Promotion of Point of Use (POU) Drinking Water Treatment Options Initiatives in Nepal

Transcription

1 Promotion of Point of Use (POU) Drinking Water Treatment Options Initiatives in Nepal National Conference on Household Drinking Water Management Organized by: Ministry of Health-Republic of Indonesia August 2008 Jakarta, Indonesia Biju Dangol Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO)

2 Drinking Water Supply Coverage in Nepal While we rush to meet coverage targets, we often forget water quality

3 National Drinking Water Quality Standards June : Standards formulated by government 6 physical parameters 19 chemical parameters 2 microbial parameters (E. coli & Total Coliform)

4 Implementation Schedule 1 st Phase (first five years) All existing larger urban systems All new urban water supply systems Urban water supply provider, private industry and health care institutions Regulatory aspect: Need to prepare water quality improvement plan by 1 year 2 nd Phase (5 to 10 years) Within first three years all district headquarters have to comply All rural community based water supply systems (16 parameters)

5 National Drinking Water Quality Steering Committee Chaired by Joint Secretary of Ministry of Physical Planning and Works; 17 members from various Government agencies, UN agencies and I/NGOs; Recently formed by dissolving/merging previous National Arsenic Steering Committee

6 Water Quality in Gravity Flow Schemes Fecal Coliform in Gravity Flow Water Supply Schemes in Nepal Most schemes do not have any treatment system % of Samples Chemical parameters are normally within WHO guideline values Fecal coliform problem in majority of the schemes. 0 A B C D Contamination level A: No Risk (FC count: 0/100 ml) B: Low Risk (FC: 1-10 / ml) C: High Risk (FC: / ml) D: Very High Risk (FC: /ml) Source: RWSSFDB, 2001

7 Ground Water Quality in Terai Microbial ENPHO/NRCS conducted P/A test in 14,394 samples & found 47 % to be contaminated Arsenic Total tested wells: 11,20,912 Above 50 ppb: 20,243 (1.8%) Iron 1260 samples analyzed by ENPHO/NRCS, RWSSFDB, DWSS/UNICEF 33 % very high (>5 mg/l) 20 % within WHO GV (0.3 mg/l) Fluoride 682 samples tested by UMN in % < 0.3 mg/l 70 % <0.1 mg/l

8 Source: ENPHO/NGO Forum, 2005

9 Microbial Contamination in 11 Cities Percent contaminated Total Coliform E. Coli Source Reservoir Tap Water Source Source: ENPHO, 2007 Total Coliforms ranged from 0-2,480 cfu/100 ml and E. coli from 0-1,860 cfu/100 ml which indicates medium to high risk

10 Sad but true Every year in Nepal 13,000 under 5 children die due to waterborne diseases

11 Perceived Problem with Water Quality percentage No problem Turbid Dirty (sand or mud) Insects in water Bad smell Arsenic Others Source: UNICEF/AED, Samples from 4 districts (Dang, Kapilbastu, Parsa, Panchthar)

12 ENPHO Introduction Established in 1990 as a Non-Profit Organization 73 Members & 40 Staff Mission Develop and Promote Appropriate Technologies to Enable Communities become eco-friendly

13 Point of Use water Treatment Campaign Objective: Reduce under-5 morbidity and mortality through: Coordinated communication & social mobilization campaign to promote POU options Ensure availability of affordable POU options Technological Options Boiling Filters SODIS Chlorination

14 Activities Capacity Building Orientation at all levels TOT at frontline workers Promotion Mass communication Interpersonal communication POU options in schools Product Availability Product improvement Strengthen supply chain through PSP Advocacy National POU sub committee Institutionalization

15 3D Approach for POU promotion Development through Research Demonstration Dissemination

16 Development through Research

17 Research: 1994: Research and developed 0.5% chlorine solution Piyush ; 2001: Conducted research on effectiveness of SODIS with support of EAWAG/SANDEC, UNICEF/DWSS; 2003: Several research and studies performed in collaboration with MIT Kanchan TM Arsenic Filter (KAF) for arsenic removal developed;

18 Research: SOLVATTEN SOLVATTEN: rectangular thin portable plastic container with 6 L capacity to treat drinking water using sunlight; Technology developed by SOLVATTEN AB, Sweden. Research funded by UN HABITAT; Objective: To assess effectiveness of SOLVATTEN in different elevations & temperatures under different climatic conditions Key findings: o Normally 100% bacterial removal was found in >/= 50 c with an exposure time between 3-5 hours under full sunny day o Unsatisfactory results during rainy days Technology demonstration/piloting at selected communities will be conducted soon

19 Research: Water Pasteurization through Improved Cooked Stoves (WAPIC) WAPIC modified version of chulli with pasteurization tube attached to improved cooked stoves Addresses two main causes of under 5 mortality and morbidity ARI & diarrhea A system installed at ENPHO to test: Correlation between flow rate & water temperature Coliform in raw and treated water Indoor air quality monitoring Stove efficiency Testing at field level will be conducted Inlet Outlet Tube coiled below the main pot hole Raw Water

20 Preliminary findings and Summary: % Reduction (T.C) % Reduction (E.Coli) S.N. Sample ID Total Coli./100ml E.Coli /100ml 1 Iffluent oC oC oC Iffluent oC oC oC Iffluent oC oC oC Temperature Average Removal (%) Average Flow rate (ml/min.) Total Coliform E. Coli ± ±15

21 Research: Colloidal Silver Filters Large 100 liter filters for schools Two types of Large CSF candles were tested for assessing removal of Total Coliform & E coli. from drinking water: Large CSF candles burnt in 700 c and 900 c temperatures Three sets of candle and single candle Key Findings: 100% removal of Total Coliform and E coli. in all cases Average flow rate for three sets 10 to 15 L/hr & for single 5 to 8 L/hr Planning to continue research at lab and field condition (schools)

22 Demonstration

23 Demonstration at Schools Supported by USAID-HIP/UNICEF project Objectives: To demonstrate POU options at 12 schools Promotion of POU through children Four technological options: o CS Filters (small and large) o Large Biosand Filter o SODIS o Chlorination Prepared guideline on installation of POU options at School; Scaling up in 200 schools

24 Dissemination

25 Commercialization of PIYUSH Started Production in 1994 Annual sales: 100,000 units Marketing Strategy Product 60 ml bottle with 0.5 % solution New Product PIYUSH PLUS Price Production cost: Rs. 9; Wholesale price: 12; Retail price: Rs. 17 Place Consumer research on price elasticity underway Drug stores as primary outlets Promotion Mass Communication Interpersonal Communication

26 Public Private Partnership Partnership for Safe Water An initiation to promote POU options in partnership with corporate sector Two years programme supported by UN-HABITAT & Coca Cola Strategy Capitalize on the comparative advantages of the private and public sectors Partnership with stakeholders Build Local Capacity Strengthen supply chain Awareness campaigns

27 Scaling up: KAF promotion Promotion in arsenic affected areas in partnership with DWSS, UNICEF, UN HABITAT, NRCS and local entrepreneurs; So far more than 7,000 KAF distributed; About 8,000 KAF will be distributed during National Arsenic Mitigation Programme between ; KAF technical verification in Nepal and Bangladesh;

28 Institutionalization Department of Water Supply and Sewerage/UNICEF has initiated National POU Campaign ENPHO provided technical assistance for: Developing IEC & training materials/packages Capacity building of government staffs ENPHO has established a Water Expertise Training Centre with support from CAWST

29 Case Study on Application of 3D Approach for SODIS Development/Research Effectiveness at different elevations Different types of bottles SODIS efficiency in different weather condition Effect of air pollution & aeration of water on SODIS efficiency Demonstration Poor squatter communities to policy level School based approach Dissemination Coordinating with local NGOs, CBOs Institutionalization through Ministries, municipalities, health and education sector Integration and promotion with other POU options

30 Scaling Up POU Promotion in Nepal

31 Challenges & Opportunities Challenges Scaling up to reach out to each household Behaviour change Product availability Monitoring Coordination with different stakeholders Opportunity Many simple technologies are available and being promoted by private sector Integration with existing programmes Interest by Corporate sector National commitment

32 Acknowledgements: Ministry of Physical Planning & Works, Nepal Department of Water Supply & Sewerage, Nepal Ministry of Health, Nepal World Health Organization (WHO) UN HABITAT, Water for Asian Cities Programme Nepal UNICEF USAID Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Centre for Affordable Water & Sanitation Technology (CAWST) Academy for Educational Development (AED) EAWAG/SANDEC SIMAVI World Bank WaterAid Solution Benefiting Life (SBL) The Coca Cola Company Thank You