THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEM IN THE INTERNAL CORRIDORS OF TALL BUILDING IN TROPICAL CLIMATES

Transcription

1 THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF VERTICAL GREENERY SYSTEM IN THE INTERNAL CORRIDORS OF TALL BUILDING IN TROPICAL CLIMATES BADRULZAMAN JAAFAR PhD Candidate Supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Said, Co-Supervisor Dr. Mohd Nadzri Md Reba, Dr. Mohd Hisyam Rasidi Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia January 19, 2015

2 Overview Background Problems Statement Research Gap Aim, Objectives & Research Questions Research Framework Research Methodology Results & Findings Conclusion Implication, Contribution and Recommendation Publication 2

3 Background Air temperature rises + alteration of land surface = artificial Man-made processes + human activities = Climate change carbon emissions + human activities = climate change Rapid development + artificial urbanization = UHI Vertical greenery system (VGS) Climate change + temperatures = urban heat island (UHI) effect 3

4 Previous Research on VGS Experiment- Based Research Thermal Cheng et al. (2010); Wong et al. (2010); Rahman et al. (2011); Sunakorn and Yimprayoon (2011); Badrulzaman et al. (2013); Chen et al. (2013); Nadia et al. (2013) Energy - Gabriel Pérez et al. (2011); Mazzali et al. (2013); Malys et al. (2014); Pulselli et al. (2014) Plant Growing Media Substrate Traits Energy Consumption Performance Saving Cooling Moisture Shading Wind Cooling - Ip et al. (2010); Franco et al. (2012); Šuklje et al. (2013); Cameron et al. (2014) Plant - Jim and He (2011); Koyama et al. (2013); Jørgensen et al. (2014) Observation- Based Research Thermal - Eumorfopoulou and Kontoleon (2009); Kontoleon and Eumorfopoulou (2010); G. Pérez et al. (2011) Microclimate Humidity Air Flow Microlimate - Gabriel Pérez et al. (2011); Perini, Ottelé, Fraaij, et al. (2011); Sternberg et al. (2011); Susorova et al. (2013) Thermal Performance Behaviour Evaluation Tropical Cooling Temperature Effect Shading Effect Energy Consumption Solar Thermal Radiation Simulation- Based Research Thermal - Kontoleon and Eumorfopoulou (2010); Jim and He (2011); Susorova et al. (2013) Energy - Wong et al. (2009); Malys et al. (2014); Pulselli et al. (2014) Cooling - Stec et al. (2005); Alexandri and Jones (2008) 4

5 Background Modular Trellis Panel Wire-Rope Biofacade Green Wall Bioshader Green Facade Vertical Façade Wall Arid My Study Mediterranean Temperate Tropical Wall Double Skin Humid Wall Surface Greenery System Living Wall Vegetated Wall Vertical Garden Vertical Green Wall Experiment Temperature Cable & Modular Modular Living Wall Vegetated Mat Wall Hanging Pocket Living Wall Screening Public Space Air Quality Rainwater Biodiversity Acoustic Thermal Plant Observation Microclimate Building s Simulation Cooling Load Cooling Building s Facade Internal Corridor Climatic Zone Terminology Typologies Benefits Research Approach 5

6 Background Scope of Study VGS Cable & Modular Tropical Temperature Experiment 6

7 Cable System Green Facade 7

8 Modular System Living Wall 8

9 Problems Statements PROBLEMS Man-made urbanized developments produce significant changes on natural ecosystems. GLOBAL CONCERN Anthropogenic warming due to human activities and sea level rise will continue for century. LOCAL CONCERN An increase in daily maximum temperature exceeds 30 C show that the temperature change will occur. URBAN HEAT ISLAND 9

10 Research Gap Climate Lack of studies in thermal performance involving the use of VGS as research subjects in tropical areas. Structure Lack of studies in terms of thermal performance of buildings with the aim to improve the quality of the environment. Corridor Previous studies in VGS dominated by discussion of the installation on the surface of the building without taking into account the potential of the internal corridors as part of the design elements

11 Research Aim, Objectives & Questions Research Aim To develop a flexible model which allows to predict the heat reduction through the use of VGS as vegetal facade depending on local weather conditions. Research Objective 1 (RO # 1) To characterize the VGS heat by monitoring the temperature difference during the day and night on tall buildings. Research Question 1 (RQ # 1) Does day and night have significant influence over the difference in temperature, dew point, air velocity, relative humidity and LAI through the use of VGS in internal corridor of tall building? Research Objective 2 (RO # 2) To measure the effect of VGS on thermal conditions in the internal corridors of a tall building. Research Question 2 (RQ # 2) Does the usage of VGS have a significant impact on the reduction of temperature in internal corridor of tall building? Research Objective 3 (RO # 3) To construct and fit model for the performance of the VGS in reducing the temperature in the internal corridor of a tall building. Research Question 3 (RQ # 3) Can the construction of predictive models be proven effective in reducing the temperature in the internal corridors? 11 11

12 Research Methodology RO#1 RO#2 RO#3 ** T = Temperature, RH = Relative Humidity, Dp = Dew Point, V = Air Velocity, LAI = Leaf Area Index 12 12

13 Research Framework Study Period : 1 May 31 August 2013 (4 months = 123 days) Total Data Collected : N = 29,405 ( May : 7390, June : 7,200, July : 7,440, August : 7,375) Parameter Study : Temperature (C), humidity (%), dew point (c), velocity (m/s) and LAI (Index) 13 13

14 Field work Agricultural Weather System (AgroMET) HOBO U Channel 5 Main Steps : 1 The selection of study sites Implemented in a building with internal corridors. 2 Each level on the internal corridor fitted with VGS. 3 The equipment needed for research Identified in this study. 4 Hobo Data Loggers and Sensors installed on each floor of the building. HOBO U Temp\RH LI-COR (USA) Plant Canopy Analyzer (LAI 2200) 5 Data collection was taken based on the parameters of the study. 14

15 Variables of the Study Measurement Product Measurement Range Accuracy Surface Temperature HOBO U Temp\RH Data Logger (Onset, USA) External Sensor (TM C6- HA) Temperature: -20 C to 70 C (-4 C to 158 F) Temperature: ±0.35 C from 0 C to 50 C Dew Point HOBO U Temp\RH Data Logger (Onset, USA) External Sensor (TM C50- HA) Temperature: -20 C to 70 C (-4 C to 158 F) Temperature: ±0.35 C from 0 C to 50 C Relative Humidity HOBO U Temp\RH Data Logger (Onset, USA) External Sensor (TM C50- HA) Humidity: 5% to 95% RH Humidity: ±2.5% RH from 10% to 90% (10 C to 50 C) Air Velocity HOBO U Air Velocity (Onset, USA) (T- DCI-F900-L-P Air Velocity Sensor w/ 0.15 to 10 m/s (30 985fpm) Greater of 10% of Reading or ±0.05 m/s or 1% Full Scale Leaf Area Index LI-COR (USA) Plant Canopy Analyzer Calculation (LAI 2200) Operating Temperature Range: - 20 to 50 C. Humidity Range: 0 to 95% RH 15

16 The Study Sites (3 o N, 101 o E) Location Plan Five-Storey Commercial Building known as Suria Tower (Baywatch) in Jalan PJU 1/42, Petaling Jaya, Selangor 16

17 Level Unit Experimental Layout Section A Section B Section C Section D Section E L 5 18m 2M 1C 1M 2C 1M 2C 1M 2C 1M 2C L 4 15m 2M 1C 2M 1C 2M 1C 2M 2C 2M 2C L 3 12m 1M 1C 1M 2C 2M 2C 2M 1C 2M 2C 9m L 2 2M 1C 2M 1C 2M 2C 2M 2C 2M 2C 6m 1M 2C 2M 1C 1M 2C 2M 2C 2M 2C L - 1 3m Number of Plot (Living Wall & Green Facade) Level (Height) 17

18 Research Findings RO#1 Daytime VARIABLES/ ITEMS Temperature RESULTS AND FINDINGS Temperature depends on the number of VGS installation Day vs. Night Month Highest Level June 31.4 o C 5 Month Lowest Level July 29.1 o C o C 29.5 o C 29.1 o C 28.0 o C Night Month Highest Level June 29.5 o C 5 Month Lowest Level July 28.0 o C 3 18

19 Research Findings RO#1 VARIABLES/ ITEMS Relative Humidity RESULTS AND FINDINGS Temperature depends on the number of VGS installation. Moisture Daytime Month Highest Level August 72.9 % % 68.8% 61.6% 72.9% Month Lowest Level June 61.6 % 5 Night Month Highest Level May 78.9 % 2 Month Lowest Level June 68.8 % 5 19

20 Research Findings RO#1 VARIABLES/ ITEMS Dew Point RESULTS AND FINDINGS Temperature depends on the number of VGS installation. Transpiration Daytime Month Highest Level May 24.7 o C o C 24.8 o C Month Lowest Level August 22.8 o C o C 22.8 o C Night Month Highest Level May 24.8 o C 2 Month Lowest Level July 22.7 o C 5 20

21 Research Findings RO#1 VARIABLES/ ITEMS Air Velocity RESULTS AND FINDINGS Temperature depends on the number of VGS installation. Wind Daytime Month Highest Level August m/s m/s m/s Month Lowest Level August m/s 2 Night m/s m/s Month Highest Level May m/s 2 Month Lowest Level August m/s 1 21

22 Research Findings RO#1 VARIABLES/ ITEMS Leaf Area Index RESULTS AND FINDINGS Leaf density factor is also found to be a contributor to the LAI Daytime Month Highest Level August m/s 1 Month Lowest Level August m/s 2 M - Modular : C - Cables Night Month Highest Level May m/s 2 Leaf Area Index (LAI) Building M C Total Level May June July August Month Lowest Level August m/s M - Modular : C - Cables 22

23 Research Findings RO#2 VARIABLES/ ITEMS Temperature RESULTS AND FINDINGS Percentage reduction over temperature occurs based on a combination of modular, and cable. (% Tem) Building Level M C Total Temperature (%) Difference (Average) May June July August M - Modulars : C - Cables May 23

24 Research Findings RO#2 VARIABLES/ ITEMS Relative Humidity RESULTS AND FINDINGS Percentage reduction over temperature occurs based on a combination of modular, and cable. Building Level M C Total Relative Humidity (%) Difference (Average) May June July August M - Modulars : C - Cables 24

25 Research Findings RO#2 VARIABLES/ ITEMS Dew Point RESULTS AND FINDINGS Percentage reduction over temperature occurs based on a combination of modular, and cable. Building Level M C Total Dew Point (%) Difference (Average) May June July August M - Modulars : C - Cables 25

26 Research Findings RO#2 VARIABLES/ ITEMS Air Velocity RESULTS AND FINDINGS Percentage reduction over temperature occurs based on a combination of modular, and cable. Building Level M C Total Dew Point (%) Difference (Average) May June July August M - Modulars : C - Cables 26

27 Research Findings RO#3 VARIABLES/ ITEMS SEM RESULTS AND FINDINGS There is a difference between the temperatures on the climate, months and also the parameters of the VGS system in reducing the temperature Independent Variables Mediating Variables Dependent Variables Independent Variables Mediating Variables Dependent Variables Original Model SEM Model Adjustment Adjusted Model 27

28 Research Findings RO#3 VARIABLES/ ITEMS SEM RESULTS AND FINDINGS The combination of modular and cable can help reducing the temperature per unit by percent and percent respectively. Independent Variables Mediating Variables Dependent Variables Adjusted Model 28

29 Research Findings Test Accepted Value Original Model Adjusted Model Comments Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) RMSEA < The model fit improved Root Mean Residual (RMR) RMR < Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) The model fit become slightly higher Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) Normed Fit Index (NFI) Relative Fit Index (RFI) Close to 1 indicates a very good fit is a good fit Incremental Fit Index (IFI) Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) Comparative Fit Index (CFI) Thermal performance of VGS in the internal corridors of tall building in the tropical climates

30 Conclusion and Theoretical Implications Cable System External Ambient Internal Corridor Opening Space 2.5m (H) x 1m (W) x 200mm (Distance). stainless steel cable set to be planted with Thumbergia erecta. Air Velocity Relative Humidity Vegetation Modular System External Ambient 2.5m (H) x 1m (W) x 25mm thk. plant cells to be planted with Ophiopogan varigated are made from recycled polypropylene. Insulation Substrate Reducing Temperature Effect of the wind on the internal corridor 30

31 Planning and Design Implications Insulation provided by vegetation and substrate Evaporative cooling by evapotranspiration Effect of the wind on the internal corridor 31

32 Contributions of Research Pioneer in the study of VGS in the internal corridors Designing digital applications (Ezi-VGSapp) New perception of urban greening Reference for future research Preparation of VGS database 32

33 Recommendations 1. The studies of the properties of the physiological and morphological allow climbing plants to maintain growth and function in difficult urban conditions. It is geared to study the selection of a new species to be planted on the VGS. 2. In the context of plants materials, specific studies may be seen to investigate the leaf area index, the range of indices for different types of plants for effective insulation against heat. The research design should be enhanced through improved experimental replication and validation of simulation modeling studies of the effectiveness of VGS to internal building corridor. 3. Studies to improve understanding of the influence of different configurations climbing support plant growth, the role of substrate and plant containers in lowering the temperature in the internal corridor. 33

34 Recommendations 4. Review of irrigation system design for VGS and the impact of varying the width of the air cavity in the insulation provided by the vegetation in the corridor. 5. The ecological quality and sustainability of VGS can be improved. When the positive effect on the environment and the ecosystem as a whole will be taken into account, the total life cycle cost of green roof could be reduced. 6. Studies on the ecology and sustainability of quality of VGS in the total life cycle cost aspects for comparison maintenance work. 34

35 Published & Conference Papers INDEXED JOURNALS 1. Badrulzaman, J., Said, I., Md Reba, M. N., & Rasidi, M. H. (2014). An Experimental Study on Bioclimatic Design of Vertical Greenery Systems in the Tropical Climate. In A. H. K (Ed.), The Malaysia-Japan Model on Technology Partnership: International Proceedings 2013 of Malaysia- Japan Academic Scholar Conference. Tokyo: Springer Japan. 2. Badrulzaman, J., Said, I., Reba, M. N. M., & Rasidi, M. H. (2013). Impact of Vertical Greenery System on Internal Building Corridors in the Tropic. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105,

36 Published & Conference Papers CONFERENCES & PROCEEDINGS 1. Badrulzaman, J., Said, I., & Rasidi, M. H. (2011a). Cooling Effect by Vertical Greenery System in A High Rise Building and Surrounding. In Seminar A Day at the Faculty of Built Environment (FAB), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (pp. 1 7). Skudai, Johor: UTM Press. 2. Badrulzaman, J., Said, I., & Rasidi, M. H. (2011b). Evaluating the Impact of Vertical Greenery System on Cooling Effect in A High Rise Building and Surroundings : A Review. (A. Murti N., S. Ramdlani, E. Yunita T., C. Permata D., & A. C., Eds.)The 12th International Conference on Sustainable Environment and Architecture (SENVAR). Malang, Indonesia: University of Brawijaya Malang. 3. Badrulzaman, J., Said, I., Md Reba, M. N., & Rasidi, M. H. (2014). An Experimental Study on Bioclimatic Design of Vertical Greenery Systems in the Tropical Climate. In A. H. K (Ed.), The Malaysia-Japan Model on Technology Partnership: International Proceedings 2013 of Malaysia-Japan Academic Scholar Conference. Tokyo: Springer Japan. 4. Badrulzaman, J., Said, I., Reba, M. N. M., & Rasidi, M. H. (2013). Impact of Vertical Greenery System on Internal Building Corridors in the Tropic. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105,

37 Thank you very much for your attention! 37