Marc Pop. The Value of Distributed Residential Photovoltaic Systems in the National Electricity Market

Transcription

1 Marc Pop Results Presentation of my Practicum Project at the CEEM of the University of New South Wales The Value of Distributed Residential Photovoltaic Systems in the National Electricity Market Supervisors: Muriel Watt, Hugh Outhred, Iain MacGill Field Period: Oct Mar 2005

2 PERSPECTIVE OF PV IN AUS Photovoltaic (PV) converting sunlight into electricity Internationally the industry is growing 30% per year Excellent solar resources - AUS is the sunny country AUS is 1 of 4 net exporting countries of solar energy systems Some of the best solar researchers in the world in AUS AUS photovoltaic industry growing only at about 15% Off-grid non-domestic applications dominate cumulative installed capacity (about 58 % by 2003 ) grid-connected market segment about 11 % Electricity prices some of lowest in the world Electricity pricing to customer does not reflect real cost of supply and production (eg peak power) Few drivers for RE / PV development from government What is the actual current value of small, grid-connected PV A) to the owner/ electricity end-user and B) to the electricity supply industry? 2

3 Context A) Value to customers/ PV owners Quantitative, empirical analysis of electricity consumption, tariffs and PV output of a typical Australian household Electricity Bill, residential electricity tariffs B) Value to electricity supplying industry Focus on retailers, as impacting those companies in the most direct way. restricted as no insight into companies & industry Quantitative and qualitative analysis by assessing NEMMCO Spot Market Data This work assesses the direct value of applying PV systems, not a full economical evaluation. Impact on economy (jobs, taxes, etc through PV companies (manufacturer, installing companies, traditional electricity industry), environmental benefit (GH Gas reductions) not assessed, but considered 3

4 Background Basic causes that determine and current issues that impact A) Value to customers PV output reducing external electricity demand Liberalization of AUS electricity market made change of retailer possible Introduction of time-of-use tariffs B) Value to retailing companies Summer Peak load study by M Watt et al indicating: Electricity demand has grown rapidly in Australia over the past decade and has been accompanied by an exacerbation of the peakiness of electricity demand patterns, with increased air conditioning load considered to be the major cause. Recent peaks have resulted in supply disruptions and, on some occasions, extremely high spot prices on the National Electricity Market 4

5 Objective A) Value to urban residential customers 1. Analyzing PV output vs HH load, A/C use pattern 2. Calculating value of PV output 3. Analyzing urban residential tariff structures in NSW, SA and VIC 4. Calculating rate switch effects 5. Assessing the impact of time-of-use (TOU) tariffs 6. Evaluating Green tariff options 7. Ultimatley assessing the economical viability B) Value to retailing companies 1. Analysis of National Electricity Market - Spot Market demand and price (RPR) data 2. Potential of PV to contribute reducing loads and spot market extreme events 3. Potential of West facing PV systems 5

6 Methodology This work is distinguished by being based on empirical data of one entire year! DATA SOURCES: 1. PV System Data: Queanbeyan PV Plant (NSW) 2. Residential Customer: Household in SA 3. Residential Electricity Tariffs: Various retailers in NSW, SA, VIC 4. NEMMCO DATA: Demand and RPR in NSW, SA, VIC 6

7 NOTE: This Report is intended to be based on empirical data, and thus data sets (PV, HH) have certain characteristics which are not be reproducible. Also, data is not always consistent (i.e. Queanbeyan PV data used for calculation in SA), therefore not scientifically correct but in order to evaluate trends justified Main Information Source: Publicly available data on the Internet Tools: Exel, MathLab Assumptions PV system performance is the same for all locations SA Household data is used for calculations in all 3 states All PV system sizes are calculated proportional to original Queanbeyan data Normalisation Process of PV system output: Assuming all phenomenal influence is linear Effect of temperature on array efficiency is not being regarded further Not calendar year as determined by available data 7

8 PV System Data The Country Energy solar farm in Queanbeyan: 720 x 77 W panels nine separate, north facing modules total system capacity of 50 kilowatts Data One entire year in 30min interval meter readings from the 1 April 2002 to the 31 March 2003 Transformation In order to obtain a data set that is easily comparable, I transformed and calculated the output for a 1 kwp system 8

9 Monthly output of calculated 1 kw PV Apr 02 to Mar 03 kwh relative Min % Max % Average % Total 1, % April % May % June % July % August % September % October % November % December % January % per quarter Time kwh percentage Min % Max % Average % Total 1, % 1st Quarter % 2nd Quarter % 3rd Quarter % 4th Quarter % In the examined period, the spring quarter, especially the month of Oct, showing highest PV output. February % March % Difference between July to Ocotber > 35% 9

10 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% 10.00% 0.00% % 17,520 data points for period of one year Output Queanbeyan in % of nominal (50kWp) 10 1/04/2002 1/05/2002 1/06/2002 1/07/2002 1/08/2002 1/09/2002 1/10/2002 1/11/2002 1/12/2002 1/01/2003 1/02/2003 1/03/2003 Date

11 Household Load Data The residential costumer is a household in South Australia. It can be classified to be fairly representative as an average Australian household, as 2 adults, 2 children, not low income Urban area (Adelaide area) House built in the current past, approx. 180 sqm surface, constructed using an energy saving scoresheet large A/C units The source for the data is Lachlan Mudge from the Uni of SA, who has gathered the data by installing monitoring equipment in the household himself. Due to privacy reasons further details can not be disclosed Data Entire year in 15 min interval scans 1 Apr Mar 03 All appliances are separately monitored Transformed to 30min intervals and Instantaneous power (the calculated total electricity consumption of the HH) 11

12 305 scans missing 2% % of total KWh relative Min % Max 2, % Average % Total 10, % April % May % June % July % August % September % October % November % December 1, % January 2, % February % March % Missing scans have been replaced with analogue data that is closest to the gaps, either before or after Min, Max, Avg per 30 min interval KWh Min 0.00 Max 8.63 Average 0.57 Total 10,

13 Load profile 7 Jan03 (Tuesday) (Highest load scan of the year) kw :00 1:30 3:00 4:30 6:00 7:30 9:00 10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00 16:30 18:00 19:30 Instantaneous Power (kw) total A/C (KW) 3 kvp PV Lights Oven time Fridge Power NEMMCO SA 21:00 22: RPR ($) 13

14 Household load profile vs AC, PV, NEMMCO RPR's Fri 23 - Thu 29 Jan03 RPR ($) kw 0:00 5:30 11:00 16:30 22:00 3:30 9:00 14:30 20:00 1:30 7:00 12:30 18:00 23:30 5:00 10:30 16:00 21:30 3:00 8:30 14:00 19:30 1:00 6:30 12:00 17:30 23:00 4:30 10:00 15:30 21:00 time Instantaneous Pow er (kw) total A/C (KW) 3 kwp PV NEMMCO SA Key Specifications of this HH load pattern High weekend loads The air conditioner is the appliance with the highest rating in the house, at about 9 kw- it dominates the household load profile 14

15 PV output vs HH load per month Correlation of supply and PV output per month apr02 to mar03 1, KWh 1, Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Month 0 Total supply relative PV system output Relevance of PV for HH 1 kw 3 kw 5 kw 7 kw percentage of total HH load that PV generates 14% 42% 70% 98% Percentage of PV output that is being exported 20% 46% 58% 66% 15

16 Residential Tariff sructures 1.Methodology: Focused on Urban Domestic/Residential customers Major electricity retailing companies acting in NSW, VIC and SA have been selected: NSW: Country Energy, Integral and Energy Australia SA: AGL VIC: AGL, Origin Energy Regular, generally available Continuous ( Flat ) and Time-of-use tariffs have been investigated In addition, green tariff options have been evaluated Note: The calculations have been based on tariffs and rates that exclude the GST! Due to hegemony of AGL in SA, focus on NSW and VIC 16

17 Assumptions If inclining block tariffs were given, not applied to PV electricity that is being exported Calculations take public holidays into consideration, daylight saving shifts have been adjusted GREEN ENERGY OPTIONS Assumed that same tariffs apply for buy back (as is the policy of EnergyAustralia) Retailers often offer Green Energy options in various levels - the green rates that I have taken are the options which are 100% sourced from renewable energy Some of the included retail companies offer green options, but could not be taken into account as the rates are only given in rough estimates per year and not per kwh consumption (eg Country Energy) 17

18 General findings Australian retailers offer a broad variety of tariff options (Flat, TOU, Green, Urban, Rural, domestic, commercial, farm, etc) Most of the included retailers have introduced an Inclining Block Tariff (IBT), or step rate, whereby electricity is charged at a slightly higher rate once usage reaches a threshold Complex structure (i.e. IBT, Hot water, summer prices in SA, etc) Besides AGL in SA, all of the examined retailers do offer time-of-use tariffs for both residential and commercial, although they are not communicating it clear and effective. In most cases, the only application requirement is a metering system 18

19 Overview tariffs NSW Structure of current residential tariffs in NSW EnergyAus TOU Country TOU INTEGRAL TOU EnergyAus flat INTEGRAL flat $0.18 $0.16 $0.14 $0.12 $0.10 $0.08 $0.06 $0.04 $0.02 $0.00 Country E Flat EnergyAus Green Vast differences between tariff classes, in price, structure and access charge. Peak price of TOU generally higher then continuous tariffs. Green tariffs being in average highest ones 19

20 Interstate comparison HH electricity bill without PV under various tariffs ContinuousTariff TOU Tariff Green Tariff 0 NSW VIC SA In general, NSW has the lowest tariffs, SA the highest, Green tariffs are the highest, although equal in NSW and VIC! 20

21 Reduction of electricity bill under various tariffs, 1 kw PV system Integral ContinuousTariff TOU Tariff Green Tariff EnergyAus Country Energy Integral EnergyAus Country Energy EnergyAus PV solely for HH use (no Export) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Relative to HH electricity bill 11.27% 11.65% 13.89% 13.18% 11.67% 13.87% 11.53% Net Metering (PV can be exported) $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Relative to HH bill (without supply charge % 14.44% 17.35% 16.31% 14.28% 17.36% 14.32% Relative to HH bill (with supply charge) 12.87% 13.21% 12.73% 14.71% 12.95% 12.13% 13.52% Comparison of HH Bill under various tariffs without and with 1 kwp PV with net metering HHannual electr.bill $2, $1, $1, $1, $1, $1, $ $ $1,302 $1, $1,171 $1, $1,459 $1, $1,313 $1, $1,075 $ $1,395 $1, $1,787 $1, $ $ $0.00 Integral Flat Energy Aus flat CountryE Flat Integral TOU EnergyAus TOU Tariff CountryE TOU EnergyAus Green Electr Bill w ithout PV 1 kvp PV w ith net metering 21

22 Comparison of HH electricity bill under various tariffs without PV (incl. Access charge) HH Bill $1,302 $1,171 $1,459 $1,313 $1,075 $1,395 $1,787 Relative to highest tariff 89.23% 80.26% % 89.99% 73.66% 95.57% % Difference % % 0.00% % % -4.43% 22.42% HH bill max. saving: 1. no PV, just rate switch savings 2. with PV & rate switch savings 3. no PV before, then rate switch and PV 22

23 Effect of different PV system sizes (No PV; 1,3,5,7 kw PV; NSW tariffs) Note: The roof area is obviously a crucial restriction 23

24 Various pattern of savings - depending on retailer tariff Savings in HH bill by switching from most expensive flat tariff (Country Energy) to initially cheapest (Energy Australia TOU) Savings in HH bill by switching from most expensive flat tariff to most favourable for PV (Integral TOU) Hardly any additional benefit of PV on TOU rate! 24

25 Is PV output more valuable on TOU tariffs? Difference of PV output value on TOU to continuous NSW INTEGRAL EnergyAus Country Energy No PV 1% -9% -5% 1 kw -1% -9% -4% 3 kw -6% -8% -2% 5 kw -24% -9% 3% 7 kw -3544% -25% 25% VIC AGL Origin Origin Solar No PV -4% -8% 0% 1 kw -6% -10% -2% 3 kw -14% -17% -7% 5 kw -40% -39% -22% 7 kw 673% -8643% -1621% 25

26 Interstate Comparison of saving potential Max Possible Savings by opting on the most favourable of the examined tariffs 0.00% -5.00% % % % % % % Saving potential in VIC are lower then in NSW, due to less rate switch saving potential, as tariffs are smoother in VIC switching, no PV to installing PV switching with PV installed switching without PV % NSW Victoria Origin Flat to AGL TOU 26

27 3% 2.50% 0.50% 25 y $11,000 increase in e. prices p.a inflation net lifespan Initial investment in PV Economic Viability a) With rate switch savings, NSW tariffs Saving p.a. by switching from tariff X to best tariff & installing PV system - highlighted cells = tariff with the highest saving perspective Integral ContinuousTariff TOU Tariff Green Tariff EnergyAu s Country Energy Integral EnergyA us Country Energy EnergyAus 1 kw $367 $236 $524 $378 $139 $459 $851 $31,000 $51,000 $71,000 (incl. gov. rebate 4000$, incl. installation costs) 3 kw $645 $514 $802 $656 $418 $738 $1,129 5 kw $924 $793 $1,082 $935 $697 $1,017 $1,409 7 kw $1,299 $1,168 $1,456 $1,310 $1,071 $1,391 $1,783 Net Present value of investment in PV system (lifespan: 20 years) 1 kw -$1,266 -$4,743 $2,908 -$973 -$7,303 $1,192 $11,598 3 kw -$13,870 -$17,347 -$9,696 -$13,577 -$19,907 -$11,412 -$1,006 5 kw -$26,450 -$29,928 -$22,276 -$26,157 -$32,488 -$23,992 -$13,586 7 kw -$36,513 -$39,990 -$32,339 -$36,220 -$42,550 -$34,055 -$23,648 Note: No cost for capital considered 27

28 Economic Viability b) Without rate switch savings, pure PV value Saving p.a. If staying on tariff & installing PV ContinuousTariff TOU Tariff Green Tariff INTEGRAL EnergyAustralia Country Energy INTEGRAL EnergyAustralia Country Energy EnergyAustralia 1 kw $168 $155 $186 $193 $139 $169 $242 3 kw $503 $463 $557 $561 $418 $508 $723 5 kw $834 $757 $929 $935 $696 $846 $1,188 7 kw $1,164 $1,046 $1,301 $1,310 $974 $1,185 $1,646 Net Present value of investment in PV system 1 kw -$6,548 -$6,892 -$6,065 -$5,870 -$7,303 -$6,506 -$4,585 3 kw -$17,650 -$18,702 -$16,194 -$16,094 -$19,907 -$17,517 -$11,787 5 kw -$28,848 -$30,887 -$26,324 -$26,157 -$32,517 -$28,529 -$19,440 7 kw -$40,085 -$43,222 -$36,453 -$36,220 -$45,126 -$39,541 -$27,273 Gap to commercial viability of PV instalation on the corresponding tariff 1 kw -60% -63% -55% -53% -66% -59% -42% Note: Same assumptions as on previous calculation 28

29 CONCLUSION In the most favourable scenario, a 1 kwp PV system could become viable, due to rate switch savings. E.g., the PV owner would invest the possible savings in the PV system. Without rate switch savings, costs for a PV system are at least 50% to high. FURTHER PERSPECTIVE Factors that could contribute to increasing value of PV: Increasing lifespan of system Decreasing costs of PV modules/increased performance Future payments/ subsidies for GH-gas avoidence Value of PV to owner as Uninteruptable Power Supply (if adding storage) 29

30 Own PV system vs Solar tariff Comparison of HH electricity bill with 7 kw PV system Bill with PV Bill with PV Bill with PV EnergyAus TOU AGL Flat AGL TOU based on Origin Flat based on Origin TOU total without access charge $0 $39 -$175 $47 -$133 Access charge $100 $113 $144 $150 $144 Total $101 $152 -$31 $197 $11 Buying Green Buying Green Buying Green buying 100 % Solar EnergyAus Green AGL Green AGL Green based on Origin Flat based on Origin TOU total without access charge $1,686 $2,310 $1,595 $1,938 $1,935 Access charge $100 $133 $144 $150 $144 Total $1,787 $2,443 $1,739 $2,088 $2,079 Saving by applying own PV (7kW9 compared to 100% Solar One year 1, , , , , Net of investment in todays prices over lifespan of PV system (20 years) -28, , , , ,

31 Part B) Value of small grid-connected, distributed PV to retailing companies Why focus on retailing companies? Retailers are being accounted for electricity network losses, additional value of PV systems by avoiding failures would benefit those companies Retailers also are being held responsible for environmental costs (for instance RET) Most direct impact on retailers However, specific data is not available. Therefore the main focus of analysis is on NEM data 31

32 NEMMCO Data Complexity of assessing the value: The NEM spot market indicators that I have used are not sufficient in evaluating the entire value to retailers, as they do not represent restraints in distribution networks, etc. Due to the complex nature of the market, the necessary data to evaluate this issue could not be obtained The conducted analysis based on NEMMCO data is: traditional, as the real value of PV lies in the risk reduction and deference of network investments Therefore mostly qualitative For the qualitative results, keep in mind that the potential value of PV systems is in most cases even higher then indicated in this work 32

33 1. NEMMCO data 1. Interstate 2. NEMMCO vs tariffs NSW lower cashflow then SA, VIC 3. HH vs NEMMCO 4. Extreme events 1. Definition 2. Do they occur due to high demand or randomly? 1. Value to retailers: 1. Revenue of PV by RPRs 2. Value of extreme events 3. PV vs NEMMCO 1. Extreme events vs PV on time-of-day 1. RPR extreme events 2. High demand events 3. Correlation of high demand 2. PV vs RPR 4. West facing PV system 2. Outlook on further tasks to assess value to retailers 33

34 The Spot Market Year NSW SA VIC $28.27 $59.27 $ $37.69 $56.39 $ $34.76 $31.61 $ $32.91 $30.11 $ $32.37 $34.86 $25.38 Average $33.20 $42.45 $30.97 Although retailers in NSW offer in average the lowest tariffs, the NEM average price is higher then in VIC and in the examined year even the highest of all three states! Comparison of NEMMCO spot market prices and state average prices over all tariff classes comparison of NEMMCO to average of tariffs per state % 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% % 95.00% 90.00% 85.00% 80.00% 75.00% NSW SA VIC NEMMCO Average of state NEMMCO state retailers NSW SA VIC state state 34

35 Analysis of extreme high price events in NSW, SA, VIC, 1 Apr mar # of extreme Spot Market Price events Definition Extreme event: RPR > 300 $ /04/2002 1/05/2002 1/06/2002 1/07/2002 1/08/2002 1/09/2002 1/10/2002 1/11/2002 1/12/2002 1/01/2003 1/02/2003 1/03/2003 Month VIC SA NSW

36 Value of PV by NEM Spot market RPR Relative output comparison over one year % of yearly output 18.00% 16.00% 14.00% 12.00% 10.00% 8.00% 6.00% 4.00% 2.00% 0.00% Apr- 02 M ay- 02 Jun- 02 Jul- 02 Aug- 02 Sep- 02 Oct- 02 Nov- 02 Dec- 02 Jan- 03 Feb- 03 Mar- 03 Output of 1 kwp PV System revenue by NSW S/M prices revenue by SA S/M prices revenue by VIC S/M Month Exceptional high prices push the revenue in the summer month in all states and in VIC and SA in July, whereas low revenue in Feb must be caused by low prices 36

37 Relevance of Extreme RPR s $ $90.00 Proportion of contribution by extreme events $80.00 $70.00 Value without extreme events $60.00 $50.00 $40.00 $86.29 $89.44 $83.04 $30.00 $20.00 Value of extreme events $10.00 $0.00 $12.61 $4.86 $2.14 NSW SA VIC Extreme high RPR s play a crucial role in NSW, little in VIC and SA 37

38 Correlation of Extreme RPR with extreme demand in NSW NEMMCO NSW correlation of demand vs RPR prices period 1 Apr Mar 2003 $10, % of max RPR price $ $ % 65.00% 90.00% % of max demand 53 high demand events that occur during the "extreme price" cases 51% of the extreme price events also show high demand (>90% of max) 38

39 Correlation PV and Extreme Demand PV output on NEMMCO NSW high demand events % of PV nominal output 65.00% 55.00% 45.00% 35.00% 25.00% 15.00% 5.00% -5.00% 90% 92% 94% 96% 98% 100% % of mx demand 40 significant PV output events occur during the "high load" period 21% of the high load events also show significant PV output 33. % average PV output during those events Most of those events occur in Jun, Jul and Jan! 39

40 Coincidence of PV, NEM RPRs 24 Jan 28 Jan

41 Correlation of PV and extreme Demand on time-of-day % Analysis of NSW high demand (> 90% of max = 52 events) vs PV output at time of day in period of 1 Apr Mar % % of Max demand % 98.00% 96.00% 94.00% 92.00% Demand (>90%) 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% % of nominal PV output 90.00% 10.00% NEM Load 88.00% PV 12:0 0 13:0 0 14:0 0 15:0 1 16:0 1 17:0 2 18:0 2 19:0 3 20:0 3 21:0 4 22:0 4 23:0 5 0:05 1:06 2:06 3:07 4:07 5:08 6:08 7:09 8:09 9:10 10:1 0 11:1 1 12: % 13:1 2 41

42 Correlation of West-facing PV and extreme Demand on time-of-day % o f M a x d e m a n d % % 98.00% 96.00% 94.00% 92.00% Analysis of NSW high demand (> 90% of max = 194 events) vs West facing PV output at time of day in period of 1 Apr Mar % 70.00% 60.00% 50.00% 40.00% 30.00% 20.00% % o f n o m in a l P V o u t p u t NORTH FACING # of cases in which significant PV output (>10%) and high load WEST FACING # of cases in which significant PV output (>10%) and high load just extreme events in percent of total high load events 20.62% 29.90% Average output of those event Average output of those event 33.02% 28.28% 90.00% 10.00% 88.00% 0.00% NEM Load 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:01 16:01 17:02 18:02 19:03 20:03 21:04 22:04 23:05 0:05 1:06 2:06 3:07 4:07 5:08 6:08 7:09 8:09 9:10 10:10 11:11 12:11 13:12 PV Average output of all high load events Average output of all high load events 7.73% 9.67% 42

43 Taking the project further - Roadmap for further assessment 1. Extending the analysis With other PV system data Additional period (at least one more year) 2. Full analysis of value of west facing systems Based on real data, resp. detailed simulation of west facing PV output 3. Perspective of storage systems For Project part A value to PV owner 1. Improved supply security Monetary appreciation has to be evaluated 2. Green House Gas Emission reductions might be certificated depending on governmental policy/ global emissions certificates trading 3. Assessing the perspective of PV system cost reductions 43

44 Taking the project further For Project part B Value electricity industry 1. Assessment of impact of PV ownership on customer behaviour 2. Assessment of impact of TOU tariffs on customer behaviour Customer is not aware of the effects of his behaviour, he acts in absence of information. Behaviour might change if price signals 3. Obtaining of Green House Gas Emission Certificated which might be required in the future 4. Peak Demand Reduction - Predominantly residential feeders - Predominantly commercial feeders 5. Network Benefits 44

45 Breakdown Assessing the value of PV s impact on load Peak Demand Reduction Value might vary substantially, depending on the conditions under which the electricity is being acquiring and distributed! Prevent Heating of Transformers Direct monetary value Realistic value depending on individual conditions A)Effects Deferring of network upgrade VARS Improved resilience of electricity system, by reducing transformer heating (by reducing load prior to peak demand on feeders with high residential loads) thus benefit of lower risk investment than network augmentation Suggested Procedure Identify the significant sub-networks due to be upgraded Estimates for costs to utilities 45

46 Detailed analysis of west facing PV Assess peak reduction value of North facing arrays (higher year-round output, but (assuming that peak prices occur late afternoon) does this warrant the losses through storage) (or are the short term losses of storing negligible?) to west facing arrays Model: How many PV Systems are necessary to reach the point of significant benefit to network? Model: Compensation for PV system owners for adjusting arrays to fit optimally to reduce demand peaks 46

47 Concerns on the value of PV WRT value to utilities by avoiding black outs in weak networks: The set of possibilities with PV installations will be regarded being too narrow by utilities, they are looking for safe solutions for such extreme events The PV systems would also have to be close to failure stations, which is not necessarily the case Storage value: Concern: Why should the storage be charged through a PV device, as it could be charged much cheaper during lowdemand tariff hours PV IS IN COMPETITION WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES 47

48 Other important aspects that are adhesive to the study 1. Value to commercial customers Expected that load fits better to PV output pattern 2. Assessment of viability of tracking systems (optimal PV output with tracking system, 30% higher output), especially with regard to commercial customers 3. PV systems on public buildings (Schools, Unis, etc), as output pattern supposedly fits demand well 4. Need for improved residential, commercial building energy performance, role of integrating PV systems 5. Decline of PV output on hot days 48

49 Acknowledgements Many thanks to Country Energy for providing the PV system data Lachlan Mudge and Monica Oliphant at the Uni SA Muriel Watt, Hugh Outhred and Iain McGill for their support Alistair Sproul, Mark Silver, Geoff Stapleton 49

50 Thanks for your interest! Your feedback as well as any questions are highly appreciated! Please contact Marc Pop: Or the CEEM: 50