Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Moving Target

Transcription

1 Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Moving Target Jeffrey R. Brook Environment and Climate Change Canada University of Toronto Health Effects Institute 2018 Annual Conference Chicago

2 A Target that moves in time and space On multiple scales Page 2 9 mai 2018

3 Black carbon trend last half century 1950s 1963 Clean Air Act 1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Control Act (1968) 1970 Clean Air Act 2000s Kirchstetter et al, Atmos Environ (AE), 2017

4 Long-Term Trend in Black Carbon in Canadian Cities Clean Air Act stationary (industrial) and mobile sources Catalytic Converters Canada-US Air Quality Agreement Cleaner fuels Cleaner Power Plants (US) 2007 Vehicle inspection 2010 Diesel EC Elemental Carbon (blackness) on fine particles (PM 2.5 ) Page 4 9 mai 2018 Courtesy of NAPS (D. Johnson) EC = elemental carbon COH = coefficient of haze

5 Mobile labs can bring much detail Resolve the spatial pattern in the urban background concentrations Within and between neighborhood/grid variations Isolate local hotspots, survey unmonitored areas local hot spots (traffic, industrial, burning, etc.) CRUISER Contribution from the urban area Contribution from surrounding region Long-range transport Page 5 9 mai 2018

6 Recent Mixtures (Montréal 2009) NO 2 PNC BC Summer Winter Levy et al. Environ Health Perspect 2014 Page 6 9 mai 2018 NO 2 = nitrogen dioxide PNC = Particle number concentration BC = black carbon UFP = ultrafine particles

7 Mixtures today (Toronto, ) On-road plume-based emission factors of unmeasured species NO 2 Black Carbon Ultrafine particles Benzene Isocyanic acid Hydrogen Cyanide Wren et al, Atmos Chem & Physics, submitted

8 Benzene at Intermodal Freight Hubs Lake Ontario Toronto and region covered by CRUISER W E th Percentile 50th Percentile Mean 5th Percentile Air pollution coming in A local hotspot Benzene (ppb) Page 8 9 mai 2018 Joe et al., Bul Am. Met Soc., 2018

9 California Goods Movement Policy NO 2 :1.3 ppb 21 ppb NO x :10.2 ppb 5 ppb 5 ppb 12 ppb 4 ppb 10 ppb vs. control areas Su et Page al. ES&T 9 9 mai

10 Effect of DPF on Vascular Function Lucking Page 10 et 9 al., mai 2018 Circulation, 2011 DPF = diesel particulate filter

11 Toronto and Vancouver Near Road Network 400,000 AADT NAPS 60430: 167 m 401 NR Station <10 m Port Page 11 9 mai 2018 AADT = annual average daily traffic NR = near-road NAPS = National Air Pollution Surveillance

12 Vancouver Toronto NO and NO 2 Near Road Site Comparisons Data courtesy Page of NAPs 12 9 mai (D Herod et al.)

13 Vancouver Toronto Black Carbon Near Road Site Comparisons BC (µg/m 3 ) Near road Local background Clark (Vancouver) 401 (Toronto) NR-TOR-1 Weekday NR-VAN Weekday NR-TOR-1 Weekend NR-VAN Weekend Data courtesy Page of NAPs 13 9 mai (D Herod et al.)

14 Toronto and Vancouver Near Rd Network 400,000 AADT NAPS 60430: 167 m 401 NR Station <10 m Port Page 14 9 mai 2018 AADT = annual average daily traffic NR = near-road NAPS = National Air Pollution Surveillance

15 U.S. Near-road network observations AADT Range of traffic counts (x10 3 ) Range of monitoring site distances to road 2-50 m DeWinter et Page al. Atmos mai Env AADT = annual average daily traffic

16 Exposure vs. fleet characteristics Jon Wang, U Toronto Page 16 9 mai PhD 2018 Thesis 2018

17 Comparison of ozone is one example of how the mixtures can be different Data courtesy Page of NAPs 17 9 mai (D Herod et al.) NR = near-road NAPS = National Air Pollution Surveillance

18 Near-road changes PM 2.5 composition Zhang et Page al., 18 Atmos. 9 mai 2018 Env. 2016

19 Nature of traffic particles changing (QD) 34 m 285 m SVOC: 0.7 µg/m 3 EC: 0.5 µg/m 3 (Q) SVOC = semi-volatile organic compounds EC = elemental carbon SW wind = wind from southwest NW wind = wind from northwest SW wind NW wind Zhang et Page al., 19 Atmos. 9 mai 2018 Env. 2016

20 Tailpipe PM 2.5 and NO 2 % increase in BC same as HOA NO2 = nitrogen dioxide CO = carbon monoxide HOA = hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol PM25 = PM 2.5 = particulate matter <2.5 micrometers in diameter BC = black carbon Levy Page et 20 al. 9 ACP mai

21 Changing Gasoline Engine (GDI) Technology near term Emission factor (μg C/km) Emission factor (μg C/km) EC EC OC IM NI En IM NI En IM NI En FTP-75 FTP-72 US06 OC IM NI En IM NI En IM NI En FTP-75 FTP-72 US06 Port-fuel Injected Volvo S40 GDI Hyundai Sonata Emission factor (μg C/km) EC OC IM NI En IM NI En IM NI En FTP-75 FTP-72 US06 Page 21 9 mai 2018 Zhang et al. (in prep.) GDI+GPF Hyundai Sonata GDI = Gasoline direct injection GPF = Gasoline particulate filter

22 Very Near Road Evolution in Particles GDI Ford Focus Zimmerman Page 22 et 9 mai al ES&T 2016 GDI = Gasoline direct injection

23 Changing nature of the mixture with Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Zimmerman Page 23 et 9 mai al ES&T 2016

24 Longer term changes in the mixture [X] Years Page 24 9 mai 2018

25 Closing Remarks Although considerable similarity in the major pollutants in TRAP there is potential for large diversity in the details in the exposures attributed to simple indicators Given the inherent limitations in epidemiological studies, especially variations in precision in determining individual exposures, are there novel study designs remaining to be attempted to capitalize on TRAP mixture variability to gain new insight? What types of insight are most-needed to inform policy and other measures to reduce risk? In light of the fleet on/off roads today Page 25 9 mai 2018 TRAP = traffic-related air pollution

26 Acknowledgements THANK YOU S. Wren, D. Herod, D. Johnson, J. Liggio, J. Wentzell, R. L. Mittermeier, K. Hayden, G. Lu, E. Seed NO 2 Page 26 9 mai 2018