Questions Q1. * A resistor is a circuit component.

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1 Questions Q1. * A resistor is a circuit component. Two other circuit components are a light dependent resistor (LDR) and a thermistor. Explain how LDRs and thermistors can be used to control the current in a circuit.

2 Q2. *Some scientists carry out an experiment to measure the radioactivity from a source to be used in a factory. They measure the background radiation before and after their experiment. They take the background count at the same place as they do their experiment. Explain how this procedure helps to make sure that the results of the experiment are valid.

3 Q4. * After going to the shops, a car driver places a bag of shopping on the passenger seat. During the journey home, the driver has to use the brakes to stop very suddenly. The driver is wearing a seat belt. Explain what happens next to the car, the driver and the shopping bag.

4 Q6. * Describe how the nuclear fission of uranium-235 is used to produce electricity in a nuclear power station.

5 Q7. * The removable lens of this old camera has four pieces of glass in it. One of the pieces of glass is radioactive. Its surface is covered with a thin layer of magnesium fluoride. Radioactive isotopes in the glass emit alpha, beta and gamma radiation in all directions. A scientist removes the lens from the camera. She measures the radiation coming from the back, front and side of the lens. The amount of radiation is different in each direction. No alpha radiation is detected. The readings are shown on the diagram. Explain why the readings in the three directions are different.

6 Q8. A child is stationary on a swing. * The brother then stops pushing the child. The graph shows how the kinetic energy of the child varies over the next few swings. Explain the energy changes during this time.

7 Q9. *A resistor is a circuit component. Two other circuit components are a light dependent resistor (LDR) and a thermistor. Explain how LDRs and thermistors can be used to control the current in a circuit.

8 Q10. * The items in the box are packed in bubble wrap to protect them from damage. Explain, by considering changes either in momentum or in kinetic energy, how bubble wrap protects the items in a box from damage caused by a fall.

9 Q11. *The tank is a long way above the ground. It drips at a steady rate. The first drawing shows water drops which have just left the tank. The second drawing shows water drops which are near to the ground. Explain why the drops which are near to the ground are an equal distance apart but the drops which have just started to fall are not.

10 Q12. A water tank drips water. * The tank is a long way above the ground. It drips at a steady rate. The first drawing shows water drops which have just left the tank. The second drawing shows water drops which are near to the ground. Explain why the drops which are near to the ground are an equal distance apart but the drops which have just started to fall are not.

11 Q13. * The processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion both produce energy. There are 19 nuclear power stations in the UK. All of these use fission. However, the Government is investing a lot of money, time and effort to develop fusion power stations instead. Explain why fusion power stations would be preferable but the UK only has fission power stations at present.

12 Q15. * Describe how the nuclear fission of uranium-235 is used to produce electricity in a nuclear power station.

13 Q16. * The processes of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion both produce energy. There are 19 nuclear power stations in the UK. All of these use fission. However, the Government is investing a lot of money, time and effort to develop fusion power stations instead. Explain why fusion power stations would be preferable but the UK only has fission power stations at present.

14 Q17. *When it is time to replace the cobalt-60 rods there are two options. The rods can be disposed of. The rods can be transported to a nuclear reactor to turn more of the cobalt-59 into cobalt-60 so that they can be used again.discuss the hazards in these two options.

15 Q18. * On some motorways there are markings on the road. The markings are 40 m apart. Drivers are advised to keep at least two markings between cars. The maximum speed for a driver on the motorway is 70 mph. The thinking distance and braking distance can be affected by other factors, as well as speed. Evaluate whether a distance of 40 m between markings is suitable.

16 Q19. *The brother then stops pushing the child. The graph shows how the kinetic energy of the child varies over the next few swings. Explain the energy changes during this time.

17 Q20. * On some motorways there are markings on the road. The markings are 40 m apart. Drivers are advised to keep at least two markings between cars. The maximum speed for a driver on the motorway is 70 mph. The thinking distance and braking distance can be affected by other factors, as well as speed. Evaluate whether a distance of 40 m between markings is suitable.

18 Q21. * Some scientists carry out an experiment to measure the radioactivity from a source to be used in a factory. They measure the background radiation before and after their experiment. They take the background count at the same place as they do their experiment. Explain how this procedure helps to make sure that the results of the experiment are valid.

19 Q23. * Scientists and engineers are still trying to build a practical and economic nuclear fusion reactor. They have not been able to sustain the extreme conditions needed for controlled nuclear fusion. Explain what these conditions are and why they are needed.