Distributed Mini-Combined Heat and Power From Low Temperature Heat: HFO-1336mzz(Z) as a Working Fluid for Organic Rankine Cycles

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1 Drivers: Reduce Primary Energy Use & Dependence on ossil uels Increase Power Reliability and Resilience Distributed Mini-Combined Heat and Power rom Low Temperature Heat: HO-1336mzz(Z) as a Working luid for Organic Rankine Cycles Konstantinos (Kostas) Kontomaris, Ph.D. Technical ellow, Global Technology Leader - Working luids Luke D. Simoni, Ph.D The Chemours TM Company July 11-14, 2016 Mattias Nilsson, Tim Hamacher, Harald Nes Rislå Viking Group July 11-14, 2016

2 Low Temperature Heat Sources Air uel Prime Mover Mechanical Power Gen Electrical Power To on-site use To utility/grid Waste Heat rom Distributed Power Generation (~ C) Resurgence of Distributed Power Generation

3 Low Temp Heat Sources Air uel Prime Mover Mechanical Power Gen Electrical Power To on-site use To utility/grid Waste Heat rom Distributed Power Generation Other Heat Incinerators Industrial Waste Heat Geothermal Heat Biomass Combustion

4 Mini-Combined Heat & Power (CHP) Air uel Prime Mover Mechanical Power Gen Electrical Power To on-site use To utility/grid Waste Heat rom Distributed Power Generation Other Heat Evaporator Expander Mechanical Power Gen Additional Electrical Power To on-site use To utility/grid Expanded Vapor Pump Condenser Heat e.g. District Heating Organic Rankine Cycle ocus Today

5 Mini-CHP Air uel Prime Mover Mechanical Power Gen Electrical Power To on-site use To utility/grid Waste Heat rom Distributed Power Generation Other Heat Evaporator Pump ORC Expander Expanded Vapor Condenser Mechanical Power Heat Gen Additional Electrical Power To on-site use To utility/grid ORC Working luid: HO-1336mzz(Z)

6 Novel Working luid: HO-1336mzz(Z) Chemical Name HO-1336mzz(Z) Chemical ormula C 3 CH=CHC 3 (Z) H H

7 Novel Working luid: HO-1336mzz(Z) BASIC PROPERTIES Chemical Name HO-1336mzz(Z) Chemical ormula C 3 CH=CHC 3 (Z) OEL [ppm] 500 lammabilty Non-lam ODP None GWP T cr [ o C] P cr [MPa] 2.90 T b [ o C] 33.4 R-1336mzz(Z) has been classified as A1 (low toxicity, no flammability) with an OEL of 500 ppm by ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 34 H H

8 Novel Working luid: HO-1336mzz(Z) BASIC PROPERTIES Chemical Name HO-1336mzz(Z) Chemical ormula C 3 CH=CHC 3 (Z) OEL [ppm] 500 lammabilty Non-lam ODP None GWP T cr [ o C] P cr [MPa] 2.90 T b [ o C] 33.4 Very Low GWP and Non-lammable H H

9 Vapor Pressure, MPa HO-1336mzz(Z): Vapor Pressure HC-245fa HO- 1336mzz(Z) T cr [ o C] Reference luid: HC-245fa Temperature, o C HO-1336mzz(Z) Set of Thermodynamic Properties is Now Available: Tanaka, Akasaka, Sakaue, Ishikawa and Kontomaris: Thermodynamic Properties of cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HO-1336mzz(Z)) J. Chem. Eng. Data (2016)

10 HO-1336mzz(Z): Chemical Stability High Chemical Stability to Various Transformation Mechanisms Up to at 250 C Kontomaris, K.: 15th International Refrig. and Air Cond. Conf. at Purdue, West Lafayette, IN, USA, July 14-17, HO-1336mzz(Z) as Stable as HC-245fa (A Saturated HC Widely Used in High Temp Apps)

11 Mini-CHP: Viking/AVL ORC Prototype

12 HO-1336mzz(Z) ORC Testing Testing Conditions: T evap = 170 o C and DT superh_exp_in = 26 K, (i.e. T exp_in = 196 o C); DT subc = 14 K at T cond =60 o C and DT subc = 11 K at T cond =80 o C

13 HO-1336mzz(Z) ORC Testing Drop-In Testing in Unoptimized System

14 HO-1336mzz(Z): P-h HO-1336mzz(Z)

15 Lubricant Selection: Miscibility Miscibility of HO-1336mzz(Z) with an ISO 220 POE lubricant Temperature, o C (*) These conditions were not tested because the HO-1336mzz(Z)/POE blend could have expanded to fill the glass test tube. Complete Miscibility not Indispensable: Partially Miscible Lubricants Could be Considered with Proper System Design

16 Lubricant Selection: Lubricity HO-1336mzz(Z)/POE ISO 220

17 Lubricant Selection: Lubricity HO-1336mzz(Z)/POE ISO 220 working viscosity

18 Viking/AVL ORC System with HO-1336mzz(Z): Measured Performance Map Net Thermal Efficiency 10.5% 10.0% 900 RPM T COND = 60 o C 9.5% 1,500 RPM 9.0% 1,250 RPM 8.5% 900 RPM 8.0% 7.5% 1,500 RPM T COND = 80 o C 7.0% 6.5% 1,250 RPM 6.0% Net Mechanical Power, kw T evap = 170 o C and DT superh_exp_in = 26 K, (i.e. T exp_in = 196 o C); DT subc = 14 K at T cond =60 o C and DT subc = 11 K at T cond =80 o C

19 Viking/AVL ORC System with HO-1336mzz(Z): Measured Performance Map Net Thermal Efficiency 10.5% 10.0% 9.5% 9.0% 8.5% 8.0% 7.5% 7.0% 6.5% 900 RPM 1,500 RPM 1,250 RPM 900 RPM 1,500 RPM 1,250 RPM T COND = 80 o C T COND = 60 o C Better Performance with Lower Condensing Temp (Dictated by Heating Duty) 6.0% Net Mechanical Power, kw T evap = 170 o C and DT superh_exp_in = 26 K, (i.e. T exp_in = 196 o C); DT subc = 14 K at T cond =60 o C and DT subc = 11 K at T cond =80 o C

20 Viking/AVL ORC System with HO-1336mzz(Z): Measured Performance Map Net Thermal Efficiency 10.5% 10.0% 9.5% 9.0% 8.5% 8.0% 7.5% 7.0% 6.5% 900 RPM 1,500 RPM 1,250 RPM 900 RPM 1,500 RPM 1,250 RPM T COND = 80 o C T COND = 60 o C Machine Optimization for HO-1336mzz(Z) Underway 6.0% Net Mechanical Power, kw T evap = 170 o C and DT superh_exp_in = 26 K, (i.e. T exp_in = 196 o C); DT subc = 14 K at T cond =60 o C and DT subc = 11 K at T cond =80 o C

21 Payback Time Scenario: Waste ~200C; Heating 60-80C CHP vs. SHP (WHR + Power from Grid) Is the electrical power generated by ORC worth the additional equipment cost?

22 Payback Time Scenario: Waste ~200C; Heating 60-80C CHP vs. SHP (WHR + Power from Grid) actor Electricity Price Adverse Market Low Green Incentives No Payback Time [yrs] 5

23 Payback Time Scenario: Waste ~200C; Heating 60-80C CHP vs. SHP (WHR + Power from Grid) actor Electricity Price Adverse Market Low Green Incentives No Payback Time [yrs] 5 Sustainability Objectives; Creative inancing

24 Payback Time Scenario: Waste ~200C; Heating 60-80C CHP vs. SHP (WHR + Power from Grid) actor Adverse Market avorable Market Electricity Price Low High Green Incentives No Yes Payback Time [yrs] Wider and More Rapid Adoption

25 Summary-Outlook R-1336mzz(Z): Unique and attractive combination of properties for power generation from low temp (waste) heat: Safety, Health, Environmental Chemical Stability, High T cr, Low P Attractive Combined Heat & Power Performance in the Viking/AVL ORC Prototype Multiple trials under way! HO-1336mzz(Z) Commercialization in 2017

26 Questions? THANK YOU! Disclaimer: The information set forth herein is furnished free of charge and based on technical data that Chemours believes to be reliable. It is intended for use by persons having technical skill, at their own risk. Since conditions of use are outside our control, we make no warranties, expressed or implied and assume no liability in connection with any use of this information. Nothing herein is to be taken as a license to operate under, or a recommendation to infringe any patents or patent applications.