OPTIMIZING SOIL-POLYACRYLAMIDE INTERACTIONS FOR EROSION CONTROL AT CONSTRUCTION SITES
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1 OPTIMIZING SOIL-POLYACRYLAMIDE INTERACTIONS FOR EROSION CONTROL AT CONSTRUCTION SITES Jihoon Kang* Rich McLaughlin Department of Soil Science North Carolina State University 2 OUTLINE FOR TODAY Turbid water in our waterways Construction site: erosion and sediment controls Rainfall simulation study (excelsior blanket and polyacrylamide) Summary and Conclusions 1
2 3 A RESERVOIR IN CENTRAL CHINA (XIAOLANGDI DAM) China's Xinhua News Agency, 4 CONNECTICUT RIVER STORM EVENT (HURRICANE IRENE, 2011) NASA Earth Observatory image by Robert Simmon 2
3 5 EROSION RATE IS THE HIGHEST IN CONSTRUCTION SITES 6 EROSION CONTROL BEGINS WITH 3
4 SILT FENCE 7 8 CHECK DAMS.. 4
5 9 LAST STEP: POOL AND SETTLE IMPROVEMENT FROM SURFACE OUTLET/POROUS BAFFLES May increase sediment capture from 60% to 90+%. Turbidity will still be an issue. 10 5
6 11 WHAT TO DO ABOUT TURBIDITY? Photo Credit: Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research, USDA-ARS. 14 POPULAR IN THE NORTHWEST Well-established practice in irrigated agriculture 6
7 15 PAM AS A SOIL STABILIZER Reduce soil dispersion and improve wet aggregate stability. Improve infiltration and reduce erosion. Sojka and Lentz (1997), PAM Primer: A Brief history of PAM and PAM-related issue. 16 POPULAR IN THE NORTHWEST 7
8 17 PAM PRODUCTS Powder Solid Block Tablet Emulsion 18 VISCOSITY OF DISSOLVED PAM Water at 20 C -> centipose (CP) Concentration Superfloc A150 (CPS) 0.10 % (1000 ppm) % (2500 ppm) % (5000 ppm) 900 Honey 2000 CPS 8
9 19 BASIC PROCEDURES FOR THE PAM APPLICATION Apply polyacrylamide either as granule or aqueous concentrate (>30 kg/ha recommended) Cover up the bare soil (erosion control blanket, straw, hydromulch) 20 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Determine water quality benefits (sediment loss and turbidity) between granule and dissolved PAM when applied at the same rate (30 kg ha -1 ) with erosion control blanket? What about particle size in eroded sediments? Determine the loss of the applied PAM by runoff. 9
10 21 RUNOFF BOX TEST 1) No cover + No PAM (Bare soil) 2) Cover + No PAM (b) 3) Cover + Granular PAM (GPAM) 4) Cover + Dissolved PAM (DPAM) 30 kg/ha = 27 lb/ac Simulated heavy rainfall (9.7 cm/h 4 in/h) Consisted two rainfall events (50 min and 20 min) with a 30-min break between. Rainwater collection tank Rainfall nozzle Wind blocker 10
11 23 RUNOFF WATER QUALITY During Rainfall No Cover + No PAM Cover + DPAM Cover + GPAM Cover + No PAM 24 TURBIDITY No runoff Event 1 Rest period Event 2 11
12 25 Cumulative Sediment Loss (kg ha -1 ) No cover + No PAM Cover + No PAM Bare soil SEDIMENT LOSS y = x r ² = 0.99*** Cover only y = x r ² = 0.99*** (a) Cumulative Runoff (mm) Cumulative Sediment Loss (kg ha -1 ) Cover + GPAM Cover + DPAM Cover + Granular PAM y = 4.44x r ² = 0.96*** y = 9.08x r ² = 0.99*** (b) Cover + Dissolved PAM Cumulative Runoff (mm) 26 DPAM GPAM 12
13 27 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Determine water quality benefits (sediment loss and turbidity) between granule and dissolved PAM when applied at the same rate (30with erosion control blanket? What about particle size in eroded sediments? Determine the loss of the applied PAM by runoff. 28 DETERMINING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION Determines volumetric particle size distribution by measuring light scattering by particles in the sample. Detection range between 0.04 µm and 2 mm 13
14 29 TURBIDITY VS. PARTICLE SIZE No cover + No PAM Cover + No PAM Cover + GPAM Cover + DPAM Turbidity (NTU) y = 105,073x -1.5 r ² = 0.80*** D 50 (µm) Kang et al. (2014). Performance of Erosion Control Blanket and Polyacrylamide Under Simulated Rainfall. Journal of Environmental Quality (in review). 30 RESEARCH QUESTIONS Determine water quality benefits (sediment loss and turbidity) between granule and dissolved PAM when applied at the same rate (30with erosion control blanket? What about particle size in eroded sediments? Determine the loss of the applied PAM by runoff. 14
15 31 PAM LOSS BY RUNOFF 7 6 Cover + GPAM Cover + DPAM Cumulative PAM Loss (kg ha -1 ) mg/l y = 0.14x r ² = 0.99*** y = 0.94x r ² = 0.98*** Cumulative Runoff (cm) 1.3 mg/l 32 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Overall both PAM forms were effective enough in improving runoff water quality. Dissolved PAM applied one day before rainfall was effective in maintaining soil surface structure (thereby less runoff). Eroded sediment with the PAM treatment had lower turbidity and increased particle size ranges. PAM loss was minimal with the dissolved PAM. 15
16 33 QUESTIONS? Jihoon Kang 16
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