Intra and Inter Basin Linking of Rivers in Water Resources Management

Transcription

1 Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 75, March 2016, pp Intra and Inter Basin Linking of Rivers in Water Resources Management A Verdhen Dronacharya College of Engineering, Gurgaon , Haryana, India. Received 12 December 2014; revised 17 July 2015; accepted 16 December 2015 Water resources management criteria for its efficient and effective utilization should be well conceived to avoid conflict, reduce negotiation and to increase cooperation. The basic principle of the Indian rivers interlinking was to transfer the surplus water of a basin to water-deficient basin. Nevertheless, the basin/region identified for surplus at present may face severe water scarcity and crisis in future. Therefore, thorough studies of each sub-basin /basins are required to meet the present and projected demands. Interlinking of Rivers (ILR) has emerged for the both intra basin & inter basins water transfer either in space or time. Furthermore, proposal of intra-basin (inter sub-basin) water development should be exercised before inter-basin water transfer and the system can be known as Intra and Inter Linking of Rivers (IILR). The honourable Supreme Court has allowed Centre and concerned states for identifying the feasible links in a speedy manner. In this direction, Narmada Valley Development Authority (NVDA) and Water Resources Department (WRD), government of Madhya Pradesh (MP) formulated a comprehensive project for basin/sub-basins between Onkeshwar to Narmada Sagar to utilize their water before declaring surplus. The author being short term team leader from consultant (Egis (I) Pvt. Ltd) side conducted initial study. The present paper presents an example of effort towards development of intra-basin schemes and interlinking of sub-basins (i.e. Deb-Goi Rivers in District of Barwani) in the state of MP to protect people s aspiration at present and their stakes for future, through comprehensive and sustainable studies. Keywords: Intra basin, Inter sub-basin, Water transfer, Supply, Management, Feasibility study, Storage, Irrigation, Techno-economic, Socio-equitable. Introduction Water resources management is important for efficient and effective utilization of ground and surface waters conjunctively 1-2. Management criteria should be well conceived to avoid conflict especially in the case of interlinking of rivers (ILR). The basic principle of ILR in the country (Fig. 1) was to transfer the surplus water of a basin to water-deficient basin 3-4. But the basin/region identified for surplus at present may face severe water scarcity and crisis in future 4-5. Few developed basins might have utilized their water resources fully and ask for more for smart services which are needed to be assessed. National Water Policy 6 emphasises on hydrological unit, such as basin as a whole or a sub-basin, taking into account of surface and ground waters and transfer to water short areas from other areas or to reduce the vulnerability of drought through water conservation. Indian Water Resources Society 7 presented critique on the effectiveness of Bhakhra dam and agreement to utilize it fully. Studies and investigations are needed to be undertaken through integrated basin-wise (Intra & Inter Author for correspondence a_vardhan @rediffmail.com sub-basin) development with consensus amongst all the co-basin states 5. However, complexities of irrigation models for estimation depend upon the nature of data available/required 8. The water surplus basins experiencing frequent flood may have massive water during the monsoon when everywhere water is surplus. Furthermore, flood mitigation may not be possible by transferring a small amount of water through a limited capacity of canal. Storage dam (having risk of dam breach) attenuates the flood peak up to a certain extent (10-15%) only Therefore, expert hydrological study/investigation of each subbasin and basins are required to meet the present and projected demands National Water Development Agency (NWDA) was established (1982) to investigate all the issues and to finalize the feasibility/status of river interlinking links 14. However, the study conducted with the theory of surplus and deficiencies have generated conflict among the concerned agencies and the stakeholders. NVDA and WRD, Government of MP conducted comprehensive study to utilize their water for their own use before declaring surplus 12. The present paper presents an example of intra-basin and interlinking schemes initiated during 2010 in the MP state to protect their right and people s aspiration 15.

2 VERDHEN et al.: INTRA AND INTER BASIN LINKING OF RIVERS IN WRM 151 Fig. 1 Plan of interlinking Indian rivers: a Himalayan and b Peninsular components 3-4 Materials and Method The objective and responsibility of the consultant/department ( ) was to identify, survey, prepare detailed project report and detailed estimates of balance medium and minor projects in Narmada Basin, Group-B in addition to the existing, on-going, surveyed, under survey, under construction or recently completed projects. The new identified schemes and the minor/medium projects already identified proposed/pin-pointed schemes by WRD/Panchayats/Forest departments and the projects identified but not surveyed were listed for inspection, feasibility study, survey, investigation and multipurpose detailed project report (DPR). Further, to present them on WEB in GIS (geographical information system) environment and showing each and every feature at better than 0.5 m contour-3d DEM (digital elevation model) up-to field plot level. An initial condition was to utilize the surplus water available at 75% dependability fully without overlapping the command area. Further storage in addition to irrigation was water for drinking, recharge

3 152 J SCI IND RES VOL 75 MARCH 2016 and feasible storage. Secondly, the development cost and cultivable land submergence should not be more than Rs. 1.5 Lakhs/ha and 10%, respectively. Thirdly, modern technology of survey has to be adopted with BM (benchmark), ground control points and 10% evenly distributed area for validation, ortho-rectification and accuracy. The feasibility of medium size projects were of scheme-wise while minor schemes were in cluster but DPR were planned for scheme-wise in CWC (Central Water Commission) format for approval.total 50, 40, 20, 10 and 60 new schemes identified for districts Alirajpur, Barwani Dhar, Indore and Khargone, respectively have been planned to study in integration with existing, under construction/survey within the river basins of the River Narmada form Onkeshwar to Namada Sagar. For example, district Khargone has already more than 225 existing cum-underconstruction schemes (including few medium types) and planned for nearly 60 schemes to use the surplus water at 75% reliability for irrigation, drinking water supply, storage and recharge. Proposed schemes, located above the existing/under construction projects, have been planned to take care of surplus water only after meeting the quantity allocated for the existing design storage for water use, riparian and environmental requirements. Major tributaries and sub-basin wise water availability and its allocation for the feasible schemes shall be optimized and also dam break studies shall be required.the feasibility study contains development of various components i.e. site data (location, secondary and preliminary survey); hydrological data (catchment area, 75% dependable rainfall and yield); reservoir data (elevation area capacity curve, levels: top of bank, maximum water, full reservoir, minimum drawdown, lowest sill, lowest bed levels; water spread area at: FRL (full reservoir level) and MWL (maximum water level); storage capacity: gross, live, minimum, silt reserve and dead storages; dam data: length, free board, maximum height, top width, waste weir, sluice, surplusage/spillway, crest, head and design discharge; villages and command area: gross, culturable, irrigable and proposed area for irrigation; crop: kharif, rabi, perennial, summer crops, water requirement, cropping pattern proposed, annual irrigation and irrigation intensity; losses: evaporation from storage and crop cover, seepage from the storage, canal and field channel; canal: main, left/right, branches to water course and field channel with FSL (full supply level) and design discharge; financial: preliminary, land, masonry, building, earth work, plantation, communication, maintenance and miscellaneous for head work and canal system. Full tank/reservoir level (FTL/FRL) at gross capacity including live storage is determined using elevationarea-capacity curves developed.total area and cultivated area under submergence is determined at the designed FRL. The additional command area, storage tank capacity and water availability have been analysed based on 75% dependable rainfall and Binnie s table of water yield for command area of less than 2000 ha. The storage capacity and level of the proposed tank across the stream and the main canal capacity and length were decided as per the guidelines and checklist of the WRD report TC70 for the minor schemes. Areas of available contours have been computed using digitized Survey of India (SOI) toposheets and DEM using GIS module. Area at intermediate levels and corresponding gross capacity were calculated by the usual method. Silt load has been calculated adopting TCM/km 2 /Year for 50 years having storage below 5 MCM and TCM/ km 2 /Year for 100 years having storage above 5 MCM. The corresponding dead storage and silt level, LSL is determined. Minimum water level (MDDL) in the reservoir which can deliver the design discharge through the sluice barrel into canal is determined. Earthen bund with homogeneous section is adopted for all the proposed schemes. Other features like top width, u/s slope, d/s slope and protection to u/s slope, etc. have been provided as per provisions made in TC 70 s time to time.waste weir for disposal of surplus water and its crest level, flood lift, MWL and length of the surplusing arrangement were determined based on the hydrology and hydraulic computation for spate discharge, prolonged discharge, design discharge and length of weir arrangement. Proposed cropping pattern as adopted based on the nearby command area of irrigation projects, implemented by the WRD. The feasibility criteria include cost and FTL/FRL land submergence cost within specified limit. Unit-I-Head Work cost estimation consists of earth work at the head work, masonry work for the spilling arrangements and the submergence of cultivated land. Similarly, Unit-II-Canal Estimation consists of unit cost of locally available canal at 2009 Scheduled of Rate (SCR) for the length of canal and maximum discharge. The above research methodology has been employed for schemes either independently or in the manner of integration and interlinking.

4 VERDHEN et al.: INTRA AND INTER BASIN LINKING OF RIVERS IN WRM 153 Results and Discussion The study methodology developed, by the author being team leader of consultant, Egis (I), Pvt. Ltd., during 2010 to expedite the concept plan, feasibility and detailed study of minor and medium schemes in 4 districts. Initially, storage schemes for 29 sub-basins of the river Beda/Narmada in district Khargone (8030 km 2 ), few water supply and link projects have been taken up. The research, innovation and automation employed had helped to make the identification and feasible study easy, accurate, efficient, cost-effective and sustainable. Feasibility of Deb Goi river link project The Lower Goi major project is on-going project of the Goi River at catchment area of 1120 km 2. Further at u/s near Ralawati, another minor irrigation project, Upper Goi Barrage is planned for MCM after allocating MCM for Lower Goi major project out of MCM available at 75% dependability. The riverbed elevation at Upper Goi barrage is 340 m and Palsud town at 11 km run is 320 m altitude. Table 1 Salient features of proposed Deb-Goi River link project 15 Gravity canal of 0.2% slope can be provided on availability of water using natural head of 20 m to supply drinking water in Palsud. Consequently, there is a shortage of water to supply for drinking in Palsud or to provide irrigation for the CCA (cultivable command area) in this sub-basin from Ralawati scheme (catchment area = CA = 312 km 2 ). There is a possibility to divert the water of Deb River through regulated diversion of water to the Goi River by constructing a dam on the main stream 15. Accordingly, a barrage is proposed on Goi River from which canal can take-off to provide water for irrigation and drinking.a tank project at the d/s of the above proposed scheme on the river Deb has already been proposed for which estimated cost of survey has been sanctioned by the department. However, submergence area is exceeding the permissible criteria of 10%. Hence, the diversion dam will also support the d/s tank by reducing storage and its submergence. Technofeasibility study for the proposed link and irrigation development has been carried out. The salient features of the both schemes are given in Table 1. Item Deb Tank S.N Goi Barrage District Barwani 1 Barwani Tehsil Sendhwa 2 Sendhwa Block Sendhwa 3 Sendhwa River or Nalla Deb 4 Goi Location of dam Kalapat 5 Dondwara Name of river basin Narmada 6 Narmada Latitude of dam '43" '4.40" Longitude of dam '33" '24.7" Hydrology 9 Catchment area Sq.Km Weighted Average annual rain Mm % Dependable yield MCM Deb Reservoir 13 Goi Barrage Gross storage capacity MCM Length of barrage m Dead storage capacity MCM Height of barrage m 7.50 Live storage capacity MCM Crest level of barrage m Capacity at MDDL MCM Driving head m 0.50 Dead to gross capacity % FSL of canal m Top of bank level, TBL R.L Bed level of canal m Max. water level, MWL R.L Water depth m 1.50 Full reservoir level, FRL R.L Bed width m 2.00 Min. draw down level R.L Area Command Lowest sill level, LSL R.L GCA Ha 2600 Nalla bed level, NBL R.L CCA Ha 1950 Water spread area at FRL Ha Irrigation Area Proposed Ha 1950 Water Spread at MWL Ha Irrigation Area Length of Dam M A. Kharif Ha 779 Maximum Height of Dam M B. Rabi Ha 1171 Length of Link/Diversion Channel 29 Canal Abstract Length of exit channel M Length of main canal Approach channel length M Left flank canal Km Right bank canal Km 7.00

5 154 J SCI IND RES VOL 75 MARCH 2016 Deb diversion tank The proposed diversion scheme is located ( N and E) near village Kalapat in Sendhwa block of Barwani district. The CA up to dam site is 116 km 2. The available 75% yield is MCM/km 2 (as pr the hydrology approved by CWC for on-going Lower Goi project). The proposed diversion channel at left flank requires only 5 m depth of cutting for 1.2 km to cross the ridgeline road separating villages Mehatgaon and Dhanora.The length and height of the Dam is about 700 m and 23 m, respectively. The foundation rock available is hard throughout the axis of barrage, 25 m u/s or 25 m d/s of the barrage as well as both sides flanks. The submergence is less than10% area and covers only forest-free and uncultivated land. The river bed RL (reduced level) of Deb is 400 m and that of the outfall point level joining the Goi River is m with a natural head of 8.5 m. Consequently, the diversion is technoeconomical feasible. Upper Goi Barrage of concrete is of about 77 m length and of 7.5 m height at grid reference of N and E near village Pisnawal in Sendhawa block. A paved track for 3 km is needed as approach road. Out of MCM of diverted water, 0.70 MCM is catered for drinking to Palsud town for about people at the rate of 100 Ltr/person/day. About MCM water is dead storage and remaining MCM water is proposed for irrigation of 1950 ha covering 1450 ha through left flank canal (about 12 km benefiting Dondwada, Mujala, Rewja and Palsud villages) and 500 ha through right flank canal (about 7 km benefiting Pisnawal village). Conclusions The inter-basin water transfer has simple but unacceptable principle of surplus and deficiency which is very difficult to define under Indian conditions, because water recourses of various basins have not been developed for the potential within the basin. Subsequently, intra-basin and sub-basin development have taken place on priority basis. The methodology to conduct comprehensive techno-feasibility study for intra and inter linking of rivers (sub-basin/basin) as IILR has been proposed, which is naturally acceptable and economical. It is shown with an example of storage scheme design parameters and economical link managing the surplus and deficiency for irrigation and drinking purposes. However, construction for the sake of investment or just to support mega projects without scientific and social direction may damage the river regime, ecology, sustainability and environment. Consequently, well planned and true feasible projects are needed to be developed on priorities but not at any cost or half-heartedly and hastily. Acknowledgement The author acknowledges the Egis-India consultancy services for medium and minor projects in Narmada Basin, Group-B of Govt. of MP and NVDA and support of friends, colleagues of Egis (India) and son Mr. Aarsh Verdhen. References 1 Verdhen A & Prasad T, Problems and prospects of conjunctive use of surface and ground waters for irrigation in the command of a river diversion scheme, Proc Conf (11-13 December) on HYDRO-96, ISH, Pune and CED, IIT Kanpur, (1996) Verdhen A, Hydrological investigation challenges of transboundary watershed aquifer in the Himalayan region, Proc Int Conf on Transboundary Aquifers: Challenges and New Directions (ISARM2010), (2009) 1-7 (e-resources). 3 Gopalakrishnan M, India s concepts on large scale inter basin water transfer, Menon MGK and Sharma VP, eds, Sustainable Management of Water Resources; Emerging S & T Issues in South Asia, INSA, New Delhi, (2009) Verdhen A, Inter and intra basin integrated water resources management for optimal development, Proc of National Seminar (29-30 October) on River Hydraulics, CE Dept. of MMU, Mullana & ISH, Pune (2009) Iyer R R, River linking project: is it good science?, Menon, M.G.K. and V.P. Sharma, eds, Sustainable Management of Water Resour; Emerging S & T Issues in South Asia, INSA, New Delhi, (2009) MoWR, National water policy. Ministry of Water Resources. Govt. of India, (2002) 12pp. 7 Rangachari R, Unraveling, Unraveling of Bhakra a critique, Indian Water Res Soc, Roorkee (2005) Prasad T, Verdhen A, Gayawali D & Dixit A, Co-operation for international river basin development: case of the Kosi basin, Kirby, C. and W.R. White, eds, Proc Int Seminar on Integrated River Basin Development, John Wiley & Sons, New York,(1994) Sahoo N K, Rout C, Khuman Y S C & Prasad J, Sustainability issues of river linking, Proc of National Seminar (29-30 October) on River Hydraulics, CE Dept. of MMU, Mullana & ISH, Pune (2009) Verdhen A, Samanvit jal-sansadhan vikas awam antar ya intra basin pariyozna, Hindi Vigyan Annual Patrika, JIGYASA (Hindi Cell, IITD), 23 (2009) Verdhen A, Inter or intra basin river project, After Brake (Weekly News Paper), 28 March -4April (2011) Verdhen A, Intra and inter basin water resources management, Proc of DST Sponsored National Seminar on

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