient between article and CO 2 wa derived rom the meaured temerature roile o luid and olid matrix at the inlet and outlet. The eect o luid reure and temerature, low direction and low velocity on the average internal heat traner coeicient were analyzed. The inluence o har variation o thermohyical roertie o CO 2 at uercritical reure and the buoyancy eect on the average Nuelt number were analyzed. NOMENCLATURE a = Surace area o article er unit volume in orou media c = Iobaric eciic heat, J/kg K d = Particle diameter, m c = Iobaric eciic heat, J/kg K Nu = Nuelt number Pr = Prandtl number Re = Reynold number T = Temerature, o C t = time, u = Darcy velocity, m/ h = Internal heat traner coeicient x = x coordinate, m Greek Symbol ε = Poroity ρ = Denity, kg/m 3 λ = thermal conductivity, W/m K Subcrit = Fluid = Particle = Solid 1 Exerimental ytem and method 1.1 Exerimental ytem The exerimental ytem or the invetigation o CO 2 at uercritical low and heat traner in intered orou media i reented in Fig. 1. The ytem, which ha a maximum temerature o 280 C and maximum luid reure o 14 MPa, wa imroved baed on a ytem reviouly decribed [5, 27]. The re-heater on the low circulation ath wa deigned to heat the luid and enured the dierence o the luid temerature at the inlet and the initial orou temerature over a reaonable range. the core-holder containing a intered orou media amle could be laced horizontally or vertically, in order to tudy the eect o low direction on the heat traner. The chematic diagram o tet ection i hown in Fig. 2 (a).

4 An henylmethyl ilicone oil bath in the high reure veel wa heated by a band heater around the outide wall. The veel wa wraed in an abeto-aerogel double inulation jacket. The oil bath wa ued a a amle heater, which could heat the amle u to the deired temerature. Moreover, the oil bath rovide conining reure to revent uercritical reure luid rom lowing through the ga between the amle and the coer tube. The core holder with hyical and chemical eal, could achieve multile temerature meaurement under high reure environment with ine wire dulex inulated thermocoule, imroving unteady meaurement accuracy. The detail tructure o eek holder and amle were addreed in Fig. 2(b). The eek holder were inulated and andwiched between the teel core holder and the amle. The groove on the inlet core holder and the teel meh net make the luid rom the tube more uniorm beore the orou media. The thermocoule or meauring the luid temerature at the inlet and outlet o the amle were located immovably at the relative narrow groove. The thermocoule or meauring the local article temerature were welded with reure on the inlet and outlet urace o the amle. And then thee thermocoule were extracted through the hole on the core holder and ealed with ecial element and glue. The amle wa a bronze intered orou media with diameter o 50 mm and thickne o 2 mm. The detailed tructure o the amle wa quite uniorm and homogeneou. The average diameter o the article i 0.5 mm with relative dicreancy le than 5%. The oroity wa 0.41 meaured by mercury injection aaratu. The thermal conductivity o the article wa meaured a 54 W/m/K, and the eciic heat wa 355 J/kg/K. Figure 1: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM (b) PEEK HOLDERS AND SAMPLE Fig. 2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF (A) TEST SECTION AND (B) PEEK HOLDERS AND SAMPLE 1.2 Exerimental method During the exerimental eriod, CO 2 liquid rom the container wa reured to a deired reure by adjuting a uercritical reure um and back reure valve. The CO 2 at uercritical reure wa heated by the reheater and then lowed through the bya ath while the main ath wa turned o. Once the variation o CO 2 low rate, inlet reure variation and CO 2 temerature were within ±0.1% or at leat 20 min, the low wa witched rom the bya ath to the main ath. The heated CO 2 lowed through the amle and all arameter o the tranient roce were imultaneouly recorded by the data acquiition ytem. The meaured arameter included the orou media temerature, the luid temerature at inlet and outlet, the inlet reure, the reure dro acro the tet ection, and the ma low rate. The temerature were meaured by Omega T-tye thermocoule with a diameter o mm. The eciic location o the thermocoule on the inlet and outlet urace o the amle are reented in Fig. 3. The inlet luid temerature wa meaured averagely by three thermocoule located at the groove o the inlet eek holder. And the outlet luid temerature wa meaured on the average by two thermocoule beore uiciently mixing in the outlet eek holder. The CO 2 inlet reure wa meaured by a reure tranducer (Model EJA430A, Yokogama Sichuan, China) and the reure dro through the tet ection wa meaured by two dierential reure tranducer et to dierent meauring range according to the exerimental condition (Model EJA110A, Yokogama Sichuan, China, Model RoeMount3051CD, Emeron, USA). The ma low rate wa meaured uing a Corioli-tye ma lowmeter (Model MASS6000, Siemen, Germany) with the range et at 20 kg/h. An Agilent data acquiition ytem (Model 34972A, Agilent, USA) recorded and dilayed the exerimental data. (a) TEST SECTION (a) Inlet urace (b) Outlet urace

5 Figure 3: THE THERMOCOUPLES LOCATIONS ON THE INLET AND OUTLET SURFACE OF THE POROUS MEDIA 2 Data reduction method and uncertainty analyi 2.1 Data reduction method According to the reviou literature [14, 15, 27], a the Biot number i mall in the exerimental cae, the aumtion o the uniorm olid article temerature o orou media at any time i valid. The energy governing equation o olid and luid at local non-equilibrium condition are howed a ollow: Fluid: c T c ut ah ( T T ) (1) t x dt Solid: 1 c ah ( T T ) (2) dt Where and are the temerature o olid and luid, T reectively. T 61 a i the urace area o d article er unit volume o orou media, d i the article diameter. Eq. (1) decribe the convective heat traner o CO 2 in orou media with conideration o thermohyical roertie variation. A the roertie o the bronze intered orou media i contant, the Eq. (2) i ued or calculating the internal heat traner coeicient and the Nuelt number Nu, a hown in Eq. (3) and Eq. (4). The tranient orou media urace temerature reone and the luid temerature at the inlet and outlet were recorded with time. The temerature dierence o the eight thermocoule meaurement reult can be ignored and the arithmetic average o thee olid temerature wa adoted. The luid temerature in Eq. (3) wa obtained by arithmetic averaging the inlet temerature and outlet temerature. Thu, the internal heat traner coeicient obtained by uing thi data reduction method i the decrition o overall internal convection heat traner erormance in orou media. cd dt h (3) 6( T T ) dt h Nu h d (4) 2.2 Uncertainty analyi The maximum meaurement uncertaintie o internal heat traner coeicient and Nuelt number in the exeriment can be etimated by Eq. (5) and (6). The uncertaintie o denity and heat caacity o the article material can be aumed 0.0%. The uncertaintie o luid roertie in Eq. (6) were calculated rom the NIST otware, which i aumed quite accurate [29]. The relative error o article diameter can be etimated 5.0% rom the SEM igure o the orou media, a hown in Fig. 3. The accuracy o the thermocoule meauring the luid and wall temerature wa within ±0.15 C, a calibrated by the National Intitute o Metrology, China. And the minimum temerature i 30 o C, o the relative error o the olid temerature variation with time i etimated a 0.5%. The relative error o the temerature dierence between olid and luid. The minimum dierence rom our exeriment wa 1.5 o C, and the relative error can be calculated a 14.3%. Thereore, the maximum relative uncertainty o internal heat traner and Nu can be etimated a 15.1% and 15.9%, reectively. h h h 2 2 1/ ( ) c d T T c d ( T T ) 2 dt dt dt dt Nu h d (6) Nu h d 3 Reult and dicuion Three exerimental cae were carried out with initial orou media temerature 38 o C and luid reure 7.6 MPa, at which CO 2 wa at uercritical reure. The cold luid with three ma low rate were adoted to cool the orou media, which wa heated initially to a deired temerature by the heating controller. The vatiation o temerature o article urace and luid at the inlet and outlet i hown in Figure 4. From thi igure, it i noted that the temerature dierence o article olid between the inlet urace and outlet urace are mall, eecially or ma low rate 3.48 kg/h. Thereore, the undamental aumtion that the olid temerature in orou media i uniorm at any time ha been validated. Moreover, the dierence between temerature o luid at the inlet and temerature o luid at the outlet are not quite large, o the arithmetic average luid temerature o luid at inlet and outlet can be ued. The average temerature o olid and luid variation with time are reented in Figure 5. Figure 4: THE TEMPERATURES OF SOLID SURFACE AND FLUID AT THE INLET AND OUTLET (Hollow: 3.48 kg/h; Solid: 1.12 kg/h) 1/ 2 (5)

6 Figure 5: THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURES OF SOLID SURFACE AND FLUID AT THE INLET AND OUTLET The dierence between the average olid temerature and luid temerature are hown in Figure 6. It i hown that the temerature dierence 1.5 o C with ma low rate 1.12 kg/h and 1.64 kg/h can be holded during the exerimental time, wherea or the cae with 3.48 kg/h, the temerature dierence decreae with time. The thermal equilibrium tate i achieved more eaily with relative larger ma low rate. Thi i becaue that the internal heat traner erormance i more intene, and the average Nuelt number i larger or larger article Renold number, a hown in Figure 7. The exerimental reult howed relatively correonding to the equation in the literature [30], and the data reduction method in thi aer ha been veriied with luid at uercritical reure. Figure 6: THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE OF SOLID SURFACE AND FLUID Figure 7: AVERAGE NUSSELT NUMBER CONCLUSIONS The exerimental tet ection wa deigned with conining reure to revent the luid rom lowing through the ga between the amle and holder wall under uercritical reure. The internal convection heat traner coeicient between article and CO 2 in the intered bronze orou media with average diameter o 0.5 mm and oroitie o 0.42 were determined exerimentally. The data reduction method or internal heat traner coeicient ha been validated. More exerimental cae will be carried out to tudy the eect o luid roertie, buoyancy orce and low direction on the internal heat traner erormance in orou media. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thi roject wa uorted by National Natural Science Foundation o China (No , No ), the Reearch Project o Chinee Minitry o Education (No A) and the Tinghua Univerity Initiative Scientiic Reearch Program. REFERENCES [1] Oka Y, Kohizuka, Si. Concet And Deign O A Suercritical-Preure, Direct-Cycle Light-Water Reactor. Nuclear Technology. 103(3): [2] Dotal, Vaclav. A uercritical carbon dioxide cycle or next generation nuclear reactor[d]. Maachuett Intitute o Technology [3] Mueggenburg H H, Hidahl J W, Keler E L. Platelet Actively Cooled Thermal Management Device[R]. 1992, AIAA [4] Brian D. Iveron,Thoma M. Conboy, Jame J. Pach, Alan M. Kruizeng. Suercritical CO2 Brayton cycle or olar-thermal energy. Alied Energy. Volume 111, November 2013, Page [5] Pei-Xue Jiang, Yi-Jun Xu, Jing Lv, Run-Fu Shi, S. He, J.D. Jackon. Exerimental invetigation o convection heat traner o CO2 at uer-critical reure in vertical mini-tube and in orou media. Alied Thermal Engineering 24 (2004) [6] P.X. Jiang, et al., Exerimental invetigation o low reitance and convection heat traner CO2 at

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