Shellfish Health. A Primer on Notable Diseases Biosecurity Rethinking Molluscan Health Management
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1 Shellfish Health A Primer on Notable Diseases Biosecurity Rethinking Molluscan Health Management Ryan B. Carnegie Department of Aquatic Health Sciences Virginia Institute of Marine Science
2 A Primer on Notable Diseases
3 MSX Disease Infection by Multinucleate Sphere Unknown Emerged in Delaware Bay in 1957, Chesapeake Bay in 1959 Known today as Haplosporidium nelsoni
4 MSX Disease Development
5 MSX Notes Life cycle unknown; transmission from some small invertebrate? Active year-round, with peaks spring and fall Intolerant of salinities below 10 ppt, fully pathogenic above 15 ppt (but irregular on seaside) Domesticated and most wild oysters substantially resistant* to MSX
6 Dermo Disease Infection by Perkinsus marinus, formerly known as Dermocystidium marinum Since the 1980s the most significant oyster disease in VA
7 Dermo Disease Development
8 Dermo Notes Transmission is direct from oyster to oyster Can occur year-round, but peaks July-September Disease and mortality peak August-October Full activity above 12 ppt, little below 8 Domesticated oysters somewhat resistant and can sprint to market size before full disease effects develop
9 SSO Disease Infection by SeaSide Organism Known today as Haplosporidium costale
10 QPX Disease Infection by Quahog Parasite X
11 Bonamia exitiosa Very rare detection in small C. virginica seed in NC, MA Natural reservoir: Ostrea stentina = equestris
12 ROD (JOD) Bacterial disease of seed C. virginica from New England Image: Roger Williams University
13 Biosecurity (and How We Can Help)
14 Biosecurity Set of management and physical measures designed to reduce the risk of introduction, establishment and spread of pathogenic agents to, from, and within an aquatic animal population Don t bring in new pathogens Or spread our pathogens to other places Don t make existing issues worse Investigate unusual mortality to ensure alertness to emerging diseases
15 Shucking house foundation, Oyster, Virginia
16
17 VIMS Shellfish Pathology Laboratory Susan Ford, Adjunct Professor Rita Crockett, Diagnostician Carissa Gervasi, Histologist Sylvia Jones, Volunteer Corinne Audemard Associate Research Scientist Lauren Huey, Lúcia Safi & Lydia Bienlien, Graduate Research Assistants
18 Program Activities Seed certifications Response to disease events Oyster Disease Monitoring Program Screening of larvae, seed, broodstock Clams, oysters, scallops Contact us anytime you have needs concerning shellfish health
19 Rethinking Molluscan Health Management in Eastern North America
20 Current Model State by state: health evaluations required prior to all interstate transfers Certification of each batch as disease-free oysters or clams Histology; RFTM, PCR and/or microbiology Permits valid for days
21 news.washcoll.edu Challenges VA Marine Resources Commission
22 Does the Current Current Paradigm Paradigm Even Make Sense? MSX Dermo QPX SSO Cost of serial batch certifications of multiple stocks associated with transactions among the 14 East Coast states cuts into profits, and can be prohibitive Time required (up to two weeks each time) limits firms ability to nimbly respond to opportunities Pathogens do not recognize jurisdictional boundaries
23 FY2013 Vision and Science/Grassroots Committee Proposal: Using a novel integrative group process to build relationships and leverage surveillance for commodity groups new to APHIS VS, a collaborative SPRS-STAS project Project Leaders: Lynn Creekmore and Lori Gustafson USDA APHIS VS, Fort Collins, Colorado
24 Streamlining Biosecurity Management in the Context of Regional Molluscan Shellfish Transfers Ryan Carnegie, VIMS Dave Bushek, Rutgers University Bob Rheault, East Coast Shellfish Growers Association Lisa Calvo, Rutgers University Marcy Nelson, Maine Department of Marine Resources Debbie Bouchard, University of Maine Lori Gustafson, Lynn Creekmore, Rebecca Jones USDA APHIS Veterinary Services Boardman et al. 2008
25 East Coast Regional Molluscan Aquaculture Health Management Workshop Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary 9-10 September 2014
26 Key Obstacles Identified Uncertainty regarding pathogen distributions Uncertainty regarding level of pathogen presence to trigger controls Limited structures to coordinate regulations and diagnostic services Need for methods to reduce cost of health evaluations and long wait time for results
27 East Coast Molluscan Health Workshop January 2015, Portland, Maine 50 participants from industry, regulation, extension, and pathology/science Identify and promote strategies for a regional, science-based approach to shellfish management that facilitates interstate aquaculture and fisheries commerce while minimizing health risks to cultured and wild populations
28 Portland Outcomes Hatchery Certification Working Group Molluscan Pathology Working Group Database/Zoning Working Group Aquaculture Health Advisory Committee
29 Hatchery Certification Working Group Led by Karen Hudson (VIMS) Developing guidelines for certification of hatcheries to export seed across state lines To provide relief from batch certification requirements and incentivize and streamline commerce in the most biosecure product Beginning 2016?
30 Molluscan Pathology Working Group Wide (universal) membership of East Coast pathology community (plus geneticists Reece, Gomez-Chiarri, Wilbur) Guidance to HCWG on surveillance required to support hatchery certifications Standardization of diagnostics; training, proficiency testing Information-sharing, annual updates on changes in status and trends
31 Database/Zoning Working Group Led by Marta Gomez-Chiarri (URI) Develop database to serve as repository for regional pathology data GIS-based interface for public access
32 Aquaculture Health Advisory Committee 13 members, representation from industry, regulation, extension, pathology/science Initial development of decision tree for regulators Identify key information gaps Resource for regulation on gray area issues
33
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