ULAANBAATAR CITY S PM AIR POLLUTION AND BLACK CARBON STUDY. S. Lodoysamba, D. Warburton, D. Shagjjamba, I. Tserenkhand N.

Transcription

1 ULAANBAATAR CITY S PM AIR POLLUTION AND BLACK CARBON STUDY S. Lodoysamba, D. Warburton, D. Shagjjamba, I. Tserenkhand N. Warburton,

2 Contents Why is PM pollution important? PM Air pollution levels in Ulaanbaatar City What Are the main sources of PM pollution? Stove testing laboratory Managing the mitigation of UB air pollution Some results of air pollution mitigation Black Carbon Study Results

3 Why PM Air Pollution is important?

4 Terminology Black Carbon = Particles largely black in colour CO = Carbon monoxide MNS = Mongolian National Standard NO 2 = Nitrogen Dioxide 0 3 = Ozone PM = Particulate matter PM 2.5 = Particles smaller than 2.5 microns PM 10 = Particles smaller than 10 microns SO 2 = Sulfur Dioxide WHO = World health Organisation target

5 Main Air Quality Indicators (MNS 4585) SO 2 (10µg/m 3 annual, 20µg/m 3 daily) - NO 2 (30µg/m 3 annual, 40µg/m 3 daily) - H 2 S!!! (Dangerous and unknown) - PM 10 (50µg/m 3 annual, 100µg/m 3 daily) - PM 2.5 (25 µg/m 3 annual, 50µg/m 3 daily) - CO (10000 ppm? 8 hours) -O 3 (100 µg/m 3 8 hours)

6 Air pollution Indexes (µg/m 3 ) NO 2 (µg/m 3 ) WHO MNS NO NO2 2 0 CO (ppm) MNS: Daily Average CO SO 2 (µg/m 3 ) WHO Daily Average 20 MNS SO O 3 (µg/m 3 ) WHO Daily Average O3 O 3 *NAMEM Air Quality Agency Data averaged from 9 monitoring stations

7 PM2.5 concentrations by month from the NAMEM air monitoring station in Ulaanbaatar

8 Particulate Matter Distribution

9 Methodology Position of sampler: UB City Duration: Nuclear Research Center Zuun Ail 3 Horoolol Height of sampling: 1.6м, 4m,6m. Sampling frequency: Twice a week Sampler: GENT Sampler with Polycarbonate filters, Dusttrak Type of analysis: PIXE, XRF ВС measurement: Reflectometer, MicroAethalometer Data interpretation was made using software EPA PMF1.1(USA) PIXE analysis were done in the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences, 30 elements were analysed

10 Sampling Sites

11 Typical seasonal time series of PM daily concentration (µg/m 3 ) Timeseries PM10 (NANHEM) Timeseries PM2.5(NAMHEM) /4/08 6/14/08 6/24/08 7/4/08 7/14/08 7/24/08 8/3/08 8/13/08 8/23/08 9/2/08 9/12/08 9/22/08 10/2/08 10/12/08 10/22/08 11/1/08 11/11/08 11/21/08 12/1/08 12/11/08 12/21/08 12/31/08 1/10/09 1/20/09 1/30/09 2/9/09 2/19/09 3/1/09 3/11/09 3/21/09 3/31/09 4/10/09 4/20/09 4/30/09 5/10/09 5/20/09 5/30/09

12 Yearly Average Concentrations WorldBank 2011

13 What are the Sources of Pollution?

14 Pollution Source Apportionment Source contribution PM No3 1% 3% 5% Coal combustion Motor vehicles+road dust Soil Biomass burning Experimental setup of the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences 91% ContributionPM2.5 in site No3(Zuun ail)-a 3% 5% 3% 2% XRF Spectrometer SPECTRO XEPOS Nuclear Research Center, NUM, Ulaanbaatar S.Lodoysamba, et.al, % Motor vehicles+road dust Combustion 1 Soil Biomass burning Combustion2

15 Elemental Concentrations (µg/m 3 ) Elements Arithmetic StdDev Median Maximum Minimum Samples > Mean LOD a S/N PM BC Na Mg Al Si S Cl K Ca Ti Mn Fe Cu Zn Pb

16 Diurnal time Series of PM concentrations (Example TV site, GTZ station) Working days Weekend

17 Sources and Content of Pollution Main pollution sources are: PM 10 - Soil erosion, Coal combustion, Motor vehicle, Biomass burning, PM Coal combustion, Motor Vehicle+Road dust, Biomass burning, Soil Ulaanbaatar is the most polluted capital city of the world. 50% of PM concentration corresponds to ignition phase (cold start) and reloading of stoves. Presence of toxic elements in air: Hg, Ni, V, F, Cl, Br, As. Pb (Lead) in the air is below the Mongolian standard.

18 What to do?

19 Stove Testing Laboratory

20 Mongol stove

21 Modified Mongol Stove

22 Prototype Stove

23 Comparative stove efficiency Traditional stove has high emission and low efficiency, due to inefficient combustion and being lined with bricks and clay to increase lifetime Prototype stoves reduce PM Emission per MegaJoule of heat delivered more than 99% while still using raw coal Prototype stove is so efficient that it substantially cleans the ambient air that passes through the fire.

24 Management

25 World Bank 2011 Annual Health Benefits From Abatement Scenarios - benefits of different solutions accrue at different times.

26 The Cost of Delaying Short Term Measures: The decisive Argument for the project!

27 153,000 (82%) stoves were changed for improved stoves Change in emissions and fuel consumption Coal consumption Stack gas (PM2.5) (SO2) -16% -80%?

28 Insulation materials, Saw Dust Briquette were distributed to the household 10 percent of HOB s were improved.

29 Winter Months PM 10 Pollution Through The Years (µg/m 3 ) CLEM UB1 Zuun Ail UB PM PM10 West Cross UB2 13 Dist. UB PM PM NAMEM 2014

30 PM 2.5 Pollution In Winter Months (µg/m 3 ) Zuun Ail UB5 377 PM Zuun Ail UB PM2.5 West Cross UB2 NRC UB PM PM2.5

31 Comparison PM2.5 Concentration at Zuun ail 1400 Comparison of PM and September October Novomber December January February March April May June July August 2008/ /13

32 PM 10 VS Wind and Temperature

33 New Source Apportionment Result

34 Discussion - PM Air pollution reduction varies from site to site: 57% decrease at Zuun Ail in versus (high stove uptake) 30% reduction in overall UB pollution (AQA versus ) and winter PM2.5 air pollution decreased some places (Zuun Ail, Western Cross) but increased in some places (13 District, Academy Town)

35 Discussion Reason of reduction of PM 2.5 : Sale of 145,000 improved household stoves Paving more roads Weather conditions, especially inversions, wind direction and speed, temperature Reason for increase of PM 2.5 : Use of Baganuur coal instead of Nalaikh coal in the winters of and Increasing population, vehicles and homes Weather conditions, wind direction and speed, especially inversions, temperature

36 Conclusion PM 2.5 air pollution in UB City has been reduced overall since 2011/ and winter reduced only in some places PM 2.5 concentration in ambient air is highly dependent on not only stoves, but also the type of fuel used and firing behavior of the users H 2 S should be measured and controlled

37 Conclusion (Cont.) Fuel for households should be carefully selected and tested in common stoves using common behavior In more air pollution monitoring stations should measuring PM 2.5 pollution (at least 6) Source apportionment work should be done for more sites for future policy making of reduction of air pollution as current information is limited

38 Black Carbon Study Aim of the study is: Evaluation of BC in central Ulaanbaatar and possibility of use of MicroAethalometer to assess personal dose of PM2.5 pollution

39 Black Carbon Study

40 PM2.5 Measurement Dusttrak DRX- 8533, TSI,USA, Black Carbon Measurement- Microathalometer, MicroAeth AE-51, USA Measuring Site, Building 3 NUM, United Nations Street Cross Road

41 Monthly Average PM2.5 at NUM PM2.5 NUM 300 g/m PM2.5 NUM 50 0 Month

42 Time Series of PM2.5 and BC at NUM 600 PM2.5 NUM PM2.5 NUM BC_Time Series BC µg/m³

43 Filter is blocking 2013/12/02 Daily Ave: ng/m3 Changed Filter Black Carbon (ng/m 3 ) 17:55 18:25 18:55 19:25 19:55 20:25 20:55 21:25 21:55 22:25 22:55 23:25 23:55 0:25 0:55 1:25 1:55 2:25 2:55 3:25 3:55 4:25 4:55 5:25 5:55 6:25 6:55 7:25 7:55 8:25 8:55 9:25 9:55 10:25 10:55 11:25 11:55 12:25 12:55 13:25 13:55 14:25 14:55 15:25 15:55 16:25 16:55 17:25 17:55 Time

44 PM2.5 and BC (µg/m 3 ) December September

45 BC/PM2.5 Ratio 400 g/m 3 Months BC/PM BC monthly Average PM2.5 monthly Average Sep_ Oct_ Nov_ Dec_ Jan_ Feb_ Mar_ April_ May_

46 Conclusion: Black Carbon Study Black Carbon measurement can be done not for more than 6 continuous hours in November- February in Ulaanbaatar, due to filter saturation PM 2.5 pollution can be estimated using Black Carbon by MicroAethalometer measurement. Monthly calibration factor should be applied, as BC/PM2.5 ratio is not linear from month-to-month This Non-linear ratio can be explained by the presence of water droplets and ice on cold days and because dominating BC source at the site is vehicles. It should be studied more in future.

47 Twitter and FaceBook air quality and Please visit our Twitter and FaceBook sites to see the air pollution in Ulaanbaatar on-line.

48 Acknowledgement B.Batmergen, Crispin Pemberton-Pigott S.Enkhmaa G.Gerelmaa Christa Hasenkopf B.Tuvshintur and many others

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