Samuel S. Tam Office of Fossil Energy, US DOE

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1 7 th International Freiberg/Inner Mongolia Conference on IGCC & XtL Technologies, Coal Conversion and Syngas, 7 11 June 2015, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China Samuel S. Tam Office of Fossil Energy, US DOE

2 U. S. Department of Energy Major Coal conversion technologies Historical Development of Coal To X Current Status of CTX Remaining Challenges

Energy Science & Nuclear Safety & Innovation Security Maintain a vibrant

as a defense, Catalyze the timely, material, and efficient

U.S. leadership in clean energy technologies. cornerstone of U.S. economic prosperity with clear leadership in strategic areas.

3 Energy Science & Nuclear Safety & Innovation Security Maintain a vibrant U.S. Enhance nuclear effort in science and security through engineering as a defense, Catalyze the timely, material, and efficient transformation of the nation s energy system and secure US U.S. leadership in clean energy technologies. cornerstone of U.S. economic prosperity with clear leadership in strategic areas. nonproliferation, and environmental efforts.

4 Oil & Gas Technology R&D Petroleum Reserves Clean Coal Technology R&D National Energy Technology Laboratory International Collaboration

Typical molecular structure of coal Direct Coal Liquefaction

Hydrocarbons (C x H y ) Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL) 1.

FT Synthesis: H 2 + CO + Catalyst Linear Hydrocarbons (C x H

5 Typical molecular structure of coal Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL) Coal + Catalyst + Hydrogen (H 2 ) Ring Type Hydrocarbons (C x H y ) Indirect Coal Liquefaction (ICL) 1. Gasification: Coal + Oxygen + Steam Syngas (H2 + CO) 2. FT Synthesis: H 2 + CO + Catalyst Linear Hydrocarbons (C x H y ) Hybrid Coal Liquefaction Combination of Direct and Indirect Coal Liquefaction

Polygeneration Potential of Gasification Power &

Waxes VAM PVA Olefins LPG Acetic Acid Ketene Acetate

Fuel Methyl Acetate Acetic Anhydride Gasification

Chemicals Polyolefins H 2 DCL Liquids SNG/Town Gas

6 Polygeneration Potential of Gasification Power & Steam Coal/Petcoke Iron Reduction FT Diesel Naphtha Waxes VAM PVA Olefins LPG Acetic Acid Ketene Acetate Esters CO 2 F T Liquids Diketene & Derivatives Jet Fuel Methyl Acetate Acetic Anhydride Gasification Synthesis Gas Methanol Ethylene & Propylene Oxo Chemicals Polyolefins H 2 DCL Liquids SNG/Town Gas Ammonia & Urea Diesel Gasoline Jet Fuel LPG Dimethyl Ether Gasoline

7 Fossil fuel reserves of top coal producing countries Fossil fuel proven recoverable reserves, end-2013* (quads) 1, Germany 4,000 2,000 Coal Oil Russia Gas 6,000 4,000 4,000 USA Coal Oil Gas 2,000 2,000 1,500 India Coal Oil Gas 1, Coal Oil Gas 400 China Coal Oil Gas Indonesia 2012 coal production (billion short tons) S. Africa 400 Coal Oil Gas Coal Oil Gas 2,000 Australia 1,000 Coal Oil Gas Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) * End-2012 for natural gas reserves in South Africa Data source: EIA for USA, oil reserves in Germany and South Africa, and gas reserves in South Africa; China National Bureau of Statistics for China (assuming an average recovery rate of 75%) ; BP for the rest. Fuel heating value assumption: Coal 10,000 Btu/lb.; oil 5.8 MMBtu/bbl.; gas 1,089 Btu/cf

8 1913 by Friedrich Bergius of Germany to produce jet fuel Three Major Pilot plants were built ,000T/a at Welheim, Germany , T/a at Bellingham, England ,00 T/a Louisiana, MO, USA Major Commercial plants were built DCL plants in Germany with a total capacity of 3.25 MM T/a MM T/a Shenhua, Inner Mongolia, China

9 ICL technology was also initiated in Germany and was deployed commercially during WW II 1973 South Africa expanded d the use of ICL after the OPEC oil embargo 1980 & 1982 Sasol 2 and 3 with 3.8 MM T/a capacity each US Government started a multi-billion dollars program for commercial demonstration of coal conversion plants The only operating commercial plant from that era is the North Dakota Great Plains gasification Plant

10 Successful commercial deployment of the methanol to Olefins technology in China Methanol is used conventionally to produce formaldehyde, MTBE, acetyls, and DME, etc. The new technology extends the use of methanol for the production of ethylene and propylene. Detailed information on this technology is summarized in a book authored by Mr. Wu Xiuzhang, Chairman of Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemicals Co. Higman & Tam compiled a chapter on Chemicals from Coal Gasification in the recent Chemical Reviews. It consists of more than 400 references for activities in the last 15 years.

Germany was forced into CTL because of the war demand of

s China is now entering into the CTX because they need

11 Germany was forced into CTL because of the war demand of transportation fuels South Africa was in CTX because of the oil embargo U.S. invested heavily in CTL because of the oil crisis in the 70 s China is now entering into the CTX because they need olefins lfi and dhave developed dnew technologies to produce fuels and bulk chemicals, such as ethylene and propylene

12 CTX development status billion cubic meters per year '74-'02 &unknown Operating million tons per year '74-'02 &unknown million tons per year '74-'02 &unknown Under construction Coal to SNG capacity Coal to liquids capacity Coal to MeOH capacity Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), IHS EDIN database Note: capacity status is as of early December 2014

13 Utilities, Offsites, Infrastructure, etc. 14% Steam and Power 14% Commissioning i i and Permitting 4% Coal Handling 12% ASU 12% FT Synthesis and Upgrading 14% Gasification and SG Purification 30%

14 Summit TX Clean Energy Commercial Demo of Advanced IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture ~$1.7B Total, $450M DOE EOR ~2.2M MTPY 2018 start Clean Coal Power Initiative ICCS Area 1 Archer Daniels Midland CO 2 Capture from Ethanol Plant CO 2 Stored in Saline Reservoir $208M Total, $141M DOE SALINE ~0.9M MTPY 2015 start HECA Commercial Demo of Advanced IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture ~$4B Total, $408M DOE EOR ~2.6M MTPY 2019 start Southern Company Kemper County IGCC Project Transport Gasifier w/ Carbon Capture ~$4.12B Total, $270M DOE EOR ~3.0M MTPY start Petra Nova (formerly NRG) W.A. Parish Generating Station Post Combustion CO 2 Capture $775 M Total $167M DOE EOR ~1.4M MTPY 2017 start Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. CO 2 Capture from Steam Methane Reformers EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields $431M Total, $284M DOE EOR ~0.93M MTPY 2012 start

RCSP Phase III: Development Phase 5 Core Sampling Taken 1 Started t injection October 2013 Seismic Survey

2009 Injection Scheduled 2014 2015 2015 Note: Some locations presented on map may differ from final injection

2013 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Large volume tests Five Partnerships currently injecting CO 2 Remaining injections scheduled

Early Test (Cranfield Field)- Tuscaloosa Formation Anthropogenic Test (Citronelle Field) Paluxy Formation

15 RCSP Phase III: Development Phase 5 Core Sampling Taken 1 Started t injection October 2013 Seismic Survey Completed 4 8 Injection Ongoing Injection Started May 2013 Injection began Nov Injection Started April 2009 Injection Scheduled Note: Some locations presented on map may differ from final injection location 3 Large Scale Geologic Tests 7 Injection began August 2012 Injection started in depleted reef February Large volume tests Five Partnerships currently injecting CO 2 Remaining injections scheduled Partnership Big Sky MGSC MRCSP PCOR SECARB SWP WESTCARB Field Project - Formation Kevin Dome- Duperow Formation Illinois Basin Decatur- Mt. Simon Sandstone Michigan Basin- Niagaran Reef Bell Creek- Muddy Sandstone Fort Nelson- Sulfur Point Formation Early Test (Cranfield Field)- Tuscaloosa Formation Anthropogenic Test (Citronelle Field) Paluxy Formation Farnsworth Unit- Morrow Formation Metric Tons Injected (Date) 0 (4/8/14) >775,700 (4/1/14) >200,300 (4/8/14) >429,900 (2/1/14) 0 (4/8/14) >4,180,000 (3/1/14) >100,000 (4/8/14) >68,940 (3/1/14) Regional Characterization

16 Multi lateral: Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum World Energy Council International energy Agency Global Carbon Capture & Storage Institute Bilateral l with ihchina: Clean Energy Research Center Fossil Energy Protocol Climate Change Working Group Presidential Agreement

17 U.S. China Clean Energy Research Center (CERC) Agreement between U.S. DOE and China s Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) First of a kind bilateral public private partnership with researchers and companies in US and China working on common research goals and work plans One of the focus is on Advanced Coal technology U.S. China Fossil Energy Protocol (FEP) Agreementbetween U.S. DOE Fossil EnergyandMOST Promotes scientific and technological information exchange between the U.S. and China in the field of fossil energy, particularly activities related to RD&D. Activities under the Protocol are currently governed by six annexes each with a U.S. and Chinese lead

18 Climate Change Working Group (CCWG) US Department of State and China s National Development Reform Commission (NDRC) multiple tracks Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Demo Four China projects were selected in 2004 Sinopec Shengli Oil Field Yanchang Petroleum EOR Shanxi International Energy Group Huaneng CERI IGCC Two China projects will be selected in 2005 Counter facing U.S. projects

19 US China Climate Agreement Presidential Agreement announced in 11/2014 APEC event Climate change targets announced by Presidents Xi and Obama Two new major collaborative CCUS projects: Large Scale CCS Project and International Science Collaboration Chinese project site; joint R&D program > 1 million tons of CO 2 per year storage in deep geological formation Enhanced Water Recovery (CO 2 Utilization)

20 MTO technology has changed the CTX landscape China is taking the lead in CTX New & old challenges remained for developing a sustainable CTX industry cost, water, and CO2 emission Innovations in CCUS technologies, water management, and capex reduction Government Energy Policy: Sound and sensible goals on CO2 emission and sequestration Financial Assistances for high risk and complex projects, such as commercial scale demonstration in CCUS, poly generation, and water production projects

21 The presenter wants to thank U. S. Department of Energy for their support, especially his colleagues in Energy Information Administration (EIA) who have assisted in gathering the data Also thank all his US and international friends who have worked and shared their experience with him in the last 4 decades

CSLF Technical Working Group Nov. 5 th, 2013, Washington DC. Dr. S. Julio Friedmann Deputy Assistant Secretary Office of Clean Coal November 2013

CSLF Technical Working Group Nov. 5 th, 2013, Washington DC Dr. S. Julio Friedmann Deputy Assistant Secretary Office of Clean Coal November 2013 This has been a good decade for CCUS R&D Advancements 2