Part IV Standard Rules of Practice and Design Guidelines

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1 Renewable Energy in Commercial Buildings By Loren Abraham, AIA, LEED AP Part IV Standard Rules of Practice and Design lines General Principals and Recommended Practice for implementing Renewable Energy in Commercial Buildings including The Ten Commandments for Integrating Renewable Energy for all solar applications Rules of Practice for Solar PV Rules of Practice for Solar Thermal Systems Rules of Practice for Wind Power Rules of Practice for Groundsource Heat Pumps 92 of 306

2 Selected 10 Best Practices 1. Use an integrated design process to system-engineer the building 2. Use computer simulations to guide the design process; these help designers analyze trade-offs and examine the energy impacts of architecture and HVAC choices 3. Simulate and measure the building s energy performance at design, construction, and occupancy stages 4. Set specific, quantifiable energy performance goals 5. Design the building envelope to meet or minimize as many HVAC and lighting loads as possible 6. Size HVAC and lighting systems to meet loads not met by the envelope 7. Use daylighting in all zones adjacent to exterior walls or roofs 8. Install highly reflective surfaces in all daylit zones, especially ceilings 9. Monitor and evaluate post-occupancy energy performance 10. Carefully design and implement the use, control, and integration of economizers, natural ventilation, and energy recovery ventilators (ERVs). 93 of 306

3 Re-Arch: General The Initiative Principals for Renewable and Energy Recommended in Architecture Practice The Ten Commandments of Renewable Energy 1. Thou shalt make all your buildings SOLAR Ready. Design for renewable energy even if it is not a certainty. 2. Make Roof design a first priority Consider loads, orientation, form, etc. 3. Integrate renewable energy with good energy efficient design. 4. Use Energy Modeling early in design. Optimize, optimize, OPTIMIZE! 5. Be careful not to overstate savings - keep expectations reasonable. 6. You should avoid unnecessary complexity. Don t try to do too much remember, technology is your friend use it - but use it appropriately. 7. When possible use more than one renewable energy solution. 8. As a rule use state-of-the-shelf technologies. 9. Always be willing to go against convention when circumstances suggest a different approach. 10. Don t rely only on your own knowledge and skill. Hire consultants with proven track records when appropriate. 94 of 306

existing structural conditions is a structural evaluation needed?

4 for solar applications Perform Site Assessment solar access future conditions tree growth, undeveloped land, etc. land area and setbacks - is there space for RE equipment? existing structural conditions is a structural evaluation needed? existing site conditions infrastructure,ecological (e.g. habitat, TES, etc.,) historical and cultural assets? existing conditions energy profile or audit of existing structures? 95 of 306

5 Solar Path definitions: Site Assessment Source: The Passive Solar Energy Book, by Ed Mazria 96 of 306

6 Source: The Passive Solar Energy Book, by Ed Mazria Solar position by Time of Day : Site Assessment 97 of 306

7 Site Assessment 98 of 306 Source: The Passive Solar Energy Book, by Ed Mazria

8 Source: The Passive Solar Energy Book, by Ed Mazria Site Assessment Solar Path Chart for Minneapolis: 99 of 306

9 Site Assessment Mapping obstructions: Source: The Passive Solar Energy Book, by Ed Mazria 100 of 306

10 for all solar applications Perform Site Assessment solar access future conditions tree growth, undeveloped land, etc. land area and setbacks - is there space for RE equipment? existing structural conditions is a structural evaluation needed? existing site conditions infrastructure,ecological (e.g. habitat, TES, etc.,) historical and cultural assets? existing conditions energy profile or audit of existing structures? 101 of 306

) Other issues such as wind speed and prevailing direction Optimize Passive solar opportunities before Active Systems are designed Monticello

11 for all solar applications Study local zoning ordinances Research available rebate programs and net metering rules. Optimize Orientation and placement on site Perform Shading studies: Physical model Computer model (e.g., Sketchup, Revit, etc.) Other issues such as wind speed and prevailing direction Optimize Passive solar opportunities before Active Systems are designed Monticello High School Study, Charlottesville, VA Courtesy: Daybreak Technology and WM+P Minneapolis City Hall Shading Study; Courtesy: Center for Sustainable Building Research (CSBR) 102 of 306

for all solar applications Optimize Passive solar opportunities

sizing*: SHF SW:FA or LCR 0.1.11 96 0.2.24

40 11 Where: SHF is the Solar Heating Fraction, SW:FA is the

Collector Ratio (Building Loads/Solar Collector Area.

12 for all solar applications Optimize Passive solar opportunities before Active Systems are designed Recommendations for rough sizing*: SHF SW:FA or LCR Where: SHF is the Solar Heating Fraction, SW:FA is the Solar (S) Window-to-Floor Area Ratio and LCR is the Load Collector Ratio (Building Loads/Solar Collector Area.) *Derived loosely from The Passive Solar Energy Book, and Designing Low Energy Buildings with Energy 10 Applicable for Direct Gain Systems only 103 of 306

Solar PV Determining Feasibility Review the Site Assessment is there adequate solar access? and is it likely to remain? will there be adequate land or roof area?

13 Solar PV Determining Feasibility Review the Site Assessment is there adequate solar access? and is it likely to remain? will there be adequate land or roof area? If an existing structure is there adequate structural support on the roof for the additional loads? What rebates and tax incentives are avaialble? What are the zoning restrictions? Is it an effective use of PV technology? PV 104 of 306

14 Solar PV System Sizing 1 Method 1: Manual RE Goal Method Step 1: Calculate Probable Annual Energy Use for Project = EUI for building type (kbtu/sf) x Energy Reduction Target (%) x Floor Area (sf) Step 2: Determine PV Power Production Requirement = RE Goal (%) x Total Building Energy Use (kwh) Step 3: Calculate size of the PV array (kw) = Annual Energy from the PV system (kwh) Solar Radiation (kwh/kw-year) x PV Efficiency (%)) Step 4: Calculate the Area of the Array based on W/sf output value = PV Area (sf) = PV size (kw) x 1000 PV Product nameplate output (W/sf) Note: 1 The method shown here for calculating the size (kw) for a PV system, steps 1-3, is also the same for determining the size of any renewable energy system where electrical power is d d 105 of 306 PV

15 Solar PV System Sizing 1 Method 1 Step 1: Calculate Probable Annual Energy Use for Project Step 1: Calculate Probable Annual Energy Use for Project in kwh Example = EUI Project: for building Montessori type (kbtu/sf) Preshool, x Energy Hastings, Reduction MN Target (%) x Floor Area (sf) Gross Floor Area: 10,000 SF Construction Cost: $200/SF ($2,000,000) Avg. Site Energy Use: 75 kbtu/sf x 50% = 37.5 kbtu/sf Target Energy Use/Cost Data: = 75 kbtu/sf x 50% x 10,000 sf = 375,000 kbtu/yr kwh Conversion factor: 1 kwh = KBtu Tot. Energy Use = 375,000 kbtu / = 50% kwh Reduction Total Energy Cost used per year $/SF Total Annual Energy Use 375,000 kbtu $9, Avg. Annual Electric Use: 65,924 kwh $7, Avg. Annual Gas Use: 1,500 Therms $1, Step 2: Determine PV Power Production Requirement Renewable = RE Goal Energy (%) System x Total Production Building Energy Requirement: Use (kwh) = 10% x 110,000 kwh = 11,000 kwh PV Production per year RE Contribution Goal Total RE Kwh Energy Use Reduction Target Cases 10% of Total Energy Use 11,000 kwh 1 50% Reduction Target 37.5 kbtu/sf Note: 1 The method shown here for calculating the size (kw) for a PV system, steps 1-3, is also the same for determining the size of any renewable energy system where electrical power is d d 106 of 306 PV 1 Based on Conversion factor of 1kWh=3.413Btu 375,000 Btu/3.413=110,000 kwh x.10 = 11,000 kwh

16 Re-Arch: The Initiative for Renewable Energy in Architecture Solar PV System Sizing Method 1 Solar Radiation Map Source: NREL 107 of 306

Design General lines rules and for Integrating recommended Renewable practice Energy in Commercial Method Buildings 1 Solar PV System Sizing Step 3: Calculate Total Power output of PV array in kw

17 Design General lines rules and for Integrating recommended Renewable practice Energy in Commercial Method Buildings 1 Solar PV System Sizing Step 3: Calculate Total Power output of PV array in kw Annual Energy from the PV system (kwh) = PVp (kw) = Solar Radiation (kwh/kw-year) x PV system efficiency (%) = 11,000 kwh = 8.93 kw or 9 kw 1,600 kwh/kw-year x.77 Step 4: = Calculate the Area of the Array based PV size (kw) x 1000 PV Product nameplate output (W/sf) 1 This calculation would often be in panel quantity rather than total square footage. 108 of 306 = 9 kw x 1000 = 763 sf (W/sf) PV

18 Solar PV System Sizing Method 2 Method 2: Seat-of-the-pants (Quicker & Easier) Method Step 1: Calculate Rough Annual Energy Use for Project = 10,000 sf (Bldg SF) x 10 kwh/sf (EUI) = 100,000 kwh (Use =$1/sf) Step 2: Determine PV Power Production Requirement = 10 % (RE Goal) x 100,000 kwh (EU) = 10,000 kwh (PV Production) Step 3: Calculate size of the PV array (kw) = 10,000 kwh x 1.5 = 10 kwp (PV Power) 1500 kwh/kw-yr Step 4: Calculate the Area of the Array = 10 kw x 100 sf/kw = 1,000 sf PV Area (Aha!) RE Goal x Bldg SF = PV area PV 109 of 306

19 Solar PV Determining Feasibility Determine Probable Size for Array Example Bldg (10,000 sf). (10W/sf x Bldg sf x RE Goal % = Wp) = 10,000 Wp (RE Goal 10%) Determine Probable Maximum Cost (Wp x $10.00) = $100,000-50,000 (incentives) = $50,000 +/- Annual Energy Savings = 12,000 kwh + Peak = $2,500 +/- Most likely payback (10 20 years) 15 years (avg.) For a more accurate financial analysis Use a Software Tool such as: PV Watts RETScreen Solar Design Studio Pro Energy of 306 PV

deviation Magnetic South in this location is 2 W of Solar South Collector tilt recommendations

20 Rules and recommended practice Solar PV System Design Orientation and Tilt for a Fixed Array Orientation (Azimuth) South +/ % efficiency loss at 10 Deviation 4-5% loss at 15% deviation Magnetic South in this location is 2 W of Solar South Collector tilt recommendations (Altitude) Latitude +/- 10 but snow is a factor: NE Minnesota SW Minnesota SW NE PV 111 of 306

Solar PV Other Requirements Structural Loads Flexible Membrane or Shingle Standard Panel Array Insulated PV Panels Tracking System 1 lb./sf 3-4 lb.

21 Solar PV Other Requirements Structural Loads Flexible Membrane or Shingle Standard Panel Array Insulated PV Panels Tracking System 1 lb./sf 3-4 lb./sf 4-5 lb./sf Consult with Structural Engineer Snow & Wind Loads Consult with Structural Engineer Maintenance Costs $1-2/sf/yr Roof Area Requirement PV 112 of 306

Solar PV Other Requirements SOLARBUZZ PRICE SURVEY: JANUARY 2007 Solar Electricity 21.41 cents per kwh EUROPE 4.82 per Watt UNITED STATES $4.88 per Watt Number <$4.75/Wp 173 (down 9) (10.

22 Solar PV Other Requirements SOLARBUZZ PRICE SURVEY: JANUARY 2007 Solar Electricity cents per kwh EUROPE 4.82 per Watt UNITED STATES $4.88 per Watt Number <$4.75/Wp 173 (down 9) (10.3% of survey) Lowest Mono- Crystalline Module Price US$4.36/Wp ( 3.31/Wp) Lowest Multi- Crystalline Module Price US$3.88/Wp ( 2.95/Wp) Lowest Thin Film Module price US$3.79/Wp ( 2.88/Wp) 113 of 306 Source: PV

23 Solar PV Power produced, energy savings and potential payback A Typical PV system in Minnesota should produce approximately: Mono Crystalline Silicon kwh/sf/year Multi-Crystalline Silicon kwh/sf/year Amorphous Thin Film 8-10 kwh/sf/year CIGS kwh/sf/year Rough Energy Cost Savings can be calculated in the following ways: 1. Renewable Energy Goal % X Normal Energy Cost for Building Type 1 Example: Energy Savings = $1.50/SF x 20% (RE Goal) = $0.30/SF (bldg. area) 2. PV System kwh/yr production rate for Type 2 (shown above) x Utility Price ($//kwh) x Array sf Example: Energy Savings = $0.10 kwh/sf/yr x $0.21//kWh 2 x 1,000 sf PV = $2,100/yr Achievable Payback Period Year Payback 3 For a more Accurate Estimate of Savings and Payback Use a Software Tool (A Review of RE Software Design and Analysis Tools is coming up in Part VII) PV 114 of 306

BOS Equipment** Cost Percentage Cost/Wp Inverter This converts the direct current (DC) power coming off of the panels (or from the battery bank) into alternating current (AC), the convention for

24 BOS Equipment** Cost Percentage Cost/Wp Inverter This converts the direct current (DC) power coming off of the panels (or from the battery bank) into alternating current (AC), the convention for household electricity. Inverters vary in terms of their capacity (how much electrical current they can handle) and the quality of the AC they produce (some household loads lights, appliances can tolerate lower-grade current, while others printers, computers have more exacting needs). The inverter generally makes up about 10% of the total cost of a PV system. $ Charge Controller This manages the flow of electrical power from the panels to the battery bank and household loads. Battery Bank PV systems need deep-cycle batteries; this means that they are almost always lead-acid, big, and heavy. The cost of a battery bank depends on its capacity just how much electricity is needed in storage to deal with night time power needs and cloudy days. Battery banks require proper ventilation for safe operation. Rack and Mounting System This holds the individual panels in place and on the mounting surface, typically the roof (stanchion systems are available for ground mounts). It s important that the system used matches both the cladding and the structural system beneath. There is a wide variety of systems available with wind ratings to 120 mph and more. Typically makes up about 10% to 15% of the total system cost, currently about $5.90 per amp. PV system battery banks make up about 15% of the typical system, currently priced at about $1.63 per output Watt. This part of the PV system is typically about 10% of the total cost. $ $ $ PV 115 of 306

25 Solar PV Life Cycle Issues Cell Technology Energy Payback Time (EPBT) 1 (yr) Energy Used to Produce System Compared to Total Generated Energy 2 (%) Total Energy Generated by System Divided by Amount of Energy Used to Produce System 2 Single-crystal silicon Non-ribbon multicrystalline silicon Ribbon multicrystalline silicon Cadmium telluride V. Fthenakis and E. Alsema, "Photovoltaics energy payback times, greenhouse gas emissions and external costs: 2004-early 2005 status," Progress in Photovoltaics, vol. 14, no. 3, pp , Assumes 30-year period of performance and 80% maximum rated power at end of lifetime. PV 116 of 306

26 General Rules and Design lines Solar Thermal Applications Solar Pool Heating Solar Hot Water Heating Solar Space Heating Solar Space Cooling 117 of 306 Solar Thermal

27 General Rules and Design lines Solar Thermal Hot Water and Space Heating Determining Feasibility System Sizing and Orientation System Costs and Energy Savings 118 of 306 Solar Thermal

28 Solar Thermal Determining Feasibility Review the Site Assessment is there adequate solar access? and is it likely to remain? will there be adequate land or roof area? If an existing structure is there adequate structural support on the roof for the additional loads? What rebates and tax incentives are avaialble? What are the zoning restrictions? Is it an effective use of SolarThermal technology? Solar Thermal 119 of 306

Solar Thermal Pool Heating Parameter Rule 1. System Sizing: Swimming Pool Area x 60-80% 2. System Costs $7.50-10.00/sf installed 3.

29 Solar Thermal Pool Heating Parameter Rule 1. System Sizing: Swimming Pool Area x 60-80% 2. System Costs $ /sf installed 3. Collector Type Flat Plate (unglazed for outdoor pools) 4. Tilt & Orientation: Outdoor Seasonal Altitude South +/- 15 Azim. Indoor Year Round Altitude 5. Typical payback period 2-4 years Solar Thermal 120 of 306

30 Solar Thermal Hot Water Heating Parameter Rule 1. In the BallparK Sizing: 1-2% of Floor Area 2. Storage Capacity 1.8 gal/sf of collector 3. System Costs $ /sf installed 4. Collector Type Flat Plate or Evacuated tube 5. Tilt & Orientation: Tilt :45 Orientation: South +/ Typical payback period 8-10 years 7. Certification Solar Rating and Certification Corporation 121 of 306 Solar Thermal

31 Solar Thermal Hot Water Heating System Sizing Solar Fraction Method Solar Thermal Hot Water Service Collector Sizing Floor Area to Collector Area Ratio Storage Building Avg. HW Load for the Solar Fraction Tank Type W/sf Btu/sf 30% 50% 70% gal./sf Assy Educ Groc Lodge Merc Off Res Rest Warehse Avg of 306 Solar Thermal

32 Solar Thermal Space Heating Parameter Rule 1. System Sizing Heat g Load(kBtu) x RE Goal % / Panel Rated Output = no. of Panels 2. Storage Capacity 1.5 gal./sf of collector 3. System Costs $ /sf installed 4. Collector Type Flat Plate (glycol) or Evacuated tube 5. Tilt & Orientation: Tilt: 60 Orientation: South +/ Typical payback period 8-10 years 7. Space heating is usually combined with Solar Hot Water Heating 123 of 306

33 Solar Thermal Space Heating System Sizing - Solar Fraction Method Flr Area to Building Heating Collector Area Ratio Type Load Solar Fraction kw/sf kbtu/sf 30% 50% 70% Assy Ed Groc Lodge Merc Off Res Rest WH Avg of 306 OR In the BallparK System Sizing: 5-10% of Floor Area Solar Thermal

34 Solar Thermal Determining Feasibility Alternate Method: Determine Number of Solar Collector Panels Example: ( 75 kbtu/sf x 10,000 sf x 30% RE Goal = 25,000 kbtu = 25,000 kbtu / 365 days / 4.8 kbtu/day Panel Output = 15 Solar Collector Panels For a more accurate financial analysis - Use a Software Tool: F-Chart RETScreen Pro-Design (Maui Software Thermal Module) 125 of 306 Solar Thermal

: S +/- 20 Optimal +/- 90 OK 5. Typical payback period 3-6 years 6.

35 Solar Thermal Space Heating Transpired Air Collectors Parameter Rule 1. In the Ballpark Sizing 5-10% of floor area 2. System Costs $50-90/sf installed 3. Pot. Energy Cost savings $1-3/sf floor area 4. Tilt & Orientation: Tilt: 90 Orient.: S +/- 20 Optimal +/- 90 OK 5. Typical payback period 3-6 years 6. Transpired panels are effectively applied to warehouse, Industrial or unoccupied buildings where there is a large ventilation requirement 7. Excellent for renovation projects. 126 of 306

Solar Thermal Heating Transpired Air Collectors Sizing: Calculate Transpired Panel Collector Size and Ventilation Rate Step 1: Determine area of wall suitable for collector area (solar exposure,

36 Solar Thermal Heating Transpired Air Collectors Sizing: Calculate Transpired Panel Collector Size and Ventilation Rate Step 1: Determine area of wall suitable for collector area (solar exposure, openings, etc.) Step 2: Determine desired ventilation rate (CFM/sf); Low, Medium or High (see chart) Step 3: Determine estimated heating loads determine potential energy savings Step 4: Adjust Panel Area up or down based on desired performance and payback (RETScreen is recommended by manufacturer for analysis) 127 of 306

for Wind applications Perform Site Assessment Wind resource Is there enough? future conditions tree growth, undeveloped land, etc. land area and setbacks - is there space for RE equipment?

37 for Wind applications Perform Site Assessment Wind resource Is there enough? future conditions tree growth, undeveloped land, etc. land area and setbacks - is there space for RE equipment? existing structural conditions is a structural evaluation needed?..simulation? existing site conditions infrastructure,ecological (e.g. habitat, TES, etc.,) historical and cultural assets? existing conditions energy profile or audit of existing structures? Wind 128 of 306

38 General Rules and Design lines Wind Applications Siting Buildings Topography & Trees Other air-flow considerations Wind 129 of 306

39 for Wind applications Siting & Installation Rule Proximity to obstacles No closer than 10 x Height of obstruction Tower Height 100 Min. 120 pref. Prevailing Winds Be out of wind shadow Wind Building attached Avoid Turbulence 130 of 306

40 131 of 306 Wind

for Wind applications Small Scale (1.8-20 kw) Consideration Rule 1. Average Wind speed 9 mph or greater 2. System Costs $3.25-8.30/W total 1.

41 for Wind applications Small Scale ( kw) Consideration Rule 1. Average Wind speed 9 mph or greater 2. System Costs $ /W total 1.8 kw Turbine $15,000 w/tower, etc. 20 kw Turbine $60-70,000 w/tower, etc. 3. Power produced 4, mph avg. 4. Probable Payback years Wind 132 of 306

for Wind applications Mid-Large Scale (25-100 kw and greater) Consideration Rule 1. Average Wind speed 9 mph or greater 2. System Costs $2.60-3.

42 for Wind applications Mid-Large Scale ( kw and greater) Consideration Rule 1. Average Wind speed 9 mph or greater 2. System Costs $ /W total 35 kw Turbine $125,000 w/tower, etc. 65 kw Turbine $165,000 w/tower, etc. 3. Power produced (65 kw) 20, mph avg. 4. Probable Payback 7-10 years Wind 133 of 306

43 Wind Power Operating Cost For 3500 to 5700 MW of wind generation delivered to MN load (15 to 25% of retail electric energy sales in 2020): The total wind integration operating cost ranges from a low of $2.11 to a high of $4.41 per MWh of wind generation delivered Wind 134 of 306

44 for Wind applications Determining Feasibility Nearby installations System Size Optimization Power characteristics Financial Analysis Wind 135 of 306

45 for Wind Manufacturers 136 of 306 Wind

46 for GSHP applications Geosource Heat Pump Principles Estimating Load and Sizing Heat Pump Loop Design and Sizing System Costs Measuring Performance Financial Analysis Other recommendations GSHP 137 of 306

47 for GSHP applications Geosource Heat Pump Operating Modes Modes of Operation and relative efficiencies (W out /W in ): Heating Coefficient of Performance (C.O.P.) 4.0 +/- 0.5 Cooling (C.O.P) 3.5 +/- 0.7 Dedicated Hot Water on Demand (C.O.P) 3.1 +/ of 306 GSHP

48 for GSHP applications Geosource Heat Pump Loop Types 139 of 306 GSHP

49 for GSHP applications Estimating Load and Sizing Heat Pump When sizing commercial applications cooling load can exceed heating load. A GeoSource system should be sized by which ever load is the largest (heating or cooling.) When sizing to a building s heating and cooling loads you must size the heat pump according to the entering water temperature. 140 of 306 GSHP

for GSHP applications Loop Design and Sizing Type Length Requirement. Vertical: 200 ft/ton 1 @ 32 F Loop Temp or 170 ft/ton @ 30 F Loop Temp Horizontal: 500 ft/ton @ 6 ft.dp.

50 for GSHP applications Loop Design and Sizing Type Length Requirement. Vertical: 200 ft/ton 32 F Loop Temp or F Loop Temp Horizontal: ft.dp.- 32 F Loop or ft.dp 30 FLoop RULE: One circuit per ton of heat pump capacity RULE: Maintain each loop circuit length to be within 5% of all circuit lengths. 1 1 Ton = 12 kbtu of cooling GSHP 141 of 306

51 for GSHP applications System Costs Component Cost Basis Total (5 Ton) Heat Pump Cost $2,250/ton $11,250 Tank and Equipment $1,500 (per hp) $2,250 Vertical Loop Cost $6.50/ft.avg. $6,500 Horizontal Loop $2.60/ft avg. $6,500 Total GSHP System $4,000/ton 1 $20,000 1 Larger scale systems may have substantially better economics. GSHP 142 of 306

PATH Top 10 Techniques for residential and light commercial construction 1.

Build Overhangs, Especially over South- and West-Facing Windows 4.

Install Housewrap Properly 7. Flash Windows Properly 8.

52 PATH Top 10 Techniques for residential and light commercial construction 1. Use Optimum Value Engineering/Advanced Framing 2. Use Prefabricated Components 3. Build Overhangs, Especially over South- and West-Facing Windows 4. Size HVAC Correctly 5. Install HVAC and Ducts in Conditioned Spaces 6. Install Housewrap Properly 7. Flash Windows Properly 8. Use Appropriate Air Sealing Details 9. Insulate to ENERGY STAR Standards, Minimum 10. Use Xeriscaping Techniques Source: of 306

PATH Top 10 Technologies 1. Frost Protected Shallow Foundations protect home against frost heave without the need for excavating below the frost line. 2.

Engineered Panelized Systems Prefabricated panels form a structural envelope that reduces or eliminates the need for on-site framing and is assembled quickly. 4.

53 PATH Top 10 Technologies 1. Frost Protected Shallow Foundations protect home against frost heave without the need for excavating below the frost line. 2. Home Run Plumbing Systems run flexible piping directly to each fixture from the central manifold. 3. Engineered Panelized Systems Prefabricated panels form a structural envelope that reduces or eliminates the need for on-site framing and is assembled quickly. 4. HVAC Optimization To maximize efficiency and comfort, use properly sized equipment, and place HVAC equipment inside the conditioned space. 5. Tankless Water Heaters can provide hot water on demand, reducing or eliminating standby loss. 6. Shared (Community) Waste Water treatment A single drainfield/treatment area is connected to each house's individual septic tank. 7. Air Admittance Vents are pressure-activated, one-way plumbing valves that eliminate the need for conventional pipe venting and roof penetrations. 8. Low Impact Development LID techniques can offer a cost-effective way to address stormwater management through site design and "Best Management Practices." 9. Integrated Steel/Wood Combination Framing Combinations of wood and steel framing within the overall building shell use the best attributes and cost benefits of each. 10. Pre-cast Concrete Panels (Walls and Foundation) Made under quality-controlled factory conditions, pre-cast concrete panels are ready in a fraction of the time needed for a poured foundation. Source: of 306

Basic technical information on solar PV

Basic technical information on solar PV Agenda 1. Solar Thermal Systems 2. How Does Solar PV Work? 3. What are the Main Components of a PV System? 4. What are the Solar PV Mounting Options? Types of Solar