Getting to Net Zero. PV and the Electrical Grid The Bullitt Center. September 17, PRESENTED TO: NASEO Getting to Net Zero National Forum
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1 PV and the Electrical Grid The Bullitt Center Getting to Net Zero September 17, 2013 PRESENTED TO: NASEO Getting to Net Zero National Forum PRESENTED BY: Paul Schwer, PE, LEED AP Scott Bevan, PE, LEED AP
2 How? Strategies Set aggressive goals Analyze the climate Reduce energy use Choose efficient systems Opt for renewables Verify performance
3
4 How? Strategies Set aggressive goals Analyze the climate Reduce energy use Choose efficient systems Opt for renewables Verify performance
5
6 Renewable Energy Sources
7 PV The Workhorse
8 Solar Resource The earth receives more energy from the sun in just one hour than the whole world uses in a year. * *solarbuzz.com
9 Solar Resource Array Tilt = Latitude Minneapolis 553 kbtu/sf/yr Seattle 435 kbtu/sf/yr Portland 457 kbtu/sf/yr San Francisco 631 kbtu/sf/yr Los Angeles 652 kbtu/sf/yr Phoenix 760 kbtu/sf/yr New York 528 Kbtu/Sf/Yr Atlanta 604 kbtu/sf/yr kwh/m 2 /day Denver 649 kbtu/sf/yr Houston 559 kbtu/sf/yr Miami 614 kbtu/sf/yr 2.19
10 Electricity Costs
11 US $/W First Cost Trend Average Price of PV 12 First Cost Trend Average Price of PV Source:Barbose, Galen L, Darghouth, Naïm, Weaver, Samantha, and Wiser, Ryan H. Tracking the Sun VI: An Historical Summary of the Installed Price of Photovoltaics in the United States from 1998 to Berkeley, 2013.
12 Energy Storage
13 Making it Happen
14 Net Zero Energy Using the Grid ENERGY EXPORT NET ZERO ENERGY IMPORT EXPORT TO GRID IMPORT FROM GRID
15 Energy (kwh) Net Zero Energy Energy Use Solar Budget 40,000 Solar Energy Production 35,000 30,000 25,000 Energy Surplus 20,000 15,000 Energy Deficit Energy Deficit 10,000 Building Energy Use 5,000 0
16 Utility Grids
17 Grid Radial Transformer Network Protector
18 Grid Spot Network Transformer Network Protector
19 Grid Area Network Transformer Network Protector
20 US CITIES WITH POPULATION > 100,000 Networks Are Everywhere US CITIES WITH POPULATION > 100, % OR ROUGHLY 250 US CITIES USE SECONDARY NETWORKS 0
21 Portland Downtown Network Reverse power flow not permitted in downtown network. 100 kw buffer required by utility. Lost PV production between 15-20%
22 Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt
23 Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt
24 Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Modernization Project o 20 Transform a 512,400 square foot, 18-story, 1974 office building into a LEED Platinum cornerstone of GSA s green building portfolio. Budget: $ 141,000,000
25 Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Solar PV 98% of Available Solar
26 Edith Green-Wendell Wyatt Rooftop PV OVER 13,000 SF OF PV 180 kw 25,000 SF CANOPY COLLECTS RAINWATER FOR TOILET FLUSHING, IRRIGATION, AND COOLING TOWERS
27 PV Array In detail Solarworld 250W SW 250 mono Number of modules 715 Unit Nom. Power Peak System Output 250 W 179 kw Produced Energy 209,000 kwh/yr Panel Efficiency (STC) 14.9% System Efficiency ~13%
28 PV Array Components
29 PV Array Rooftop
30 PV Array System Interconnection
31 NREL Success Stories
32 PV Array Minimum Import Relay
33 PV Array Minimize Array Size
34 PV Array Dynamically Controlled Inverters
35 Energy (kwh) Net Electricity 90 Typical Occupied and Unoccupied Days PV Available PV Used (kw) Building Demand (kw) Friday Saturday -100
36 Energy (kwh) Opportunity Lost More Than 35% of Possible Production Lost Monthly Estimated PV Available and PV Captured Month PV Available PV Captured
37 Seattle Downtown Network BULLITT CENTER
38 The Power Plant
39 Energy (kwh) Net Zero Energy Energy Use Solar Budget 40,000 Solar Energy Production 35,000 30,000 25,000 Energy Surplus 20,000 15,000 Energy Deficit Energy Deficit 10,000 Building Energy Use 5,000 0
40 Bullitt Center PV Area EUI 92 64,000 SF of PV
41 Bullitt Center PV Area EUI 52 45,000 SF of PV
42 Bullitt Center PV Area EUI 32 26,000 SF of PV
43 Bullitt Center PV Area EUI 16 14,000 SF of PV
44 Grasshopper
45 Net Zero Energy - PV Scheme II Scheme 2 - TILTED ROOF ARRAY (15 deg Back): ROOF (5 deg West) = 7,258sf = 123,000 kwh/yr ROOF (15 deg Southeast) = 4,240sf = 73,000 kwh/yr SOUTHEAST WALL = 750sf = 9,000 kwh/yr SOUTH WALL = 4,015sf = 50,000 kwh/yr (3,500kWh/yr/row) 255,000 kwh/yr (+9K v. BASE)
46 Net Zero Energy - PV Scheme III Scheme 3 - TILTED ROOF ARRAY (25 deg Back): ROOF (5 deg West) = 7,258sf = 123,000 kwh/yr ROOF (25 deg Southeast) = 4,514sf = 80,000 kwh/yr SOUTHEAST WALL = 750sf = 9,000 kwh/yr SOUTH WALL = 4,015sf = 50,000 kwh/yr (3,500kWh/yr/row) 262,000 kwh/yr (+18K v. BASE)
47 Net Zero Energy PV Scheme Ia Scheme 1a South Spaced 10.5 (15 deg North Roof): Panel Orientation Area Panel # Sanyo 205 SunPower 315 ROOF SOUTH (5 deg West): 6,272sf = (503 panels) 101,500 kwh/yr (110,500 kwh/yr) ROOF MIDDLE (5 deg West): 611sf = (49 panels) 10,000 kwh/yr 524sf * 70% = 367sf = (42 panels) 7,000 kwh/yr (Sliding roof section) 1,048sf * 75% = 785sf = (84 panels) 12,000 kwh/yr ROOF NORTH (5 deg West & 15 deg SE): 4,539sf = (364 panels) 78,500 kwh/yr (85,500 kwh/yr) SOUTH WALL: 2,918sf = (234 panels) 36,000 kwh/yr (1276 panels) 245,000 kwh/yr (261,000 kwh/yr)
48 Sunpower 425 SPR-425E-WHT-D Number of modules 570 Unit Nom. Power 425 W Peak System Output 227 kw Produced Energy 242,000 KWH/yr Panel Efficiency (STC) 19.7% System Efficiency ~16%
49 Building Site
50 Overview
51 Typical Tenant Floor OFFICE TENANT Courtesy: Miller Hull
52 Section Looking North
53 Section Looking East Office Office Office Office Commercial Commercial Commercial Commercial Madison St Alley Courtesy: Miller Hull
54
55 Average Building Energy Use EPA Target Finder Score of 50 (Median EUI)
56 EUI kbtu/sf/yr Average Building Energy Use EPA Target Finder 50 Score Bldg Energy Use %
57 kwh/kw PV Production by City Solar Power Generation at Horizontal %
58 EUI kbtu/sf/yr Best Building Energy Use EPA Target Finder 100 Score Bldg Energy Use %
59 Energy Star Median EUI Energy Use & PV Production National Solar Harvest vs. Median EUI 125 Minneapolis Chicago St. Louis 110 New York Boston Phoenix Seattle Portland Houston Miami Atlanta Denver 90 San Francisco Los Angeles Solar Harvest kwh/kw
60 kbtu/sf/year Target Finder Score of 100 % of Roof Area to Achieve Net Zero Miami St. Louis Boston New York Chicago Atlanta Houston Denver - 31 Phoenix Minneapolis Story 2 Story 3 Story Los Angeles San Francisco Portland Seattle Roof % Needed for Net Zero
61 kbtu/sf/year Bullitt Center Equivalent Buildings % of Roof Area to Achieve Net Zero Miami St. Louis Boston New York Chicago Atlanta Houston Denver - 17 Phoenix Story 4 Story 5 Story 6 Story Minneapolis Los Angeles San Francisco - 15 Portland Seattle Roof % Needed for Net Zero
62 kbtu/sf/year 83% Savings Net Zero Energy in Seattle Energy Use + Solar Budget PV Roof Domest Hot Water Elevator Vent Fans Pumps & Aux Space Cooling Space Heating Plug Loads IT Server ,000 kwh 229,000 kwh Lights 0.0 Average Building (Energy Star Score = 50) Seattle Energy Code Building LEED Platinum Building (19 Energy Credits) PV Budget Proposed Building
63 Net Zero Energy Energy Consumption DOMEST. HOT WATER 1% PUMPS & AUX 5% COOLING 7% FANS 10% PLUG LOADS 19% Fans 5% COOKING 3% HEAT 1% LIGHTS 3% DOM. HOT WATER 1% PLUG LOADS 11% FANS 1% SPACE HEATING 40% LIGHTS 15% TOTAL SAVINGS 83% Typical Building Proposed Building
64 Proposed Building Energy Use
65 Building Envelope
66 Goals Envelope + Lighting (watts/sf) Envelope 2012 Seattle Code Roof R-38 R-38 Wall R-19 R-21.4 Bullitt Center Glazing R-2.5 R-4 VT = 0.53 Infiltration 0.40 cfm/sf (New).24 cfm/sf
67 Daylighting
68 Reducing Plug Loads CFL-LCD 75 watts 20 CFL-LCD 75 watts 100 watts 250 watts
69 Reducing Plug Loads CFL-LCD 22 CFL-LCD 80 watts 40 watts 40 watts 160 watts
70 Reducing Plug Loads LED-LCD 22 LED-LCD 14 watts 14 watts 14 watts 42 watts
71 Reducing Plug Loads LED 24 LED 18 watts 18 watts 20 watts total 56 watts
72 Product Inventory 2013 BUDGET Daily kwh 0.3 Annual KWh Budget STATUS APPROVED QTY W/ea ENERGY HRS / DAY (kwh/day) Days/yr kwh/yr Collocated Server IT Equipment ,379 Kitchen Refrigerator ,694 Microwave ,555 Coffee Pot ,914 Dishwasher ,638 Open Office Laptop Computer ,822 PC ,515 Thin Client ,048 Monitor ,414 Personal Misc (per person) ,989 Conference Room TV display or projector ,326 Copy Room Copier ,321 Misc. Equipment Ceiling Fan ,398 84,016
73 Comfort Analysis Tool: Bentley Tas Hourly natural ventilation analysis Multi-zone Single-sided, cross-flow, stack-drive ventilation Accounts for thermal mass effects Operates building openings based on user inputs
74 Number of Hours Bullitt Center Comfort Study Total Hour Space Temperature Falls in 1 F Bins 350 > to to to 83 Not Comfortable to to to 80 Comfortable with Ceiling Fans to to 78 Comfortable to to nd No Cooling 2nd Radiant Cooling 4th South No Cooling 4th South Radiant Cooling
75 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM F Passive Cooling Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat) F Outside Air
76 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM F Passive Cooling Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat) No Operable Windows 85 F Outside Air
77 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM F Passive Cooling Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat) No Operable Windows Manual Windows 85 F Outside Air
78 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM 12:00 AM 2:00 AM 4:00 AM 6:00 AM 8:00 AM 10:00 AM 12:00 PM 2:00 PM 4:00 PM 6:00 PM 8:00 PM 10:00 PM F Passive Cooling Zone Temperature for South Office Space w/o Mechanical Cooling August 9th-11th (Thurs-Sat) No Operable Windows Manual Windows 85 F Actuated Windows w/ Night Flush Outside Air
79 Bullitt Center HVAC System Overview Architect: Miller Hull
80 Radiant Floor
81 Irresistible Stair
82 Irresistible Stair
83 Financial Considerations Market Rate Lease Rates Seattle Class A Class A ($/sf) Bullitt Center ($/sf) Triple Net Lease ~$30-40 ~$30 Operating Cost ~$10 ~$8
84 Financial Considerations Direct Construction Costs $350 / SF Includes City infrastructure improvements and costs associated with the PV array. $265 / SF Does not include PV, water system, or city infrastructure improvements.
85 How s Bullitt Doing? Energy production 5% more than predicted Building energy use 10% less than predicted
86 How Public Policy Can Help Living Building Challenge Seattle Living Building Pilot Ordinance 10 foot building height bonus Additional height for PV and rooftop features (skylights) Elimination of on site commercial loading berth Term Permit PV over right-of-way Greywater infiltration in right-of-way
87 Beyond Net Zero Rocky Mountain Institute Headquarters z Building EUI Snow Loss Transportation
88 Beyond Net Zero In the Rocky Mountains 1 Parking Space 9x18 = = PV Production 1.6 kw EV Travel 30 miles/day
89 Conclusion Paul Schwer, PE, LEED AP Scott Bevan, PE, LEED AP Jonathan Rowe Brad Jacobsen
90 Bike Rack
91 how do you measure health? What s Next phytoremediation pizeoelectrics biophilia modular construction / fabrication buildings that give back gaming to reduce energy food waste to energy
92 Gaming to Reduce Energy
93 Phase Changing Materials
94 US Photovoltaic Solar Resource
95 Electricity Price by Region
96 Reducing Plug Loads LED-LCD 14 watts 22 LED-LCD 14 watts 32 watts 60 watts
97 US $/W First Cost Trend Average Price of PV 12 First Cost Trend Average Price of PV Source:Barbose, Galen L, Darghouth, Naïm, Weaver, Samantha, and Wiser, Ryan H. Tracking the Sun VI: An Historical Summary of the Installed Price of Photovoltaics in the United States from 1998 to Berkeley, 2013.
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