REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY PLAN FOR. Albemarle County City of Charlottesville Town of Scottsville

Transcription

1 REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY PLAN FOR Albemarle County City of Charlottesville Town of Scottsville Prepared by Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority Charlottesville, Virginia September 30, 2011

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION EXISTING WATER SOURCE INFORMATION (9 VAC ) Community Water Systems Using Groundwater Bedford Hills Burton Court Apartments Earlysville Forest Faith Mission Home Forest Lodge Subdivision Glenair Subdivision Innisfree Village Ivy Farms Keswick Estates Langford Subdivision Little Keswick School Miller School of Albemarle Oak Hill Trailer Park Peacock Hill Subdivision Corville Farm Subdivision Woods Edge Subdivision Red Hill Community Water Systems Using Surface Water Reservoirs and Stream Intakes ACSA Urban Area City of Charlottesville Distribution System ACSA Crozet ACSA Scottsville Non-Agricultural Self-Supplied Users of More Than 300,000 Gallons per Month of Surface Water Meadowcreek Golf Course Farmington Country Club Glenmore Country Club Ivy Creek Golf Course. 24 2

3 2.3.5 Red Hill Quarry Non-Agricultural Self Supplied Users of More Than 300,000 Gallons per Month of Groundwater Red Hill Quarry Cooper Industries Water Purchased or Available for Purchase Outside the Planning Area Agricultural Users of More Than 300,000 Gallons per Month of Surface or Groundwater Population of Users Self Supplied by Individual Wells Withdrawing Less Than 300,000 Gallons per Month Findings and Recommendations from Source Water Assessment Plans or Wellhead Protection Programs EXISTING WATER USE INFORMATION (9 VAC ) Municipal Community Water Systems ACSA Red Hill ACSA Urban Area City of Charlottesville ACSA Crozet ACSA Scottsville Private Community Water Systems Non-Agricultural Self Supplied Users of More Than 300,000 Gallons per Month of Surface and Groundwater within the Service Area of Community Water Systems Non-Agricultural Self Supplied Users of More Than 300,000 Gallons per Month of Surface and Groundwater outside the Service Area of Community Water Systems Agricultural Users of More Than 300,000 Gallons per Month of Surface and Groundwater within or outside the Service Area of Community Water Systems Users Self Supplied by Individual Wells Withdrawing Less Than 300,000 Gallons per Month within and outside of the Service Area of a Community Water System EXISTING RESOURCE INFORMATION (9 VAC ) Geologic, Hydrologic, and Meteorological Data (9VAC ) Physiology Geology Soils Surface Hydrology. 33 3

4 4.1.5 Subsurface Hydrology and Hydrogeologic Data Meteorological Data State of Federal Listed Threatened or Endangered Species or Habitat of Concern (Section 90 B.1) Anadromous, Trout, and Other Significant Fisheries (9 VAC B.2) Scenic Rivers and Rivers with Recreational Significance (9 VAC B.3) Sites of Historic or Archaeological Significance (9 VAC B.4) Unusual Geologic Formations and Special Soil Types (9 VAC B.5) Wetlands (9 VAC B.6) Riparian Buffers and Conservation Easements (9 VAC B.7) Riparian Buffers Conservation and Land Easements Land Use and Land Coverage (9 VAC B.8) Source Water Assessment Program Impaired Streams (9 VAC B.9) Point Source Discharges (9 VAC B.10) Other Potential Threats to Existing Water Quantity and Quality (9 VAC B.11) PROJECTED WATER DEMAND INFORMATION WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT Efficient Water Use through Ordinance Requirements Reduction of Water Use through Conservation Incentives Reduction of Water Loss through System Operation and Maintenance DROUGHT RESPONSE and contingency plans (9 VAC ) Background and Purpose Existing Water Sources Summary of Urban System RWSA Water Supply System Operating Procedures Emergency Water Sources Beaver Creek Reservoir Chris Greene Lake Lake Albemarle Identifying Drought Conditions Notification of Drought Conditions

5 7.8 Implementation of Water Restrictions Albemarle County Service Authority City of Charlottesville Albemarle County Public Awareness and Education Formal Review of Drought Response STATEMENT OF NEED AND ALTERNATIVES (9 VAC ) ACSA Urban Area and City of Charlottesville System Alternatives Analysis for ACSA Urban Area and City of Charlottesville System ACSA Crozet ACSA Scottsville Community Water Systems Using Groundwater and Self-Supplied Users

6 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority (RWSA) is a regional non-profit corporation and political subdivision of the Commonwealth chartered in 1972 under the Virginia Water and Waste Authorities Act (1950, as amended). RWSA supplies drinking water to and treats the sewage of the City of Charlottesville and certain areas of Albemarle County. RWSA is a wholesale agency with two customers: The City of Charlottesville and the Albemarle County Service Authority. RWSA operates three water treatment plants (WTPs) to serve the City and portions of Albemarle County with the urban area near the City. Additionally, RWSA operates separate water treatment plants for service to the Crozet area and to the Town of Scottsville, providing wholesale water for these communities through the Albemarle County Service Authority. This regional water supply plan was developed by the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority for the County of Albemarle, the City of Charlottesville, and the Town of Scottsville to comply with the State Water Control Board s Local and Regional Water Supply Planning Regulation (9VAC through 9VAC ). This regulation requires that all counties, cities, and towns in the Commonwealth of Virginia submit a local water supply plan or participate in a regional planning unit in the submittal of a regional water supply plan to the State Water Control Board. In May 2006 the City Council of the City of Charlottesville, the Albemarle County Board of Supervisors, and the Town Council of the Town of Scottsville each passed resolutions authorizing the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority to develop a regional water supply plan to meet this mandate. 6

7 2.0 EXISTING WATER SOURCE INFORMATION (9 VAC ) Section 70 of the regulations requests localities within the planning area to submit information regarding their existing water sources, including groundwater, surface water reservoirs, and stream intakes. Please note that all associated Excel spreadsheets for Section 70 are attached as Appendix A and are included on a CD at the back of this report. 2.1 Community Water Systems Using Groundwater In 2009, there were 17 Community Water Systems (CWS) in Albemarle County that produce and distribute drinking water. These systems are listed and described below, and more detailed information on each system can be found in Appendix A. Table 2-1: Community Water Systems Using Groundwater PWSID System Name Number of Wells Number of Connections Bedford Hills Burton Court Apartments Earlysville Forest Faith Mission Home Forest Lodge Subdivision Glenaire Subdivision Innisfree Village Ivy Farms Water Company Keswick Estates Langford Subdivision Little Keswick School Miller School Oak Hill Trailer Park Peacock Hill Subdivision Corville Farm Subdivision Woods Edge Subdivision Red Hill

8 2.1.1 Bedford Hills System Overview The Bedford Hills Subdivision public water supply consists of 2 drilled wells (originally operated 4 drilled wells), a 15,000 gallon atmospheric storage tank, dual booster pumps, and a 1,000 gallon hydropneumatic tank. The permitted system capacity is limited to 33 residential connections plus 1,920 gpd limited by available source capacities. Source Water Well No. 2 is located 200 yards west of the junction of Staunton Drive and Culpeper Drive in the subdivision. The well casing terminates 12 inches above a concrete floor and is provided with a sanitary seal, screened vent, and sampling tap. Water is pumped from the well directly to the 15,000 gallon storage tank. The well is enclosed with a bermed 3-foot diameter concrete pipe with a concrete cover. The well yield is unknown. Well No. 4 is located approximately 100 yards west of the junction of Staunton Drive and Culpeper Drive in the subdivision, near the old Well No.1 / Pump house compound. The well is 10 inches in diameter from 0 to 51 feet, and 6 inches in diameter from 51 feet to the total depth of 585 feet. It is cased with 6 inch steel casing from 24 inches above the surface to a depth of 51 feet and is pressure grouted with neat cement grout to a depth of 50 feet. The well is equipped with a 3 hp submersible pump rated at 12 gpm at 580 feet TDH. Well yield is estimated at 21 gpm; however a formal 48 hour pump test was not performed and therefore yield is considered to be unknown. The well is equipped with a sanitary seal, screened vent, sampling tap, and has a regulation concrete pad. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, October 17, 1994) Burton Court Apartments System Overview The Burton Court public water system consists of a singled drilled well, a 110 gallon pressure tank and treatment equipment. The well yield and pump capacity are unknown. Due to the lack of well and well pump information and the absence of any meaningful storage, the design capacity of Burton Court Apartments is limited to the existing 26 connections. Source Water The well is located in a 7 foot by 7 foot by 8 foot deep concrete vault which rises 1 foot above ground level. The vault is located behind the first apartment at the Lams Road end of the complex. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing that extends 12 inches above the vault floor and is equipped with a sanitary seal and screened vent. Other well construction details and the reliable well yield are not known. Water is pumped from the well by a submersible pump of unknown capacity into a 110 gallon pressure tank and into the distribution system. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, July 20, 2009). 8

9 2.1.3 Earlysville Forest System Overview This waterworks consists of eight active drilled wells (a ninth well is unused and not permitted as part of the waterworks), one 61,550 gallon ground storage tank, two 800 gallon hydropneumatic tanks, dual booster pumps, two treatment buildings, and the distribution system. The waterworks is permitted for a design capacity of 36,360 gpd due to limited source capacity. Source Water Well No. 1 is located on the north side of Lot No. 20 off Stillwater Lane in the subdivision. The well was drilled in May 1981 and is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 52 feet and 6 inches in diameter from 52 feet to 297 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing and cement grouted to a depth of 52 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot concrete pad and is equipped with a sanitary seal, screened casing vent, sample tap and totalizing flow meter. The well head is protected by a wooden well house. A 48-hour yield test conducted in November 2005 determined the well yield to be 2.5 gpm. The well is equipped with a submersible pump rated for 15 gpm at 300 feet TDH. Water is pumped from the well to Treatment Building No. 1 and then to the ground storage tank. Well No. 2 is located on the northwestern corner of Lot 21 off Stillwater Lane in the subdivision. The well, drilled in February 1983, is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 50 feet and 6 ¼ inches in diameter from 50 feet to 325 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing to a depth of 51 feet and cement grouted to a depth of 50 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot diameter concrete pad and is equipped with a pitless adapter, sanitary seal, screened casing vent, frost free hydrant sample tap and totalizing flow meter. A 48-hour yield test conducted in November 2005 determined the well yield to be 1.25 gpm. The well is equipped with a 2 HP submersible pump rated for 14 gpm. Water is pumped from the well to Treatment Building No. 1 and then to the ground storage tank. Well No. 3 is located on the northwestern corner of Lot No. 21 of Stillwater Lane in the subdivision. The well, drilled in March 1986, is 10 inches is diameter to a depth of 54 feet and 6 inches in diameter from 54 feet to 340 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing to a depth of 52 feet and cement grouted to a depth of 50 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot diameter concrete pad and is equipped with a pitless adapter, sanitary seal, screened casing vent, frost free hydrant sample tap and totalizing flow meter. A 48-hour yield test conducted in November 2005 determined the well yield to be 2.5 gpm. The well is equipped with a ¾ HP submersible pump rated for 7 gpm. Water is pumped from the well to Treatment Building No. 1 and then to the ground storage tank. Well No. 4 is located on the southwestern corner of Lot No. 49 off Earlysville Forest Drive in the subdivision. The well, drilled in February 1983, is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 50 feet and 6 ¼ inches in diameter from 50 to 325 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing to a depth of 50 feet and cement grouted to the same depth. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot concrete pad and is equipped with a pitless adapter, sanitary seal, screened casing vent, frost free hydrant sample tap and totalizing flow meter. A 48-hour yield test conducted in November 2005 determined the well yield to be 3.2 gpm. The well is equipped with a 3 HP submersible pump rated for 25 gpm. Water is pumped from the well to Treatment Building No. 1 and then to the ground storage tank. 9

10 Well No. 5 is located adjacent to Lot No. 25 off Stillwater Lane in the subdivision. The well, reworked and deepened in March 2001, is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 51 feet and 6 inches in diameter from 51 feet to 605 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing to a depth of 50 feet and cement grouted to the same depth. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot diameter concrete pad and is equipped with a pitless adapter, sanitary seal, screened casing vent, raw sampling tap and totalizing flow meter. A 48-hour yield test determined the well yield to be 8 gpm. The well is equipped with a 2 HP submersible pump rated for 20 gpm. Water is pumped from the well to Treatment Building No. 1 and then to the ground storage tank. Well No. 6 is located approximately 150 feet east of Well No. 5. The well, reworked and deepened in March 2001, is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 50 feet and 6 inches in diameter from 50 feet to 645 feet. The well is cased with 6 inches steel casing to a depth of 50 feet and cement grouted to the same depth. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot diameter concrete pad and is equipped with a pitless adapter, sanitary seal, screened casing vent, raw sampling tap, and totalizing flow meter. A 48- hour yield test determined the well yield to be 8 gpm. The well is equipped with a 1.5 HP submersible pump rated for 8 gpm. Water is pumped from the well to Treatment Building No. 1 and then to the ground storage tank. Well No. 7 is unused and not permitted as part of the waterworks. Well No. 8 is located north of Lot No. 158 off Earlysville Forest Drive in the subdivision. The well, drilled in April 1987, is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 60 feet, 8 ¾ inches in diameter from 60 feet to a depth of 78 feet, and 6 inches in diameter from 78 feet to a depth of 180 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing to a depth of 78.5 feet and cement grouted to depth of 53 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and provided with a pitless adapter, sanitary seal, screened casing vent, raw sampling tap and totalizing flow meter. A 48-hour yield test conducted in October 2006 determined the well yield to be 18 gpm. The well is equipped with a 5 HP submersible pump rated as 83 gpm at 147 TDH. Water is pumped from the well to Treatment Building No. 2 and then to the distribution system. The current actual pumping rate is throttled to approximately 25 gpm. Well No. 9 is located in open space on the southwestern corner of Earlysville Forest Drive and Beaver Creek Road in the subdivision. The well was completed on September 28, 2007, and was modified on May 1, 2008 to block a water bearing zone of poor quality. The well is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 53 feet and 6 inches in diameter from 53 feet to 605 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing to a depth of 53 feet and cement grouted to a depth of 50 feet. An interior schedule 40 PVC casing was later installed from 9 feet to 62 feet and grouted with neat cement. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 7 foot by 7 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and provided with a pitless adapter, sanitary seal, screened casing vent, raw sampling tap, and totalizing flow meter. A 48-hour yield test conducted in August 2008 determined the well yield to be 2.0 gpm. The well is equipped with a ½ HP submersible pump rated at 2 gpm at 380 feet TDH. Water is pumped from the well to Treatment Building No. 2 and then to the distribution system. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, May 4, 2009). 10

11 2.1.4 Faith Mission Home System Overview Faith Mission Home is dormitory style, residential home for ambulatory brain-injured children. The population consists of roughly 100 residents and live-in staff and 40 non-transient staff and students. The waterworks consists of 2 drilled wells and has a permitted capacity of 5,200 gpd due to effective storage capacity. Source Water Well No. 1 is located in a 3-foot diameter concrete pit approximately 75 feet north of the facility entrance. The well is reported to be 280 feet deep. Other details of the well construction are unknown. A 48-hour pump test indicated a reliable flow of 5 gpm. The well is equipped with a 1.5 HP submersible pump capable of delivering 12.5 gpm at 170 feet TDH. Well No. 2 is located 150 feet east of Route 601 and 350 feet north of the Albemarle-Greene County line. The well, drilled in May 1980, is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 50 feet and 6 inches in diameter from 50 feet to 150 feet. The well is cased with steel casing and is cement grouted to a depth of 50 feet. A 48- hour drawdown test conducted in September 1980 determined the well yield to be 24 gpm with the water level dropping from 11 feet to 74 feet. The well is equipped with a 1.5 HP submersible pump capable of delivering 18 gpm at 208 feet TDH. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, April 20, 2008) Forest Lodge Subdivision System Overview The Forest Lodge Subdivision waterworks consists of a single drilled well that pumps directly into the nearby treatment building. An older well exists on site but is no longer used. This waterworks is limited to a permitted capacity of 14 existing connections due to the absence of data on sustainable well yield and pump capacity. Source Water Well No. 2 is located approximately 200 feet from the well house along the access road and was constructed to II-B standards. A 10 inch hole was drilled to 50 feet and a 6 inch hole from 50 feet to 305 feet, which is the total depth of the well. The upper 50 feet is grouted with pressure pumped Portland cement. The PVC casing extends to 74 feet, the depth to bedrock. The well casing extends 24 inches above grade and is equipped with a sanitary seal, screened vent and pitless adapter. A 2 HP submersible pump delivers water directly to the well house and on to distribution. Yield was estimated at the time it was drilled to be at least 18 gpm; however a formal 48 hour pump test was not performed and therefore yield is considered to be unknown. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, Undated). 11

12 2.1.6 Glenair Subdivision System Overview This waterworks consists of 2 drilled wells, four 1500 gallon ground storage tanks, for pre-pressurized tanks and booster pumps. No reliable well yield data exists, so the permitted capacity is limited to the existing 48 connections. Source Water Well No. 2 is located within the subdivision on Well Lot No. 2, at the end of Route 853. It is drilled to a depth of feet, cased to a depth of 50 feet, and cement grouted to a depth of 50 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a concrete floor and is provided with a sanitary seal, screened vent, sampling tap, and totalizing flow meter. Water is pumped from the well by means of a 0.75 HP submersible pump into two 1500 gallon concrete reservoirs. The well is enclosed in a 9 foot by 13 foot by 7 foot high concrete block well house. The reported yield from this well is 15 gpm; however a formal 48 hour pump test was not performed and therefore yield is considered unknown. Well 2B is located approximately 10 feet from the well house on Well Lot No. 2. It is drilled to a depth of 305 feet, cased to a depth of 50 feet, and cement grouted to a depth of 50 feet. The well casing extends 18 inches above a concrete pad and is provided with a sanitary well seal and pitless adapter. Water is pumped from the well by means of a 0.5 HP submersible pump into the two 1500 gallon concrete reservoirs. The reported yield of this well is 8 gpm; however a formal 48 hour pump test was not performed and therefore yield is considered unknown. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, May 18, 1993) Innisfree Village System Overview Innisfree Village is a residential community with adults who have an intellectual disability. Residents and their volunteer caregivers live together in 15 family-style homes on a 550-acre farm. This waterworks consists of two drilled wells each with a submersible pump. Each discharges into a common distribution system with two diaphragm type pressure tanks to buffer the pressure. Because of unknown source and pumping capacity and storage volume the permitted capacity is limited to 80 residents and staff. Source Water The Amity Well is located behind the Amity Building. No information is known about the depth or productivity of the well. The well has a sanitary seal, screened vent, and pitless adapter. The Meadow Well is located 200 feet to the northwest of the Amity well. It was drilled in 1972 to a total depth of 445 feet, is cased with 6 inch steel to 47 feet, and equipped with a sanitary seal, screened vent, and pitless adapter. The driller assessed the well yield to be 12 gpm; however a 48 hour pump test was not performed and therefore the yield is considered to be unknown. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, November 1, 2001). 12

13 2.1.8 Ivy Farms System Overview This public water supply consists of a single drilled well, a 3,000 gallon storage tank, a 3,000 gallon pressure tank, and an iron and manganese remove facility. The permitted system capacity is 8,000 gpd based on effective storage capacity. Source Water The well is located on Lot No. 6 in the subdivision. The well is 10 inches in diameter from ground surface to a depth of 100 feet and is 5 7/8 inches in diameter from 100 feet to a depth of 244 feet, the total depth of the well. The well is cased with 6 inch casing and cement grouted to a depth of 100 feet. The well sustained a reliable yield of 30 gpm following a 48-hour pump test. The 6 inch casing extends 12 inches above a concrete floor and is equipped with a sanitary seal, screened casing vent, sample tap, and totalizing flow meter. Water is pumped from the well by means of a 3 HP 20 gpm submersible pump which discharges to the iron and manganese removal facility and then to the 3,000 gallon storage tank. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, July 14, 2003) Keswick Estates System Overview The Keswick Estates waterworks consists of three drilled wells (a fourth well is out of service and no longer used), two 18,000 gallon welded steel gravity storage tanks, dual booster pumps, a single 6,000 gallon hydropneumatic tank, chlorine disinfection and distribution piping. The permitted system capacity is 76,000 gpd based on effective storage capacity. Source Water Well No. 1 was completed in December 1985 and is located on the south side of Country Club Drive at its intersection with Route 616. The well is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 53 feet and 6 inches in diameter from 53 feet to a depth of 305 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch diameter heavy steel casing and is cement grouted to a depth of 53 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is provided with a pitless adapter and sanitary well seal. A totalizing flow meter and frost free hydrant are located on the well discharge line. The reliable well yield was determined to be 42.6 gpm by a 72 hour yield and drawdown test performed in August The well is equipped with a 5 HP submersible well pump with delivers 63 gpm to the gravity storage tanks. Well No. 2 was completed in December 1985 and is located on the south side of Country Club Drive adjacent to Lot No. 26. The well is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 50 feet and 6 inches in diameter from 50 feet to a depth of 247 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch diameter heavy steel casing and is cement grouted to a depth of 50 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is provided with a pitless adapter and sanitary well seal. A totalizing flow meter and frost free hydrant are located on the well discharge line. The reliable well yield was determined to be 13.3 gpm by a 48-hour yield and drawdown test performed in December The well is equipped with a ¾ HP submersible pump which delivers 21 gpm to the gravity storage tanks. 13

14 Well No. 3 is out of service and is no longer used. Well No. 4 was completed in June 2005 as a replacement for Well No. 3. The well is located approximately 150 feet west of the existing treatment/control building. The well is drilled to a total depth of 605 feet, is cased with 6 5/8 inch heavy steel casing to a depth of 103 feet and grouted with neat cement grout to a depth of 100 feet. The well casing extends 24 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is equipped with a pitless adapter, sanitary seal and watertight cap. A sample tap and totalizing flow meter are located in the control building. Water is pumped from the well by a 3 HP submersible well pump which delivers 47 gpm into the gravity storage tanks. The pump is set at a depth of 210 feet. A 72-hour yield test conducted in August 2005 indicated a yield of 44.7 gpm with a stabilized water level of 150 feet. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, March 19, 2010) Langford Subdivision System Overview This system consists of one drilled well, and 8,000 gallon bulk storage tank, a 5,000 gallon hydropneumatic tanks, treatment equipment and distribution lines. The permitted system capacity is 19,332 gpd based on limited storage capacity. Source Water The well is located on a dedicated lot adjacent to Lot 14 in the subdivision. It is drilled 10 inches in diameter to 68 feet, 6 ¼ inches in diameter from 68 to 325 feet, and 6 inches in diameter from 325 to 345 feet, the total depth of the well. It is lined with steel casing and cement grouted both to a depth of 68 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 12 foot by 14 foot concrete slab and is equipped with a sanitary seal screened vent and has an air line for a drawdown gauge. Water is pumped from the well by means of a 5 HP submersible pump capable of delivering 36 gpm at 325 TDH to the 8,000 gallon storage tank. The well in enclosed in a 12 foot by 14 foot by 8 foot concrete block well house with concrete floor. The yield of the well is 36.5 gpm as determined by a 48 hour yield and drawdown test. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, October 16, 2007) Little Keswick School System Overview The Little Keswick School waterworks consists of three drilled wells, a 2,500 gallon ground storage tank, a variable speed pump and a treatment building. Well No. 4 is the primary source with Well Nos. 1 and 2 used as a backup in the event that Well No. 4 is unable to keep up with demand. All wells pump directly to the treatment building for a series of treatment processes prior to the storage tank. Due to a lack of reliable well yield data, the permitted capacity is limited to the existing 30 residential students and 45 transient staff. Source Water Well No. 1 is located adjacent to the treatment building. The well is equipped with a ¾ HP submersible pump which delivers water to a common well discharge header with Well No. 2. Well No. 1 is believed 14

15 to have been drilled around 1970 to a total depth of 190 feet. There are no available records detailing diameter, grouting, or well yield. Six-inch PVC well casing extends two feet above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch concrete pad and is protected from ultra violet light by a wooden cover. The well head is equipped with a sanitary seal, screened vent, and pitless adapter. Well No. 2 is located approximately 200 feet behind the railroad station. The well was drilled by Bedford Well Drilling in February 2001 and meets well type II-B construction standards. The well is equipped with a ¾ HP submersible pump which delivers water to a common well discharge header with Well No. 1. The well is drilled to a total depth of 200 feet, cased with heavy steel casing to a depth of 100 feet (bedrock is at 25 feet) and cement grouted to a depth of 100 feet. The well yield was estimated by the driller to be 15 gpm; however no formal well yield and drawdown test was performed so well yield is considered to be unknown. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch concrete pad and is equipped with a sanitary seal, watertight well cap, screened vent, and pitless adapter. Well No. 4 is located just to the right (as entering) of the beginning of the entrance road. The well was drilled by C.R. Moore Well Drilling in 2007 and meets well type II-B standards. The well is equipped with a ¾ HP submersible pump which delivers 10 gpm at 260 TDH directly to the treatment building. The well is drilled to a total depth of 200 feet, cased with heavy steel casing to a depth of 63 feet (bedrock is at 56 feet) and cement grouted to a depth of 55 feet. The well yield was determined to be 22 gpm after an 8 hour drawdown test. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch concrete pad and is equipped with a sanitary seal, watertight well cap, screened vent, and pitless adapter. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, August 13, 2008) Miller School of Albemarle System Overview The Miller School waterworks consists of two drilled wells, a 25,000 gallon storage tank, two 120 gallon pre-pressurized tanks and treatment facilities. The permitted capacity is 44,400 gpd due to well yield. Source Water Well No. 2 is located near the 25,000 gallon gravity storage tank and was completed in May The well is drilled to a total depth of 725 feet, cased with heavy steel casing to a depth of 87.5 feet, and cement grouted to a depth of 63 feet. The well yield following a 48 hour pump test was 27.5 gpm. The well casing extends 18 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is equipped with a sanitary seal, watertight well cap, screened vent and pitless adapter. A 5 HP submersible pump delivers 30 gpm at 405 feet TDH through the treatment building and into the 25,000 gallon gravity tank. Well No. 3 is located approximately 100 yards southeast of the storage tank and was completed in November The well is drilled to a total depth of 398 feet, cased with heavy steel casing to a depth of 94 feet, and cement grouted to a depth of 52 feet. The well yield following a 48 hour pump test was 28 gpm. The well casing extends 18 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is equipped with a sanitary seal, watertight well cap, screened vent and pitless adapter. A 5 HP submersible pump delivers 20 gpm at 545 TDH through the treatment building and into the 25,000 gallon gravity tank. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, February 7, 2007). 15

16 Oak Hill Trailer Park System Overview This system is composed of a drilled well, 2,000 gallon storage/contact tank, submersible transfer pump, 286 gallon pressure tank, and disinfection. The permitted capacity is limited to the existing 28 mobile homes based on limited storage capacity. Source Water Well No. 1 was redrilled in October 1993 to a new depth of 365 feet. The 50 feet of 6 inch casing remained in place along the grout of unknown depth. In addition, the casing was brought above ground and equipped with a sanitary seal, screened vent, and 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad. Water is pumped from the well by a submersible pump of unknown capacity into a 2,000 gallon concrete storage tank equipped with level controls prior to treatment. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, January 10, 1995) Peacock Hill Subdivision System Overview The Peacock Hill Subdivision public waterworks consists of 7 drilled wells (and eighth well has been taken out of service), a 25,000 gallon ground storage tank, dual booster pumps and a 15,000 gallon ground storage tank. The permitted capacity is limited to 80,000 gpd due to available effective storage capacity. Source Water Well No. 1 is located at Turkey Ridge and Big Oak Roads in the subdivision. The well is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 71 feet and 6 3/8 inches in diameter from a depth of 71 feet to 305 feet. It is drilled to a depth of 305 feet, cased to a depth of 71 feet with 6 ½ inch casing, and cement grouted to a depth of 71 feet. The well casing terminated 14 inches above a concrete floor and is provided with a sanitary seal, screened vent, and sampling tap. Water is pumped from the well by means of a 36 gpm submersible pump at 395 TDH into the 25,000 gallon ground storage tank. The well is enclosed in a 6.3 foot by 6.3 foot by 6 foot frame well house. The reported yield from the well is 38 gpm. Well No. 2 is located at the end of Turkey Ridge Road on Lot 64 of the subdivision. The well is 10 inches in diameter from 0 to 50 feet and 6 ¼ inches in diameter from 50 to 450 feet, the total depth of the well. The well is cased with a 6 inch casing to a depth of 51 feet and grouted with cement grout to a depth of 50 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is equipped with a sanitary well seal, casing vent, sample tap and pitless adapter. A 5 HP submersible pump transfers water from the well into the 25,000 gallon ground storage tank. The yield from this well is 28 gpm determined from a 72-hour yield and drawdown test. Well No. 3 is located at the intersection of Turkey Ridge Road and Shady Lane. The well was drilled in October 1975 and was reworked, re-cased, and grouted in May The well is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 55 feet and 6 inches in diameter to a depth of 670 feet. The well is cased to a depth of 55 feet with 6 inch diameter heavy steel casing and is cement grouted to a depth of 54 feet. The well casing 16

17 extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is equipped with a pitless adapter. A totalizing flow meter and sample tap are provided. Water is pumped from this well via a 3 HP submersible pump with is capable of delivering 9.0 gpm at 637 feet TDH into the 25,000 gallon ground storage tank. The well yield following a 48 hour yield and drawdown test conducted in November 1990 was 17.5 gpm. No treatment is provided. Well No. 4 is no longer in service. Well No. 5 is located at the end of Gillums Mountain Road. The well was completed in May This well is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 60 feet and 6 inches in diameter to a depth of 695 feet. The well is cased to a depth of 61 feet with 6 5/8 inch diameter heavy steel casing and is cement grouted to a depth of 55 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is equipped with a pitless adapter and sanitary well cap. Water is pumped from the well by a 5 HP submersible pump which is capable of delivering 18.0 gpm at 155 TDH into the 15,000 gallon ground storage tank. The well yield following a 48 hour yield and drawdown test conducted in May 1994 was 18.0 gpm. Well No. 6 is located on the north side of Turkey Ridge Road adjacent to subdivision Lot 13. The well was completed in June 1999 and is drilled to a depth of 505 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing to a depth of 53 feet and is grouted with cement grout to a depth of 50 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is provided with a pitless adapter and a watertight well cap. Water is pumped from the well by a 3 HP submersible well pump capable of delivering 13 gpm at 570 feet TDH into the 25,000 gallon ground storage tank. The reliable well yield is 13 gpm following a 48 hour pump test. A totalizing flow meter, sample tap, and well pump controls are located in a 8 foot by 8 foot building adjacent to the well. Well No. 7 is located on the lower end of the subdivision adjacent to the I-64 westbound lane. The well was completed in July 2000 and is drilled to a depth of 405 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing to a depth of 52 feet and is grouted with cement grout to a depth of 50 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is provided with a pitless adapter, watertight well cap, and air line to measure water level. Water is pumped from the well by a 5 HP submersible pump capable of delivering 45 gpm to the treatment building. A 5 HP series booster pump is located in the treatment building that boosts water into the 25,000 gallon ground storage tank. Both pumps (submersible well pump and series booster pump) are capable of delivering 45 gpm at 440 TDH. The reliable well yield is 58 gpm following a 48 hour pump test. A totalizing flow meter, sample tap, and pump controls are located in an 8 foot by 8 foot building adjacent to Well No. 8. Well No. 8 is located on the lower end of the subdivision adjacent to the right-of-way for I-64 and is approximately 600 feet west of Well No. 7. The well was completed in October 2000 and is drilled to a depth of 505 feet. The well is cased with 6 inch steel casing to a depth of 58 feet and is grouted with cement grout to a depth of 50 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a 6 foot by 6 foot by 6 inch thick concrete pad and is provided with a pitless adapter, watertight well cap, and air line to measure water level. Water is supplied from the well by a 2 ½ HP submersible pump capable of delivering 25 gpm to the treatment building. A separate 2 ½ HP series booster pump is located in the treatment building that boosts water into the 25,000 gallon ground storage tank. Both pumps are capable of delivering 25 gpm at 690 TDH. The reliable well yield is 29 gpm following a 48 hour pump test. A 17

18 totalizing flow meter, sample tap, and pump controls are located in the adjacent 8 foot by 8 foot building. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, April 30, 2002) Corville Farm Subdivision System Overview The Corville Farm Subdivision public waterworks consists of a single drilled well, 2,500 gallons of storage, two 119 gallon diaphragm type pressure tanks and two transfer pumps. There is no reliable yield data and no historical records of water consumption due to the lack of a meter. Due to unknown production capacity the permitted capacity is limited to the existing 27 residential connections. Source Water Well C is located on the left side at the end of the Corville Farm Subdivision. The well was drilled on March 2, 1970 and is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 56 feet and 6 3/8 inches in diameter from a depth of 56 to 600 feet, its total depth. It is cased to a depth of 56 feet with 6 ½ inch casing, and cement grouted also to a depth of 56 feet. The heavy steel casing extends 18 inches above the concrete well house floor and is provided with a sanitary seal, screened vent, and sampling tap. The reported well yield was measured at 8 gpm after a 10 hour drawdown test performed in (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, March 8, 2004) Woods Edge Subdivision System Overview This waterworks consists on one drilled well, a 25,000 gallon steel water storage tank, a 5,000 gallon hydropneumatic tank, and a treatment and distribution system. The permitted capacity of the system is 19,600 gpd based on source capacity. Source Water Well No. 1 is located approximately 4000 feet northwest of the subdivision. The well is 10 inches in diameter to a depth of 253 feet and 6 inches in diameter from a depth of 253 feet to 630 feet. The well is drilled to a depth of 630 feet, cased to a depth of 254 feet with 6 inch casing and cement grouted to a depth of 153 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a concrete floor and is provided with a sanitary seal, screened vent and sampling tap. Water is pumped from the well into the 25,000 gallon storage tank by means of a 5 HP submersible pump capable of delivering 30 gpm at 400 feet TDH. Water is pumped from the storage tank into the 5000 gallon hydropneumatic tank and distribution system by four 1 ½ HP centrifugal booster pumps capable of delivering 75 gpm at 68 feet TDH. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, February 2, 1990) Red Hill System Overview The Red Hill waterworks consists of one drilled well, one 10,000 gallon hydropneumatic tank, and a treatment and disinfection system. The permitted capacity is 6,800 gpd based on limited storage capacity. 18

19 Source Water Well No. 5 is located approximately 300 feet south of the Route 29 northbound lane and 0.3 mile east of the intersection with Route 710, at the back of the fenced lot. The well was drilled and completed on July 7, 2006 and is a total of 500 feet deep. The well is cased with 6 inch heavy steel casing to a depth of 63 feet and cement grouted to a depth of 50 feet. The well casing extends 12 inches above a concrete pad and is equipped with a pitless adapter, sanitary seal, and screened casing vent. Water is pumped from the well by a 3 HP submersible pump capable of delivering 22 gpm at 380 feet TDH. The well has a yield of 29 gpm based on a 48 hour yield test performed from July 31, 2008 to August 2, 2008 with the water level dropping from 34 feet (static condition) to 148 feet (dynamic condition). A raw water sampling tap and totalizing flow meter are provided inside the adjacent treatment building. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, September 23, 2009). The Red Hill waterworks is operated by the Albemarle County Service Authority to provide safe drinking water to Red Hill Elementary School and 12 homes in the area that were previously served by individual wells. The Albemarle County Board of Supervisors directed the waterworks system be built when the individual wells came under a threat of contamination from a leaking underground fuel storage tank. 2.2 Community Water Systems Using Surface Water Reservoirs and Stream Intakes Surface drinking water supply resources for the region include five reservoir impoundments and one river intake structure. The South Fork Rivanna River Reservoir, Beaver Creek Reservoir, and Sugar Hollow Reservoir are located in the South Fork Rivanna River watershed. Ragged Mountain Reservoir is located in the Rivanna River watershed. The Totier Creek Reservoir is located in the James River watershed. A river intake structure is located on the North Fork Rivanna River. Table 2-2 below lists each resource and more detailed information can be found in Appendix A. 19

20 Table 2-2: Community Water Systems Using Surface Water Reservoirs and Stream Intakes Surface Water Resource Drainage Area (square miles) Safe Yield (MGD) Associated Water Treatment Plant Associated Waterworks South Fork Rivanna Reservoir South Rivanna WTP Sugar Hollow Reservoir Ragged Mountain Reservoir North Fork Rivanna Intake Observatory WTP (of system) Observatory WTP North Fork WTP ACSA Urban Area City of Charlottesville Distribution System Beaver Creek Reservoir Totier Creek Reservoir Crozet WTP ACSA Crozet Scottsville WTP ACSA Scottsville ACSA Urban Area The Albemarle County Service Authority (ACSA) Urban Area is a waterworks system consisting of eight booster pump stations, storage facilities, and distribution lines. Water for this system is provided by the RWSA through three RWSA Water Treatment Plants: South Rivanna WTP, Observatory WTP, and the North Rivanna WTP. Design capacity is established by the Virginia Department of Health for each RWSA water treatment plant, but no specific Virginia Department of Health design limitations are placed on the Albemarle County Service Authority as a whole. (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, May 16, 2007). Both ACSA and the City purchase wholesale water through the Urban System from RWSA; therefore, the ACSA and City share the capacity of the Urban Area waterworks system. In a December 2003 contractual agreement, the ACSA and City agreed to allocate the system s capacity with 4.2 mgd allocated to the ACSA and 7.8 mgd allocated to the City, based on an assumed total allocable capacity of 12.0 mgd. A subsequent January 2004 study by Gannett Fleming for RWSA determined the safe yield of the total urban system as 12.8 mgd. (Source: Safe Yield Study, Gannett Fleming, January 2004). As of the date of this report ACSA and the City have not updated their allocation to reflect Gannett Fleming s defined safe yield. The capacities of water treatment plants are not directly comparable to safe yield. Safe yield is determined as an average daily capacity of what can be withdrawn from the Urban System s total water supply over the duration of the drought of record, but water treatment plants must be capable of supplying the highest single day water demand water demand of the system. RWSA engineers have determined 20

21 from the review of historical records that its water treatment plants should have a combined capacity to treat in a single day at least 1.5 times the safe yield of the system. RWSA Water Treatment Plants serving the Urban Area are described below. South Rivanna WTP - This is a WTP located at the end of Woodburn Road consisting of a raw water intake, one raw water pump station, water treatment facilities, a 1.0 MG elevated storage tank and a 5 MG ground level storage tank. Raw water is impounded in the South Fork Rivanna Reservoir which has a drainage area of 259 square miles and a surface area of 390 acres. The original storage capacity of the reservoir, constructed in 1966, was 1.7 billion gallons. Storage for water supply was estimated in 2004 by Gannett Fleming as 800 million gallons and by HDR Engineering in 2010 as 859 million gallons. The treatment plant is permitted to treat 12.0 mgd. (Source: Virginia Department of Health, Correspondence dated May 23, 2002). Observatory WTP This WTP is located on McCormick Road on the grounds of the University of Virginia. The WTP is served from two raw water intake facilities and two raw water pumping stations. The treatment is provided by a conventional water treatment plant, and treated water flows by gravity to a storage tank on the distribution system. A booster pump station is located on Alderman Road to provide treated water to the Lewis Mountain area. Raw water is impounded in the Sugar Hollow Reservoir and the Upper and Lower Ragged Mountain Reservoirs. The Sugar Hollow Reservoir, located on the headwaters of the Moormans River, has a drainage area of 18 square miles and a surface area of 48 acres. The original storage capacity of the reservoir, constructed in 1947, was 430 million gallons. A landslide occurred in late June 1995 as a result of a large rainfall event and storage was reduced to 360 million gallons of which 324 million gallons is storage for water supply. The Upper and Lower Ragged Mountain Reservoirs are in series and located on the headwaters of Moores Creek. These reservoirs have a drainage area of 1.8 square miles and a combined surface area of 74 acres. Total combined storage capacity is million gallons, of which 463 million gallons is storage for water supply. The treatment plant permitted capacity is 7.8 mgd. (Source: Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, March 3, 2009) but RWSA operates at an effective capacity of 5.5 mgd to maintain a filtered turbidity goal of 0.1 NTU. North Rivanna WTP This waterworks, adjacent to the Camelot Subdivision, consists of a river intake structure and 2.0 mgd pump station, conventional treatment plant, two finished water highservice pumps, and one 700,000 gallon distribution storage tank. Water is impounded by a low water level diversion dam on the North Fork Rivanna River. The permitted capacity is 2.0 mgd due to filtration capacity at 4.0 gpm per square foot. During severe droughts, effective capacity is limited to the flow in the North Fork Rivanna River City of Charlottesville Distribution System The City of Charlottesville operates a distribution system consisting of one pumping station and distribution pipelines throughout the City. Water for this system is provided by the RWSA South Rivanna WTP, Observatory WTP, and the North Rivanna WTP (described above). Design capacity is established by the Virginia Department of Health for each RWSA water treatment plant, but no specific Virginia Department of Health design limitations are placed on the City of Charlottesville as a whole. 21

22 (Virginia Department of Health, Engineering Description Sheet, May 16, 2007). Both the City and the ACSA purchase wholesale water through the Urban System from RWSA; therefore, the City and ACSA share the capacity of the Urban Area waterworks system. In a December 2003 contractual agreement, the City and ACSA agreed to allocate the system s capacity with 7.8 mgd allocated to the City and 4.2 mgd allocated to the ACSA, based on an assumed total allocable capacity of 12.0 mgd. A subsequent January 2004 study by Gannett Fleming for RWSA determined the safe yield of the total urban system as 12.8 mgd. (Source: Safe Yield Study, Gannett Fleming, January 2004). As of the date of this report the City and ACSA have not updated their allocation to reflect Gannett Fleming s defined safe yield ACSA Crozet The Albemarle County Service Authority (ACSA) Crozet waterworks is a consecutive system consisting of one distribution system serving the Crozet area. Treated water is obtained from the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority s Crozet Water Treatment Plant. Crozet WTP This waterworks consists of a reservoir intake structure and pump station with chemical feed, conventional water treatment process, three finished water high-service pumps, and one 2.0 million gallon distribution storage tank. Raw water is impounded in the Beaver Creek Reservoir located east of Crozet adjacent to Route 680. The permitted capacity is 1.0 mgd due to filtration capacity at 2.0 gpm per square foot. The original storage capacity of Beaver Creek Reservoir is 585 million gallons, of which 521 million gallons is storage for water supply. Withdrawal is limited by treatment capacity. In 2007, Gannett Fleming determined the safe yield of the Beaver Creek Reservoir to be 1.8 mgd. (Source: Beaver Creek Reservoir Safe Yield Study, Gannett Fleming, May 2007) ACSA Scottsville The Albemarle County Service Authority (ACSA) Scottsville waterworks is a consecutive system consisting of an elevated storage tank, and booster pump station, and one distribution system serving the Scottsville area. Treated water is obtained from the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority s Scottsville Water Treatment Plant. Scottsville WTP This is a wholesale waterworks that consists of two raw intake facilities and pump stations, a conventional water treatment plant and a finished water storage tank. The primary source of water for this waterworks is a 69 acre impoundment on Totier Creek in southern Albemarle County. The reservoir has a drainage area of 28.5 square miles and a water supply of 155 million gallons. A second intake is located on Totier Creek upstream of the river impoundment. Storage is provided in a 250,000 gallon capacity standpipe tank located on State Route 1302 between the water treatment plant and the Town of Scottsville. The permitted capacity of this waterworks system is 250,560 gpd, limited by the treatment plant capacity. In 2007, Gannett Fleming determined the safe yield of the Totier Creek Reservoir to be 1.6 mgd. (Source: Totier Creek Reservoir Safe Yield Study, Gannett Fleming, May 2007) 22

23 23

24 2.3 Non-Agricultural Self-Supplied Users of More than 300,000 Gallons per Month of Surface Water According to records from the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, there are five nonagricultural self-supplied users of more than 300,000 per month of surface water in the region Meadowcreek Golf Course The Meadowcreek Golf Course is operated by the City of Charlottesville withdraws water from the Rivanna River during a portion of the year. No permit is associated with this withdrawal. According to DEQ records the total measured annual withdrawal in 2008 was million gallons with a maximum daily withdrawal of 234,054 gallons during the month of June. Total measured annual withdrawal in 2009 was 9.64 million gallons with a maximum daily withdrawal of 257,192 gallons during the month of September Farmington Country Club The Farmington Country Club withdraws water from Ivy Creek. No permit is associated with this withdrawal. According to DEQ records the total measured annual withdrawal in 2008 was 57.7 million gallons with a maximum daily withdrawal of 750,000 gallons during the month of July. Total measured annual withdrawal in 2009 was 33.5 million gallons with a maximum daily withdrawal of 680,000 gallons during the month of June Glenmore Country Club The Glenmore Country Club withdraws water from the Rivanna River. No permit is associated with this withdrawal. According to DEQ records the total measured annual withdrawal in 2008 was 35.3 million gallons with a maximum daily withdrawal of 46,200 gallons during the month of August. Total estimated annual withdrawal in 2009 was 16 million gallons with a maximum daily withdrawal of 375,000 gallons during the month of August Ivy Creek Golf Course The Ivy Creek Golf Course withdraws water from an unnamed tributary to Ivy Creek. No permit is associated with this withdrawal. According to DEQ records the total estimated annual withdrawal in 2008 was 480,000 gallons, with 360,000 gallons withdrawn during the month of July. No information was provided on the maximum daily withdrawal for No withdrawals were reported during Red Hill Quarry The Red Hill Quarry, operated by Martin Marietta Materials, Inc., produces granite and withdraws water from the Hardware River. No permit is associated with this withdrawal. According to DEQ records the total estimated annual withdrawal in 2008 was 480,000 gallons and the entire volume was withdrawn in the month July. The maximum daily withdrawal was 15,000 gallons. No withdrawals were reported during

25 2.4 Non-Agricultural Self-Supplied Users of More than 300,000 Gallons per Month of Groundwater According to records from the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, there are two nonagricultural self-supplied users of more than 300,000 per month of ground water in the region Red Hill Quarry The Red Hill Quarry, operated by Martin Marietta Materials, Inc., produces granite and withdraws groundwater from a lower quarry pit. No permit is associated with this withdrawal. According to DEQ records the total estimated annual withdrawal in 2008 was million gallons with a maximum daily withdrawal of 71,000 gallons during the month of June. Total estimated annual withdrawal in 2009 was million gallons with a maximum daily withdrawal of 68,000 gallons during the month of July Cooper Industries Since 1992 Cooper Industries has been operating a groundwater recovery and remediation system to treat groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The property was the site of an electrical distribution equipment manufacturing facility that began operations in The manufacturing process included stamping, grinding, welding, painting, and plating operations. Activities at the facility generated hazardous wastes and resulted in the contamination of ground water with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Groundwater is recovered from onsite wells, treated through two activated carbon units in series to remove the VOCs, and then discharged to a surface water stream, in accordance with a Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit. According to DEQ records the total estimated annual withdrawal from the groundwater recovery wells in 2008 was 3.52 million gallons. No information regarding maximum daily withdrawal was reported. The total estimated annual withdrawal in 2009 was 3.69 million gallons. A maximum daily withdrawal of 6,236 gallons was reported during the month of January. 2.5 Water Purchased or Available for Purchase Outside the Planning Area There is no groundwater or surface water purchased from outside the geographic boundaries of the planning area. There are no existing contracts or known current planning efforts to purchase water from outside the planning area. 2.6 Agricultural Users of More than 300,000 Gallons Per Month of Surface or Groundwater According to records from the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality there are no agricultural users who withdraw more than 300,000 gallons per month of surface or groundwater. 2.7 Population of Users Self Supplied by Individual Wells Withdrawing Less than 300,000 Gallons per Month The 2010 Census by the U.S. Census Bureau estimates the population of Albemarle County to be 98,970. It is assumed that the entire population of the City of Charlottesville is served by the municipal community water system. If the estimated County population of customers served by the ACSA in the Urban Area, Crozet, and Scottsville is subtracted (56,406 persons), as well as the estimated population 25

26 served by a community water system (2,611 persons), then the remaining population of 39,953 can be assumed to be self-supplied by individual wells. Estimating the number of households that rely on individual wells produces comparative results. The Albemarle Department of Community Development approximates that 43% of all households in the County rely on private wells. According to the Census Bureau, the estimated persons per household in Albemarle County were 2.34 from 2005 through Given the County population of 98,970, it is estimated that there are a total 42,295 households in the County. 43% of that total equals approximately 18,187 households that rely on individual wells within the planning area. 2.8 Findings and Recommendations from Source Water Assessment Plans or Wellhead Protection Programs According to documentation from the Virginia Department of Health, all surface and groundwater waterworks in the planning area have a High Susceptibility to contamination. The source water assessments for surface waters explain that surface waters are exposed to an inconsistent array of contaminants at varying concentrations due to changing hydrologic, hydraulic, and atmospheric conditions, and there are land use activities of concern in the assessment area. The source water assessments for groundwater explain that the groundwater source is constructed in an area that promotes the migration of contamination with land use activities of concern in the assessment area. The most prevalent land use activity of concern was the presence of on-site sewage systems. There are no formal wellhead protections programs in the planning area. 26

27 3.0 EXISTING WATER USE INFORMATION (9 VAC ) Section 80 of the regulations requests localities within the planning area to submit information regarding the existing water use. The 2010 census population for the entire planning area was 142,445 and water use for 2009 is summarized in the text below. Please note that a more detailed description of water usage within the planning area for Years 2008 and 2009 is included within the Section 80 Excel spreadsheets in Appendix A. 3.1 Municipal Community Water Systems In 2009 there were five our municipal community water systems within the planning area, as described in Section 2.0. The ACSA Red Hill system is a central well system that serves the Red Hill Elementary School and cluster of adjacent homes in Albemarle County whose individual wells were impacted by petroleum contamination from a nearby leaking underground storage tank. The ACSA Urban Area system serves those urbanized portions of Albemarle County surrounding the City of Charlottesville and some University of Virginia facilities. The City of Charlottesville system serves the independent city as well as the majority of the University of Virginia. The ACSA Crozet system serves the community of Crozet, and the ACSA Scottsville system serves the Town of Scottsville ACSA Red Hill The Red Hill system was put into service in August of 2009 and serves an estimated population of 240 persons, including the Red Hill Elementary School. The system withdrew an average of million gallons per day (mgd), with approximately mgd utilized for the Red Hill Elementary School and the remaining mgd utilized for single family residential use ACSA Urban Area The ACSA Urban Area system served an estimated population of 55,185 in The average daily withdrawal for the system was mgd, and the maximum daily withdrawal was mgd, with peak day water use occurring in the month of August. Use for 2009 is disaggregated in Table City of Charlottesville The City of Charlottesville system served an estimated population of 43,475 in The average daily withdrawal for the system was mgd, and the maximum daily withdrawal was mgd, with peak day water use occurring in the month of September. Use for 2009 is disaggregated in Table

28 Table 3-1: Disaggregated Water Use for ACSA Urban Area for 2009 Disaggregated Category Water Use (gpd) Percentage of Total Use (%) Single Family Residential 1,578, % Multi-Family Residential 928,837 22% Commercial 739,812 17% Industrial 25,212 <1% Institutional (includes Government and Medical) Irrigation (only properties with separate irrigation meters, so does not represent all irrigation) 341,888 8% 133,057 3% Non-revenue water 487,111 13% Table 3-2: Disaggregated Water Use of City of Charlottesville for 2009 Disaggregated Category Water Use (gpd) Percentage of Total Use (%) Single Family Residential 1,317,045 25% Multi-Family Residential 828,985 16% Commercial 750,222 15% Industrial 55,563 1% Institutional (includes Government and Medical) Irrigation (only properties with separate irrigation meters, so does not represent all irrigation) 1,583,758 30% 3,352 <1% Non-revenue water 590,060 13% 28

29 3.1.4 ACSA Crozet The ACSA Crozet system served an estimated population of 6,073 in The average daily withdrawal for the system was mgd, and the maximum daily withdrawal was mgd, with peak day water use occurring in the month of March. Use for 2009 is disaggregated in Table 3-3. Table 3-3: Disaggregated Water Use for ACSA Crozet Area for 2009 Disaggregated Category Water Use (gpd) Percentage of Total Use (%) Single Family Residential 262,574 67% Multi-Family Residential 18,907 5% Commercial 25,515 7% Industrial 16,736 4% Institutional (includes Government and Medical) Irrigation (only properties with separate irrigation meters, so does not represent all irrigation) 27,413 7% 6,320 2% Non-revenue water 32,774 8% ACSA Scottsville The ACSA Scottsville system served an estimated population of 689 in The average daily withdrawal for the system was mgd, and the maximum daily withdrawal was mgd, with peak day water use occurring in the month of August. Use for 2009 is disaggregated in Table Private Community Water Systems As described in Section 2.0, there are 16 additional non-municipal community water systems in the planning area which served a total approximated population of 2,371 in The size of the systems varies, and the average daily withdrawal from the systems ranged from mgd to mgd, with peak day water use occurring during the months of May through August. Two schools are served by community systems and the remaining majority of usage is assumed to be utilized by single family residences. Detailed usage data for these systems is presented in the Section 80 spreadsheet in Appendix A. 29

30 Table 3-4: Disaggregated Water Use of ACSA Scottsville Area for 2009 Disaggregated Category Water Use (gpd) Percentage of Total Use (%) Single Family Residential 17,997 23% Multi-Family Residential 1,710 2% Commercial 12,692 16% Industrial 20,839 26% Institutional (includes Government and Medical) Irrigation (only properties with separate irrigation meters, so does not represent all irrigation) 3,049 4% 0 0% Non-revenue water 22,852 29% 3.3 Non-Agricultural Self-Supplied Users of More than 300,000 Gallons per Month of Surface and Groundwater within the Service Area of Community Water Systems One self-supplied user of over 300,000 gallons per month, the Meadowcreek Golf Course, utilizes water within a service area of a community water supply. This user withdraws an estimated total annual average of mgd from the Rivanna River. 3.4 Non-Agricultural Self-Supplied Users of More than 300,000 Gallons per Month of Surface and Groundwater outside the Service Area of Community Water Systems There are five self supplied users of over 300,000 gallons per month outside of a community water supply service area. Three golf courses, one mining operation, and one groundwater remediation system withdraw an estimated total annual average of from surface and groundwater sources. 3.5 Agricultural Users of More than 300,000 Gallons Per Month of Surface or Groundwater within and outside of the Service Area of Community Water System According to records from the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality there are no agricultural users who withdraw more than 300,000 gallons per month of surface or groundwater, either within or outside of a community water supply service area. 30

31 3.6 Users Self Supplied by Individual Wells Withdrawing Less than 300,000 Gallons per Month within and outside of the Service Area of a Community Water System. An estimated total population of 39,953 is self-supplied by individual wells and withdraws an estimated mgd from groundwater. It is assumed that the entire population of the City of Charlottesville is served by the municipal community water system. It is also assumed that the populations of the ACSA Urban, Crozet, and Scottsville Areas are served by their respective water systems and that individual well users are outside of the service areas of any community water system. 31

32 4.0 EXISTING RESOURCE INFORMATION (9 VAC ) [Editor s Note: AECOM Technical Services Inc. assisted the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority in the research and presentation of some of the information in this Section 4.0] Section 90 of the regulation requests a description of existing resource conditions to include geologic, hydrologic, and meteorological conditions in the planning area. In addition, a description of existing environmental conditions must be included that pertains to, or may possibly affect instream uses, and water supply sources currently serving the area. 4.1 Geologic, Hydrologic, and Meteorological Data (9 VAC A) Physiography The majority of the planning area lies within the Piedmont physiographic province, with a small portion of northwestern Albemarle County within the Blue Ridge physiographic province. The Piedmont province extends from the fall line to the Blue Ridge Mountains and is located east of the Blue Ridge Province. The Blue Ridge province is a relatively narrow zone ranging from 4 to 25 miles wide that contains mountains of some of the highest elevations in the state. Although the majority of Albemarle County is marked by gently rolling hills that lie below 1000 feet above sea level, steep terrain and significant elevation gains of over 3000 feet are present throughout the region, including a low elevation of 235 feet and a peak elevation of 3,317 feet (Source: Ground Water Resources of Albemarle County, Virginia, 1980) Geology Hard, crystalline igneous and metamorphic formations dominate the region of Albemarle County. Beneath a thin layer of soil comprised of sapprolite deposits and weathered rock lies bedrock and a relatively impervious zone containing groundwater in joints, fractures, and faults. On the eastern flank of the Blue Ridge, igneous and metamorphic rocks are most common while sedimentary rocks are more common on the western flank. Bedrock geology in the planning area can be grouped into (4) four broad rock families on the basis of lithologic affinity. These rock families are (1) biotite gneiss and granitic rocks, (2) metamorphosed sedimentary rocks, (3) metamorphosed volcanic rocks, and (4) Mesozoic Basin sedimentary rocks. These rock families form bands that trend in a general north-eastward orientation. The most extensive rock family within the planning area includes billion-year-old biotite gneisses and granitic rock of the Blue Ridge Basement Complex. This ancient rock family forms a wide northeast trending band that extends from the toe of the Blue Ridge in the west, eastward to the central portion of the planning area; extending from Nelson County to the south and northward to Greene County. The metamorphosed sedimentary rock family consists of 650 million-year-old conglomerate, biotite gneiss, metasiltsone, metagraywacke, and phyllite. These rocks occur as part of the Lynchburg Group, Chilhowie Group, Swift Run Formation and Candler Formation. Metagraywacke, quartoze schist and mélange are also mapped along the eastern portion of the planning area and are not 32

33 included within a Formation. Metamorphosed volcanic rocks, primarily consisting of basalts, dominate the bedrock geology underlying the Blue Ridge Mountain. This bedrock family, which underlies the spine of the Blue Ridge Mountains, represents the west leg of the Blue Ridge Anticlinorium. Metamorphosed basalts also exist in a northeast trending band located in the eastern portion of the area. These rocks represent the eastern leg of the Blue Ridge Anticinorium. Mesozoic basin sedimentary rocks consist of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, and shale. Two such basins areas exist and are underlain by the Newark Supergroup. The Scottsville basin is located in the southern portion of the County and a much smaller area of the Barboursville Basin lies along the County s northern border with Orange County Soils Soils within the county are classified into three groups based on location including mountainous soils, upper piedmont soils, and lower piedmont soils. Upper and lower piedmont soils are more localized while mountainous soils are located throughout the country on the Blue Ridge Mountains, Blue Ridge mountain foothills, Carters Mountain, and the Southwestern Mountains that are located east of the City of Charlottesville. The soil in Albemarle County is generally well-drained and uniform in nature; however, differences between soil types exist. Piedmont lowland soils have the greatest depth but are the least prevalent, occupying only the eastern quarter of the county. In contrast upper piedmont and mountain soils are often highly variable in depth and strongly acidic Surface Hydrology Albemarle County is part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed and forms the headwaters for the Middle James River Basin, with the exception of a small portion of northeast Albemarle draining into the York and the Rappahannock River basins. Each major river basin (James, York, Rappahannock) contains several smaller river watersheds (e.g. the North Fork Rivanna, South Fork Rivanna, and Hardware River watershed are the components of the James River Basin) and smaller stream and creek watersheds (e.g. the Moorman s and the Mechums river drainages are components of the South Fork Rivanna River watershed) that drain the 722 square mile land area of the county. Several stream flow-gauging stations are maintained by the USGS throughout Albemarle County and the City of Charlottesville. Flow and water quality data from each station can be used to determine sustainable water withdrawal practices and monitor water quality in the county s largest contributing bodies of surface water. Up-to-date stream flow data can be accessed online at ( or in annual publications by the USGS. Table 4-1 below lists the stream flow gauging stations that are located in Albemarle County and the City of Charlottesville. 33

34 Table 4-1: Stream Flow Gauging Stations in Albemarle County and Charlottesville City Agency Site Number Site Name Hydrologic Unit Code Location NAD27 USGS James River at Scottsville, VA Lat Long USGS Mechums River near White Lat Hall, VA Long USGS Moormans River near Free Lat Union, VA USGS N F Rivanna River near Earlysville, VA Source: Long Lat Long Gage Datum NGVD ft ft ft 365 ft Previous Studies A report was prepared for the Rivanna Water and Sewer Authority by the Albemarle County Department of Engineering and Public Works in the spring of 2003 that documented the 36 year history of the South Fork Rivanna Reservoir (SFRR) and the 23 year history of active watershed management (Source: Report: South Fork Rivanna Reservoir and Watershed: Reflecting on 36 years, Anticipating 50 Years, 2003). Additionally, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality released a Draft (b)/303(d) Water Quality Assessment Integrated (WQAI) Report August 23, 2010 which was made available for public comment through September 24, The final WQAI Report was approved by EPA on February 9, The 2010 WQAI Report is a summary of the water quality conditions in Virginia from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2008 and satisfies the requirements of the U.S. Clean Water Act sections 305(b) and 303(d) and the Virginia Water Quality Monitoring, Information and Restoration Act. The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality develops and submits a Water Quality Assessment Integrated Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency every even-numbered year in response to EPA s efforts to determine whether Virginia waters meet water quality standards, and to establish a schedule to restore waters with impaired water quality. Refer to Section 4.11 Impaired Streams for more details on impaired waterways within the planning area Subsurface Hydrology and Hydrogeologic Data The most significant water supplies are found within a few hundred feet of the surface because the size and number of fractures and faults in the bedrock which store and transmit ground water decreases with depth. Groundwater availability and quality are relatively consistent across Albemarle County with water-bearing zones generally located 200 feet below the land surface in all areas of the 34

35 county. Yields range from less than 10 gpm along the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge up to an excess of 125 gpm reported at the base of the southwestern most mountains. Albemarle County ground water is not severely mineralized, because most rocks in the Blue Ridge are relatively insoluble; however, iron content of more than 0.3 mg/liter is found in some locations. Soft water is predominant in approximately half of the county and moderately hard to hard water is found elsewhere. Total dissolved solids are typically less than 150 mg/liter and no major areas of ground water contamination or documented cases of well interference have been reported other than localized underground petroleum spills (Source: Ground Water Resources of Albemarle County, Virginia, 1980). Albemarle County is not part of the Ground Water Management Areas program under the Ground Water Management Act of The diversity of the subsurface geology of the Piedmont Province can limit ground water use at some locations. A few areas have problems with high iron concentrations and acidity depending on location and based on the porosity/permeability of the underlying sapprolite. Well site evaluation and wellhead protection is critical in ensuring sustainable water sources (Source: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality). Refer to Section 4.13 Potential Threats to Existing Water Quantity and Quality for additional information on protecting groundwater sources. Steep terrain and thin soil covering result in rapid surface run-off and low ground water recharge. There has been little dense/large residential or industrial development in the Blue Ridge itself, so ground water is primarily used for individual residential needs rather than for public water supply. The lower slopes of the mountains are the most favorable areas for ground water accumulation, often producing springs that are commonly used for private water supplies. State observation wells maintained by the USGS are located throughout Virginia and can be used to monitor groundwater quantities and quality in a local area. Up-to-date well data can be accessed online at or in annual reports published by the USGS. Table 4-2 provides information on the state observation well located in Albemarle County and the City of Charlottesville. Previous Studies: The Virginia Department of Environmental Quality released a study titled Ground Water Resources of Albemarle County, Virginia (December 1980) that contained an inventory of ground water resources in Albemarle County. The report was part of a series of studies intended to inventory the ground water resources of each county in Virginia and provide all ground water users (including private citizens, developers, investors, government officials, water professionals/consultants, and well drilling contractors) with an overview of current groundwater resources. Albemarle County released a report titled Albemarle County Hydrogeologic Assessment Summary Report Phase II: Groundwater Availability and Sensitivity Assessment with Proposed Groundwater Assessment Standards (December 2003) that included a proposed assessment program for obtaining more detailed data on groundwater in Albemarle County. 35

36 Table 4-2: State Observation Well in Albemarle County, VA Map Index Site ID Site Name Well Depth Local Aquifer N 1 SOW Lynchburg Formation 43N 1 SOW 028 DESCRIPTION: Latitude 38 03'33", Longitude 78 26'48" NAD27 Albemarle County, Virginia, Hydrologic Unit Well depth: feet ; Hole depth: feet Land surface altitude: feet above NGVD29. Well completed in "Piedmont and Blue Ridge crystalline-rock aquifers" (N400PDMBRX) national aquifer. Well completed in "Lynchburg Formation" (400LCBG) local aquifer Meteorological Data The climate of Albemarle County is characterized by humid summers and mild winters and is influenced by the mountains at the county s western boundary, the Chesapeake Bay, the Atlantic Ocean, and the county s latitude within the North American continent (Source: Ground Water Resouces of Albemarle County, Virginia, 1980). Records from the National Weather Service (NWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) indicate that the average temperature for Albemarle County is approximately 36.5ºF in January and 76.75ºF in July during a recorded period from 1893 to Temperature extremes have been recorded in the county as high as 107ºF in September of 1954 and as low as -10ºF or colder in January of 1977 and The average annual precipitation is approximately inches which typically occurs in the form of rainfall. Average annual snowfall is approximately 19.4 inches, although snowfall can vary considerably from year to year by as much as 50 inches. Current climate gauging stations for Albemarle County are located in the City of Charlottesville, Monticello, and the town of Free Union. The NWS also monitors the weather at the Charlottesville- Albemarle Airport and the Albemarle County Fairgrounds. Additional historical climate data from 13 previously employed gauging stations located throughout Albemarle County can be accessed online through the NOAA National Climatic Data Center Station List ( A current monthly climate summary was available for the Charlottesville station located at 38 02'N / 78 31'W and is shown below in Table State or Federal Listed Threatened or Endangered Species or Habitats of Concern (Section 90 B.1) The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries maintains a database of information on threatened or endangered species within Virginia. Federally and state listed species within the 36

37 planning area are given below in Table 4-4 (Source: VDGIF, Fish and Wildlife Information Service, Table 4-3: Meteorological Data from Charlottesville 2W, Virginia (441593) Gauging Station Period of Record: 1/1/1893 to 12/31/2010 Average Max. Temp (F) Average Min. Temp (F) County Record Max Temp (F) County Record Min Temp (F) Avg. Total Precipitation (in.) Avg. Total SnowFall (in.) January F (2002) -10 F (1994) February F (2000) 1 F (1996) March F (1998) 10 F (1996) April F (2002) 21 F (1950) May F (1996) 33 F (1966) June F (1994) 40 F (1967) July F (1953) 49 F (1988) August F (1999) 44 F (1986) September F (1954) 35 F (1974) October F (1954) 26 F (1972) November F (1950) 10 F (1950) December F (1998) -3 F (1983) Annual N/A N/A Note: Record Min. and Max. Temperatures for Albemarle County were taken from a weather station located at the Albemarle County Fairgrounds. Table 4-4: State or Federal Listed Threatened or Endangered Species Common Name Scientific Name Status* Spinymussel, James Pleurobema collina FESE Falcon, peregrine Falco peregrines ST Sandpiper, upland Bartramia longicauda ST Shrike, loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus ST Eagle, bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus FSST Floater, green Lasmigona subviridis ST Pigtoe, Atlantic Fusconaia masoni FSST Shrike, migrant loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus migrans ST Fritillary, regal Speyeria idalia idalia FS Turtle, spotted Clemmys guttata CC Rattlesnake, timber Crotalus horridus CC * FE = Federal Endangered; FT = Federal Threatened; SE = State Endangered; ST = State Threatened; FS = Federal Species of Concern; CC = Collection Concern 37

38 4.3 Anadromous, Trout, and Other Significant Fisheries (9 VAC B.2) Anadromous Fish Use Streams The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries maintains a database on streams that are confirmed or potential migration pathways, spawing grounds, or nursery areas for anadromous fish. Anadromous fish are those species of fish that migrate to spawn in freshwater after spending most of their life in an estuary or ocean. Andromous fish of Virginia include the shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum), altantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus), blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), hickory shad (Alosa mediocris), American shad (Alosa sapidissma), white perch (Morone americana), and striped bass (Morone saxatilis) (Source: Virginia Department of Environmental Quality). VDGIF has identified the several streams in the planning area as anadromous fish use streams as shown in Table 4-5 (Source: VDGIF, Fish and Wildlife Information Service, Table 4-5: Anadromous Fish Use Streams Stream Name Rivanna River Rivanna River, NF Rivanna River, SF Hardware River Reach Status Potential Potential Potential Potential Managed Trout Streams The Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries has listed several streams in the planning area as managed trout streams as shown in Table 4-6 (Source: VDGIF, Fish and Wildlife Information Service, Table 4-6: Managed Trout Streams in Albemarle County, VA Stream Name Class Brook Trout Brown Trout Rainbow Trout Doyles River Wild Trout Y Ivy Creek Wild Trout Y Moormans River, NF Wild Trout Y Y Y Moormans River, SF Wild Trout Y Pond Ridge Branch Wild Trout Y 38

39 4.4 Scenic Rivers and Rivers with Recreational Significance (9 VAC B.3) Virginia Scenic Rivers The intent of the Virginia Scenic Rivers Program is to identify, designate, and help protect rivers and streams that exhibit scenic, recreational, historic and natural characteristics of statewide significance for future generations. Scenic rivers are designated by an act of the Virginia General Assembly and this designation encourages closer review of projects and proposals by state agencies and localities, requires General Assembly authorization for dams, and allows for project review and monitoring through a governor-appointed Virginia Scenic River Board. The Virginia Department of Conservation & Recreation has designated the following rivers as Virginia Scenic Rivers (Source: Virginia Department of Conservation & Recreation): Moormans River: 14 miles from the Sugar Hollow Reservoir to the confluence with Mechums River, originally approved in Rivanna River: 46 miles from the South Fork Rivanna River reservoir to the confluence with the James River, originally approved in 1975, designation extended in 1988 and In addition, several river reaches have been identified as being worthy of future study which include: Mechums River, entire length. Hardware River: From Rte. 708 to the confluence with the James River Refer to Figure 4-1 for location of DCR Scenic Rivers along with recreational areas and parks within Albemarle County. National Park Service Nationwide Rivers Inventory The National Park Service Nationwide Rivers Inventory provides a listing of river segments that potentially qualify as national wild, scenic, or recreational rivers. The following river segments in Albemarle County are included in the national listing (Source: US Department of the Interior, National Park Service): Hardware River: Recreation, 41 miles from the confluence with the James River to the South Fork of the Hardware River headwaters. The South Fork s headwaters are unique because it is one of the smallest canoeing streams in the area yet has the most significant rapid of any stream in the State, a 40+ foot drop in 400 yards, and is rated as a Class 5 stream. James River: 50 miles from Big Island to Gladstone railroad yard (includes portions of Buckinham, Fluvanna, Albemarle, and Nelson counties): o Geologic: Cliff-like valley walls over 300 feet high adjacent to the river. 78% of the river segment possesses significant islands, the occurence and distribution of which is unique to the section, province, and region. 39

40 o o o o Scenic: Significant and diverse juxtaposition and combination of land, land uses, water and vegetative elements. Hydrologic: A unique, high order, undeveloped river. Historic: River-related National Historic Register sites at Bremo and Midway Mill. Botanic: An extremely rare arbor vitae, disjunct-relict community growing on calcareous bluffs at the confluence of the James and Tye Rivers. Site has the only known population of Arbor vitae in either the oak-pine forest or the southeastern evergreen forest regions. Rivanna River: Botanic, 31 miles from the confluence with the James River to near the University of Virginia Airport. An excellent representative example of Piedmont Upland Hardwood Forest and Upland Pine Forest is within the corridor. 40

41 Figure 4-1: Scenic Rivers and Recreational Areas in Albemarle County, VA 41

42 4.5 Sites of Historic or Archaeological Significance (9 VAC B.4) The Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) maintains the Virginia Landmarks Register (VLR) as a part of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Published historical places in Albemarle County, VA are shown below in Table 4-7: Table 4-7: Places of Historical or Archaeological Significance in Albemarle County, VA Resource Name Address City Listed Advance Mills Jct. VA 743 and VA 641 Advance Mills 4/12/2002 Anchorage, The 1864 Anchorage Farm Charlottesville 7/13/2001 Arrowhead E side US 29, 1.5 mi. NE of jct. with VA 608 Charlottesville 7/9/1991 Aviator, The 575 Alderman Rd. Charlottesville 11/9/2006 Ballard--Maupin House 4257 Ballard's Mill Rd. Free Union 2/5/1999 Batesville Historic District Jct. of Co. Rds. 692 and 635 Batesville 12/9/1999 Bellair Cty. Rt. 708 S side, 3.8 mi. E of jct. with VA 20 Charlottesville 10/15/1992 Bellevue S side VA 692, 3500 ft. W of jct. with VA 637 Batesville 7/9/1991 Bentivar 1601 Bentivar Farm Rd. Charlottesville 4/20/2005 Birdwood 500 Birdwood Dr. Charlottesville 10/23/2003 Blenheim S of Charlottesville on VA 727 Blenheim 5/17/1976 Blue Ridge Farm Jct. of VA 691 and VA 692 Greenwood 1/25/1991 Carrsbrook VA 1424 Charlottesville 7/8/1982 Casa Maria VA 691 S of jct. with US 250 Greenwood 12/28/1990 Castle Hill NE of Cismont near jct. of VA 231 and 640 Cismont 2/23/1972 Cedars, The US 250, W of US 64 Greenwood 12/27/1990 Christ Church Glendower On VA 713, 0.4 mi. SW of jct. with VA 712 Keene 7/2/1971 Clark, George Rogers, Sculpture Monument Square, bounded by University and Jefferson Park Aves. and the railroad tracks Charlottesville 5/16/1997 Cliffside N of Scottsville on VA 6 Scottsville 9/16/1982 Clifton VA 729 at Rivanna River Shadwell 11/2/1989 Cobham Park S of VA 22 Cobham 7/18/1974 Cocke's Mill House and Mill Site VA 712 N of jct. with VA 719 North Garden 12/6/1990 Cove Presbyterian Church US 29, N of VA 699 Covesville 11/2/

43 Resource Name Address City Listed Covesville Historic District Roughly along RR tracks, US 29, Covesville Ln. & Boaz Rd. Covesville 6/2/2005 Crossroads Tavern VA 692 Crossroads 8/16/1984 D. S. Tavern U.S. 250 Ivy 9/29/1983 Earlysville Union Church VA 743, NW of jct. with VA 633 Earlysville 12/11/1997 East Belmont Jct. of VA 22 and VA 616 Keswick 8/2/1999 Edgehill N of Shadwell on VA 22 Shadwell 9/9/1982 Edgemont SE of Colesville on VA 712 Covesville 11/28/1980 Ednam House US 250 Ednam 7/8/1982 Emmanuel Church US 250 Greenwood 7/8/1982 Esmont N of Esmont Esmont 5/6/1980 Estes Farm 6185 Estes Ln. Dyke 5/17/2006 Estouteville SE of Powell Corner off VA 712 Powell Corner 1/30/1978 Farmington W of jct. of U.S. 250 and U.S. 29 Charlottesville 9/15/1970 Faulkner House 2201 Old Ivy Rd. Charlottesville 5/3/1984 Gallison Hall 24 Farmington Dr. Charlottesville 12/28/1990 Grace Church NE of Cismont on VA 231 Cismont 10/21/1976 Guthrie Hall N of Esmont on VA 719 Esmont 9/23/1982 High Meadows Off VA 20 Scottsville 5/30/1986 Highland SE of Charlottesville off VA 53 Simeon 8/14/1973 Home Tract 699 Ivy Depot Rd. Ivy 12/9/1999 Limestone 4401 Limestone Rd. Keswick 5/10/2006 Longwood N side of VA 665, jct. with VA 663 and VA 664 Earlysville 10/18/1996 Malvern VA 708 W side, 1250 ft. N of jct. with VA 637 Charlottesville 8/4/1995 McCormick, Leander, Observatory 600 McCormick Rd. Charlottesville 11/19/2004 Midway SE of Millington off VA 678 Millington 2/28/1979 Miller School of Albemarle SE of Yancey Mills off VA 635 Yancey Mills 2/15/1974 Mirador U.S. 250 Greenwood 4/7/1983 Mirador (Boundary Increase) 7459 Mirador Farm Rd. Greenwood 5/22/2003 Monticello 2 mi. S of Charlottesville on VA 53 Charlottesville 10/15/1966 Monticola SR 602 N of jct. with SR 724 Howardsville 6/22/1990 Morven W of Simeon off VA 20 Simeon 4/24/1973 Mount Fair Jct. of VA 673 and VA 810 Browns Cove 12/28/1990 Mount Ida East of VA 795, about 4 mi. N of Scottsville Scottsville 4/27/

44 Resource Name Address City Listed Mount Walla 604 Poplar Springs Rd. Scottsville 11/22/2000 Mountain Grove NW of Esmont on VA 717 Esmont 9/8/1980 Piedmont Jct. of I-64 and VA 691 Greenwood 2/1/1991 Pine Knot VA 712 Glendower 2/1/1989 Plain Dealing E of Keene Keene 5/6/1980 Proffit Historic District Roughly the area around the jct. of Southern RR tracks and VA 649 Proffit 2/5/1999 Ramsay 7760 Rockfish Gap Turnpike Greenwood 3/10/2005 Red Hills 2051 Polo Grounds Rd. Charlottesville 2/13/1998 Redlands Jct. of Rtes. 708 and 627 Covesville 11/12/1969 Scottsville Historic District VA 6 Scottsville 7/30/1976 Scottsville Historic District (Boundary Increase) Seven Oaks Farm and Roughly bounded bb the James River, Town Limit, the Riverview and Mount Walla, Oakwood and Cliffside, and Chester Scottsville 2/11/2004 Black's Tavern US 250, W of US 64 Greenwood 12/26/1989 Shack Mountain 2 mi. NNW of Charlottesville near jct. of VA 657 and 743 Charlottesville 9/1/1976 Skyline Drive Historic District Shenandoah National Park, from the N entrance station at Front Royal to the S entrance station at Rockfish Gap Luray 4/28/1997 Southwest Mountains Rural Historic District Roughly bounded by I-64, VA 20, Orange Co. line and C &O RR tracks Keswick 2/27/1992 Spring Hill VA 637 and 786 Ivy 11/21/1983 Sunny Bank NE of Covesville, W of jct. of VA 712 and VA 631 South Garden 12/12/1976 Sunnyfields VA 53 W side at jct. with VA 732 Simeon 6/10/1993 The Rectory Jct. of VA 712 and VA 713 Keene 11/7/1991 Walker House VA 627 S of jct. with VA 726 Warren 12/28/1990 West Cote Off VA 602 and VA 626 Howardsville 1/24/2002 Woodburn Address Restricted Charlottesville 1/28/2000 Woodlands VA 676 Charlottesville (Independent City) 11/2/1989 Woodstock Hall Tavern VA 637 Ivy 1/29/

45 Published historical places in the City of Charlottesville, VA are shown below in Table 4-8: Table 4-8: Places of Historical or Archaeological Significance in Charlottesville, VA Resource Name Address City Listed Abell-Gleason House 521 N. First Street Charlottesville 02/16/2002 Albemarle County Courthouse Historic District Courthouse Square and surrounding properties Charlottesville 06/30/1972 Anderson Brothers Building University Ave. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Armstrong Knitting Factory 700 Harris St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Barringer Mansion 1404 Jefferson Park Ave. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Belmont 759 Belmont Ave. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Carter-Gilmer House 802 E. Jefferson St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Charlottesville and Albemarle County Courthouse Roughly bounded by Park, Water, Saxton, and Main Sts. Charlottesville 07/28/1982 Dabney-Thompson House 1602 Gordon Ave. Charlottesvill 01/10/1984 Delevan Baptist Church 632 W. Main St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Enderly 603 Watson Ave. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Ficklin-Crawford Cottage 1200 Carlton Ave. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Fifeville and Tonsler Neighborhoods Historic District Bounded by Cherry Ave, to the S., the railway to the N., 4 th St., SW to the E., and Spring St., to the W. Charlottesville 06/18/2009 Four Acres 1314 Rugby Rd. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Gardner-Mays Cottage 1022 Grove St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Hard Bargain 1105 Park St. Charlottesville 01/10/

46 Resource Name Address City Listed Holt, Charles B., House 1010 Preston Ave. Charlottesville 04/14/2006 Hotel Gleason/Albemarle Hote, Imperial Café W. Main St. Charlottesville 08/10/1983 House at Pireus 302 Riverside Ave. Charlottesville 08/10/1983 Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, Sculpture Jackson Park, bounded by High, Jefferson, and 4 th Sts., and Albemarle Co. Courthouse Charlottesville 05/16/1997 Jefferson School, Carver Recreation Center, and School Site 233 Fourth St., NW Charlottesville 02/15/2006 Jefferson, Martha, Historic District Includes parts of Lexington, Locust & Grove Aves., & E. High, Maple, Sycamore, Poplar & Hazel Sts. Charlottesville 02/21/2008 King Lumber Company Warehouse 608 Preston Ave. Charlottesville 08/10/1983 King-Runkle House th St., NW Charlottesville 08/10/1983 Lee, Rober Edward, Sculpture Lee Park, bounded by Market, Jefferson, 1 st and 2 nd Sts., NE Charlottesville 05/16/1997 Lewis Farm 1201 Jefferson St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Lewis, Meriwether and William Clark, Sculpture Jct. of Ridge and W. Main Sts., and McIntire Rd. Charlottesville 05/16/1997 Locust Grove 810 Locust Ave. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Marshall-Rucker-Smith House 620 Park St. Charlottesville 06/25/1999 McConnel-Neve House th St., NW Charlottesville 08/10/1983 McGuffey, William H., Primary School nd St., NW Charlottesville 12/23/2009 Memorial Gymnasium 210 S. Emmett St. Charlottesville 12/04/2004 Monroe Hill 252 and 256 McCormick Rd. Charlottesville 06/02/

47 Resource Name Address City Listed Montebello 1700 Stadium Rd. Charlottesville 10/23/2003 Morea Sprigg Lane Charlottesville 05/03/1984 Mount Zion Baptist Church 105 Ridge St. Charlottesville 10/15/1992 Oak Lawn Cherry Ave. and 9 th St. Charlottesville 05/25/1973 Oakhurst-Gildersleeve Neighborhood Historic District Oakhurst Circle, Gildersleeve Wood, Valley Rd., Valley Circle, and part of Maywood Ln., and Jefferson Park Ave. Charlottesville 03/25/2009 Patton Mansion 1018 W. Main St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Paxton Place 503 W. Main St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Peyton-Ellinton Building 711 W. Main St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Piereus Store 1901 E. Market St. Charlottesville 08/10/1983 Pitts-Inge W. Main St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Preston Court Apartments 1600 Grady Ave. Charlottesville 10/29/2007 Recoleta 120 Rothery Rd. Charlottesville 08/11/2004 Ridge Street Historic District Ridge St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Robertson, Judge William J., House 705 Park St. Charlottesville 12/22/1999 Rose Cottage/Peyton House 800 Delevan St. Charlottesville 08/10/1983 Rotunda, University of Virginia University of Virginia Charlottesville 10/15/1966 Rugby Road-University Corner Historic District Roughly bounded by University Ave., Wayside Pl., 14 th St., and US 29 Charlottesville 02/16/1984 Stonefield 1204 Rugby Rd. Charlottesville 01/10/

48 Resource Name Address City Listed Sunnyside 2150 Barracks Rd. Charlottesville 10/23/2003 Timberlake-Branham House 1512 E. Market St. Charlottesville 01/10/1984 Tonsler, Benjamin, House th St. Charlottesville 08/10/1983 Turner-LaRowe House 1 University Court Charlottesville 08/10/1983 University of Virginia Historic District Bounded by University and Jefferson Park Aves., and Hospital and McCormick Rds. Charlottesville 11/20/1970 Updike, Robert L., House 620 Prospect Ave. Charlottesville 08/10/1983 Vowles, John, House W. Main St. Charlottesville 11/02/1989 Wertland Street Historic District Wertland St. between 10 th and 14 th Sts. Charlottesville 02/14/1985 White Cross-Huntley Hall 152 Stribling Ave. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Woolen Mills Chapel 1819 E. Market St. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Woolen Mills Village Historic District Parks of Chesapeake, Market, and other sts., in Charlottesville; parts of Pireus Row and Marchant Charlottesville 04/12/2010 Wynhurst 605 Preston Pl. Charlottesville 10/21/1982 Young Building 1102 Carlton Ave. Charlottesville 10/21/ Unusual Geologic Formations and Special Soil Types (9 VAC B.5) Albemarle County has a unique hydrogeology that is characterized by fractured-bedrock and abrupt changes in topography that leads to inconsistent yields and difficulties in monitoring groundwater resources at depths greater than 200 feet (Source: Developing a Groundwater Monitoring System for Albemarle County, Virginia, 2008). Although groundwater for domestic purposes is consistently available throughout the county, water intensive industrial or commercial development may be affected by localized or non-continuous aquifers associated with unique subsurface geological characteristics existing throughout Albemarle County. 48

49 The crystalline bedrock of Albemarle County can be divided into four hydrogeologic classifications including cataclastic and metasedimentary rocks, metasedimentary and sedimentary rocks, metavolcanic rocks, and igneous and metasedimentary rocks. Groundwater within metavolcanic rocks comprising the Catoctin Formation is generally more accessible than the metasedimarnary rocks that are located in the eastern part of the county. Water bearing fractures in the eastern portion of the country do not typically extend beyond 200 feet below the ground surface. The bedrock in Albemarle County is unusually dense and subsurface water is typically only stored in fractures. One benefit to this unique feature is that fracture-trace mapping is highly effective. Fracturetracing is a groundwater modeling and tracking method that uses surface features to identity areas where groundwater yields are high. Although fracture-tracing is not typically required for single family dwellings, it should be considered in the development of industrial or commercial plans or large future residential developments. According to the U.S. Department of the Interior, wells located by the fracture tracing method consistently produce yields up to 50 times the average water production from when compared to a well placed without fracture tracing in the same rock type (Source: Ground Water Resources of Albemarle County, Virginia, 1980). For more information on the geology of Albemarle County, see Section 4.1 Geologic, Hydrologic, and Meteorological Data. 4.7 Wetlands (9 VAC B.6) Wetlands are defined under the Clean Water Act Section 404 as areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Palustrine or non-tidal wetlands are commonly located within floodplains and depressions that collect sufficient amounts of surface or groundwater. Common definitive wetlands are swamps, marshes, and wet meadows. Wetlands serve a fundamental role within the ecology of an area. Wetlands provide mass volumes of food for many species and are considered breeding grounds for waterfowl. Wetlands also serve as a natural filter for various wastes and sediment from excessive runoff from substantial rainfalls or flooding. Under the 1987 United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Wetland Delineation Manual, a wetland is graded on three criteria: Hydrology, Vegetation and Soils. The National Wetland Inventory (NWI) is serviced by the United States Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS), and serves as the principal federal agency to provide documentation of largely known wetlands within the United States. However, not all wetlands are documented through the NWI and a site specific wetland survey would usually need to be conducted to examine the three core criteria for wetlands. Wetlands are regulated under the Clean Water Act 401/404 and require Federal/State consultation and approval if impacts were to occur within wetlands. Wetlands within Albemarle County are mostly located within existing floodplains of perennial streams or naturally occurring drainages. The types of wetlands and representative totals for the planning area are given in Table 4-9 and located as shown in Figure

50 Table 4-9: Wetlands in Albemarle County, VA Wetland Type Total (acres) Freshwater Emergent Wetland Freshwater Forest/Shrub Wetland Freshwater Pond Lake Riverine Other

51 Figure 4-2: Wetlands in Albemarle County, VA 51

52 4.8 Riparian Buffers and Conservation Easements (9 VAC B.7) Riparian Buffers Riparian buffers are designated vegetated areas placed adjacent to bodies of water that are susceptible to nonpoint source pollution, bank erosion, and loss of aquatic and wildlife habitat. Buffers with nearly any type of vegetation are beneficial; however, the most effective buffers are composed of large trees with substantial underlying growth of shrubs and grasses. Maintenance of buffers is critical to ensuring maximum effectiveness. Buffer integrity should be protected against soil compaction, loss of vegetation, and stream incision. A well established 100 foot wide riparian buffer can provide up to a 75% reduction in sediment run-off and a 80% reduction in nutrients (Source: Riparian Buffer Width, Vegetative Cover, and Nitrogen Removal Effectiveness: A Review of Current Science and Regulations, US EPA, 2005). In recognition of the water quality benefits provided by forested riparian buffers, in 1998, Albemarle County adopted a Water Protection Ordinance that incorporates the riparian buffer component of the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act. The County requires a 100-foot buffer on both sides of all perennial streams in the County, and a 100-foot buffer on both sides of intermittent streams within subwatersheds draining to a drinking water supply. In addition, the County requires a 200-foot buffer around drinking water reservoirs. The Water Protection Ordinance requires that the target vegetative cover in the riparian buffer will be an indigenous riparian forest with ground cover, shrub, and tree canopy layers. An approximate number of stream miles in the County that require a buffer is 1,469 miles. The City of Charlottesville has also adopted a Water Protection Ordinance which requires a 100-foot buffer on both sides of the Rivanna River, Moore s Creek, and Meadow Creek, for the purposes of retarding runoff, preventing erosion, and filtering non-point source pollution from runoff. The City of Charlottesville Water Protection Ordinance requires that the target vegetative cover in the riparian buffer be an indigenous riparian forest with ground cover, shrub, and tree canopy layors, similar to the requirement for Albemarle County Conservation and Land Easements A conservation easement is a voluntary legal agreement between a private landowner and a qualified land trust or government for the purpose of conservation. Easements provide permanent limits to the uses of the land in order to protect ecological, historical, or scenic resources. Easements can also provide financial benefits in the form of income tax deductions for owners of significant property who give up certain rights of ownership to preserve their land or buildings for future generations. According to the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, there are approximately 84,000 acres of conservation easements in Albemarle County under numerous holders as shown in Table 4-10 and Figure

53 Figure 4-3: Conservation Easements in Albemarle County, VA 53

54 Table 4-10: Conservation and Land Easements in Albemarle County, VA Holder Total (acres) Albemarle County 13, Piedmont Environment Council The Nature Conversancy 6, Thomas Jefferson SWCD US Forest Service US National Park Service 6.24 VA Dept of Conservation and Recreation VA Dept of Historical Resources 1, VA Outdoors Foundation 62, Total 84, Land Use and Land Coverage (9 VAC B.8) Land coverage in Albemarle county is undeveloped-rural to semi-rural development with occasional areas of sprawling suburban residential to urban development. Over three quarters of county land area remains forested, with an additional 20 percent of the county land devoted to farming or pasture land. The remaining county land comprised of low intensity residential development and commercial and industrial development is almost completely isolated to within the City of Charlottesville and along Highway I-64. Additional smaller pockets of dense or industrial development also exist in select towns throughout other parts of the county. Conservation of rural land has preserved close to 84,000 acres of Albemarle County through easements held by legislation or organizations such as the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, and The Nature Conservancy. Numerous historical sites are also preserved through similar holdings and preservation acts. Estimated land coverage in Albemarle County was determined by using the Virginia Gazetter Searchable Database provided by the University of Virginia as shown in Table 4-11, Table 4-12, and Figure 4-4: Table 4-11: Land Use and Land Coverage for Albemarle County, VA Land Cover Type Percent Pasture/Hay 21.7 Row Crops 0.9 Open Water 0.7 Low Intensity Residential 2.1 Commercial/Industrial/Transportation 0.6 Transitional 0.8 Deciduous Forest 45.3 Evergreen Forest 8.3 Mixed Forest

55 Table 4-12: Land Use and Coverage for the City of Charlottesville, VA Land Cover Type Percent Pasture/Hay 3.9 Open Water 0.5 Low Intensity Residential 44.4 Urban/Recreational Grasses 0.5 Commercial/Industrial/Transportation 9.6 Transitional 0.9 Deciduous Forest 12.6 Evergreen Forest 9.8 Mixed Forest 17.4 Total impervious area for Albemarle County is approximately 3.5 percent of the total land area. Impervious area is the sum of the percentages of Low Intensity Residential, Commercial/Industrial/Transportation, and Transistional land cover. The majority of the impervious area within the planning area is centered on the City of Charlottesville, along the I-64 corridor, and within the other selected towns and communities distributed throughout the planning area. Impervious area within the City of Charlottesville is approximately 54.9 percent. Albemarle County is responsible for zoning laws and planned development. Future development is expected to be concentrated within the area surrounding Charlottesville and the area directly adjacent to highway I-64. Increased development within these corridors could impact water quality by replacing natural or lightly developed land with impervious surfaces or industry. Sprawling development should be contained to planned areas that will prevent the excessive elimination of pristine forests or pastureland. See Section 4.12 Other Potential Threats to Existing Water Quantity and Quality for additional details on water quality impacts resulting from development. 55

56 Figure 4-4: Land Use and Cover in Albemarle County, VA 56