INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)

Transcription

1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) Volume 4, Issue 6, November December, pp IAEME: Journal Impact Factor (2013): (Calculated by GISI) IJCIET IAEME EVALUATION OF RUNOFF DEPTH FOR AL-ADEEM RIVER BASIN BY USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE AND GIS INTEGRATION Dr. GhassanAl-adeem AL-Dulaimi* *Institute of Technology\Baghdad ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to determine runoff depth for Al-adeem river basin in north eastern part of Iraq by using remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS) integration. Various data sets were used such as Landsat7-ETM satellite image, 1:25000 standard topographic map and soil map data. The basin area and physical characteristics of the studied area such as slope and aspect maps were determined with the help of DEM (Digital Elevation Model)by using Global Mapper 11 software. Supervised classification process was used in this research to drive the land cover map by using ERDAS 8.4 program. A hydrological model US Soil Conservation Service method or (SCS) method was used to determine curve numbers and runoff depth distribution on the entire studied basin. Results obtained from this research coincide with varying morphology of studied basin. High runoff depth obtained in the middle parts of the basin that consist mainly from soil with low infiltration rate(clayey soil) and pasture land cover that has an ability of high retention. Low runoff depth obtained in the north parts of the basin that consist mainly from soil with high infiltration rate(course sand and gravel soils) and shrub land cover that has an ability of low retention. Keyword: Runoff depth, ERDAS, SCS Model 2. INTRODUCTION For the last years, engineers and planners have been working on the modeling of environmental system. An accurate modeling of basin will require determination of the spatial and temporal distribution of hydrological parameters. Remote sensing and Geographic Information system within creasing the advancement of the computer technology have been applying to extract land surface properties at spatial and temporal scales which are very useful input data for hydrological model. Land use and land cover have several impacts on the hydrological cycle such as floods, droughts, runoff, water-quality. Rainfall-Runoff model play an important role to understand hydrological condition of basin area and predict their behavior over time. 208

2 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN Conventional hydrological model, to estimate runoff model input parameters have to be determined through ground truth measurements which still need huge economic and time labor consuming. Therefore remote sensing can also provide information about runoff input data most cost-effective cost and large-land coverage. Direct measurement of runoff is the accurate way of measurement but in most it is not possible at desired time and location, thus use of hydrological model for estimating run runoff depth has become increasingly popular. Al-adeem adeem River basin lies in the Iraqi land. It originates at mountainous parts in north eastern of Iraq, from the southern foots of (Karadagh), (Skermahdagh), (Tasslugga) and (Shwan) mountains in Sulaymania governorate. rnorate. The height of these mountains varies from 1400 to 1800m above sea level. Studied area is about 13000km²; Al-adeem Al adeem River is considered one of the main Tigris tributaries. It occupies most of Kirkuk governorate area and discharges in Tigris River south so of Ballad city.the basin extends between the two basins of Lesser Zab River at the north and Diyala River at the south in the region located between the latitudes 340 and nourh and the longitudes and east. The important valleys that the river originates from (Khassa Chai), (Tawok Chai),and (Quri Chai). The area of this region is about (11000km2) which forms (85%) from the whole basin area. The basin has an erodible and weak top soil which is easily washed out towards the stream strea after rain storms, thus causing an increase of sediments loads in River water. So, Al-adeem Al adeem River peak flow badly influences domestic water at Baghdad city, especially when Tigris has low levels because of the difficulties of purifying the water from fine fin sediments [1]. All Iraqi rivers are considered as mixing river where they are fed by rain, ice and ground water, except Al-adeem adeem River which is classified as a rain fed rain fed river due to its main dependence on rainfall in feeding its basin [2]. 3. MATERIALS AND METHOD A Satellite image of Landsat7 Landsat7-ETM ETM corrected was used in this research as shown in Fig. (1) The satellite data was visually interoperated and accuracy was checked on the ground. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was created using Global Mapper.11 Fig. (2). Fig. (1) Satellite image Landsat 7-ETM 7 for studied basin Fig (2) Digital elevation model (DEM) for studied basin Global Mapper

3 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN The DEM map used for drive slope map for the catchment area by using the same software (Global Mapper.11), Fig.(3) shows the slope map for the studied catchment area. Fig. (3) Slope map for studied basin Global Mapper 11.1 ERDAS 8.4 software used for pproduce roduce supervised classification map[3] depending on the Hydraulic Soil Group map (HSG) for the catchment area that constructed by using Arc Veiw GIS 3.3 software depending on the soil data for the catchment area as shown in Fig.(4) and Fig.(5). The basin dived into four sub-basins basins according to the variety in soil type, land cover and divide flow Fig.(6). Fig.(4) Hydraulic soil group (HSG) map for studied basin ArcVeiw GIS 3.3 Fig.(5) Supervised classification map for studied basin ERDAS

4 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN The Soil Conservation Model (SCS)[4]was used in this research as a hydrological model to drive the runoff depth in catchment area, the main input data in this model is the rainfall data which collected from Kirkuk metrological station. Average rainfall data found by using Isohyetal method. The soil conservation model (SCS) developed by United states Department of Agriculture (USDA) computes direct runoff through an empirical equation that requires the rainfall and a watershed coefficient as inputs. The SCS has developed an index, which is called the runoff curve number (CN), to represent the combined hydrologic effect of soil, land use, agricultural, land treatment class hydrologic condition, and antecedent soil moisture condition. General equation for the SCS curve number method is as follows [5]: F S Q P I.. 1 Where P: rainfall depth (mm), F: actual retention (mm), S: watershed storage (mm), Q: actual direct runoff (mm), I: initial abstraction. From the continuity principle: F P I Q 2 The SCS method defined the value of initial abstraction (I) to be approximately equal to 20% of watershed storage (S). Solving equation (1) and (2) simultaneously: 0.2 S The watershed storage S and curve number CN are related The parameter CN, having a range of value between 0 and 100, called the curve number. In this method a curve number (CN) assigned to each watershed or portion of watershed based on soil type, land use and treatment.fig.(7) shows curve number (CN) value for each sub-basin depending on soil type and land cover by using SCS tables. 211

5 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN Fig.(6) Sub-basin number Fig.(7) Curve number(cn) map For studied basin 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The curve number value (CN) that obtained from Fig. (7) substitute in Equation (5) to obtain watershed storage (S).Runoff depth (Q) calculated by substitute watershed storage (S) and rainfall depth (P) values in equation (4).Table (1) shows the calculation processto determinee runoff depth for each sub-basin, from this table it s obviously that the value of curve number (CN) have a direct proportion relationship with runoff depth. High runoff depth can be obtained with high curve number value and vice versa. Fig.(8) shows the average runoff depth (Q) for each sub-basin in February month that expect to be most rainy month. Table (1) Runoff depth (mm) Subbasin No. month Areal Rainfall (mm) CN S Ia (P-Ia)² Runoff (Q) (mm) I II Feb. III IV

6 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN Fig. (8) Runoff depth map for studied basin 5. CONCLUSION In this research showed thatt the remote sensing and GIS technique are very useful tools to determine the runoff depth in Al-adeem River basin. The result obtained from this research coincides with the diversity in soil type and land cover of the basin. High runoff depth obtained in sub-basin (II) that has a hydraulic soil group Type (D) which specified by a very slow infiltration rates and pasture land cover that has an ability of high retention. Low runoff depth obtained in the north parts of the basin (sub-basin II) that consist mainly from hydraulic soil group Type (A) which specified by a high infiltration rate(course sand and gravel soils) and shrubland cover that has an ability of low retention. REFERENCES 1. Ali, S.H.,The hydrology of Tigris river basin in Iraq, PhD Dissertation, College of Arts, University Of Baghdad, Iraq Sanad, A.E. Simulation of hydrological processes by using digital computers. Msc. Dissertation.Civil department, College of engineering. University of Baghdad,Iraq Kenie T.J.M, Remote sensing in civil engineering, Surrey university press, Ponce,V.M,Engineering Hydrology Principles And Practices, Prentice-HallLondon, Mccuen R.H.,A Guide To Hydrologic Analysis Using SCS Method,2nded.,University of Maryland, Prentice-Hall, Mohammed Hashim Ameen and Dr. R. K. Pandey, Delineation of Irrigation Infrastructural, Potential and Land Use/ Land Cover of Muzaffarnagar by using Remote Sensing and GIS, International Journal of Civil Engineering & Technology (IJCIET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 1-11, ISSN Print: , ISSN Online: