Mercury Release to Aquatic Environments from Anthropogenic Sources in China

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1 Mercury Release to Aquatic Environments from Anthropogenic Sources in China from 2001 to 2012 Maodian Liu, Wei Zhang,*, Xuejun Wang,*, Long Chen, Huanhuan Wang, Yao Luo, Haoran Zhang, Huizhong Shen, Yindong Tong, Langbo Ou, Han Xie, Xuejie Ye and Chunyan Deng Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing , China School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing , China School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin , China Supporting Information 20 pages, 9 tables, 5 figures *Corresponding Author: Wei Zhang, zhw326@ruc.edu.cn; Xuejun Wang, xjwang@urban.pku.edu.cn S1

2 Table S1. Estimates of Aquatic Mercury Release from Industrial Wastewater By wastewater concentration (Group 1) By distribution factor (Group 2) Coal mining and washing Large-scale gold mining Coal-fired power plants Artisanal and small-scale gold mining Oil refining Mercury mining Iron and steel production Zinc smelting Manufacture of wearable textiles and apparel Lead smelting Printing industry Copper smelting Waste resource utilization Intentional use Domestic sewage Note: Hg released from cement production was not considered in this inventory. Most of the Hg from cement production is released to the air and only a small amount is retained in the cement and production residues. Water is only used during the quenching process, and previous studies have shown no evidence of direct Hg release to aquatic environments from the cement production process based on the mass balance of Hg in cement production plants. 1, 2 S2

3 Table S2. Mercury Concentrations in Wastewater from Different Sectors Release sector Concentration Unit Reference (mean±sd) Coal mining and washing 44±52 μg/l This study Coal-fired power plants 24±21 μg/l 5.8±0.93 μg/l 22 μg/l Oil refining 0.16±0.083 μg/l Iron and steel production 0.22 μg/l Manufacture of wearable textiles and apparel 24 μg/l Printing industry 1.6 μg/l Waste resource utilization 52±20 μg/l 25 μg/l 0.37±0.20 μg/l 5.0±2.2 μg/l Note: a) SD: standard deviation. b) Hg data for wastewater from oil refining, iron and steel production, manufacture of wearable textiles and apparel, and the printing industry were extrapolated from only one case study because of the lack of observational data available for these sectors; this could bias the calculated results. c) Hg concentrations in wastewater discharged from coal mining and washing was estimated based on the probabilistic distribution of the Hg content in the raw coal, 14 raw coal production, 15 the Hg removal efficiency of coal washing, the coal washing rate and the volume of water consumption for coal washing in China S3

4 Table S3. Mercury Concentrations in Domestic Sewage Untreated Total Hg Province Ref. Treated Total Hg Province discharge (μg/l) discharge (μg/l) Shannxi Guangdong Jilin Chongqing Henan Beijing Henan Beijing Beijing Xinjiang Shannxi Guangdong Jilin Chongqing Henan Henan Xinjiang Ref Note: Chinese provinces were grouped as follows: eastern China (Shanghai, Jiangsu Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi and Shandong), central China (Henan, Hubei and Hunan), southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan), northern China (Beijing, Tianjin Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia), northwestern China (Shannxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang), northeastern China (Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang) and southwestern China (Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Xizang) when estimating the Hg concentrations in domestic sewage in different regions. Data for each region were compiled from previous studies. If a region had no observational data, data from adjacent regions were used to estimate the Hg concentrations in domestic sewage from that region. S4

5 Table S4. Volume of Wastewater Discharged and Activity Levels of Mercury Release Sources in China from 2001 to 2012 Release sector and reference Product Unit Coal mining and washing 20 wastewater Mt Coal-fired power plants 20 wastewater Mt Oil refining 20 wastewater Mt Iron and steel production 20 wastewater Mt Manufacture of wearable textiles and apparel 20 wastewater Mt Printing industry 20 wastewater Mt Waste resource utilization 20 wastewater Mt Note: a) The volume of wastewater discharged from coal mining and washing in each province was calculated based on coal production. 15 b) The volume of wastewater discharged from coal-fired power plants in each province was calculated based on electricity production from coal-fired power plants. 15 c) The volume of wastewater discharged from iron and steel production in each province was calculated based on iron and steel production. 31 d) The volume of wastewater discharged from oil refining in China was estimated based on the volume of wastewater discharge per ton of oil production, which was 1.9 ( ) m 3 /ton in China; 15, 32 a uniform distribution was adopted because of the uncertainties associated with this parameter. S5

6 Table S5. UNEP Toolkit Distribution Factors Used to Calculate the Mercury Release from Point Sources Source category Distribution factors a Air Water Land Oil refining n/d d NFM-Cu b NFM-Pb n/d NFM-Zn n/d NFM-Al n/d NFM-Hg NFM-Au CAP c Other waste Note: a) Distribution factors are from the UNEP toolkit. 33 b) NFM: non-ferrous metal production. c) CAP: Chlor-alkali production (vinyl chloride monomer production) with Hg-technology. d) n/d: no data. S6

7 Table S6. Treatment Rate of Domestic Sewage in China from 2001 to 2012 Year Discharge (Mt) Treatment rate (%) Note: a) Treatment rates are from the China Environmental Statistics Yearbook. 20 S7

8 Table S7. Treatment Rate of Domestic Sewage by Province in 2012 Province Discharge Treatment rate Province Discharge Treatment rate (Mt) (%) (Mt) (%) Anhui Jiangxi Beijing Jilin Chongqing Liaoning Fujian Ningxia Gansu Qinghai Guangdong Shaanxi Guangxi Shandong Guizhou Shanghai Hainan Shanxi Hebei Sichuan Heilongjiang Tianjin Henan Tibet Hubei Xinjiang Hunan Yunnan Inner Mongolia Zhejiang Jiangsu China Note: a) Treatment rates are from the China Environmental Statistics Yearbook. 20 S8

9 Table S8. Releases of Mercury (ton) to Aquatic Environments from China by Various Sectors from 2001 to 2012 Release sector Industrial wastewater Energy industry Coal mining and washing Coal-fired power plants Oil refining Nonferrous metal smelting Large-scale gold mining Artisanal and small-scale gold mining Mercury mining Aluminum smelting Zinc smelting Lead smelting Copper smelting Iron and steel production Intentional use Vinyl chloride monomer production Reagent production Thermometer production Fluorescent lamp production Battery production Other industries Manufacture of wearable textiles and apparel Printing industry Waste resource utilization Domestic sewage Total release S9

10 S10

11 Figure S1. Map of Chinese river basins. Basin IDs: 1. Heilongjiang; 2. Songhua River; 3. Wusuli River; 4. Suifen River; 5. Tumen River; 6. Ergun River; 7. Liao River; 8. Daling River; 9. Liaodongbandao; 10. Yalu River; 11. Luan River; 12. Zhangweinan Canal; 13. Yongding River; 14. Daqing River; 15. Ziya River; 16. Tuhai-Majia River; 17. Chaobai-Beiyun-Jiyun River; 18. Yellow River; 19. Fen River; 20. Wei River; 21. Shandong Peninsula; 22. Huai River; 23. Yishusi; 24. Lixia River; 25. Yangtze River Upstream; 26. Yangtze River Downstream; 27. Yalong River; 28. Minjiang River; 29. Jialing River; 30. Wujiang River; 31. Dongting Lake; 32. Hanjiang River; 33. Poyang Lake; 34. Taihu Lake; 35. Qiantang River; 36. Oujiang River; 37. Minjiang River; 38. Mindong-Yuedong; 39. Hanjiang River; 40. Xijiang River; 41. Beijiang River; 42. Dongjiang River; 43. Pearl River Delta; 44. Hainan; 45. Yueguiqiong; 46. Yuanjiang-Honghe; 47. Lantsang-Mekong; 48. Nujiang-Irrawaddy; 49. Brahmaputra; 50. Senggecangbu; 51. Ertix River; 52. Inland water system in Inner Mongolia; 53. Inland water system in Hexi corridor-alxa; 54. Inland water system in Qaidam; 55. Inland water system in Junggar; 56. Inland water system in Ili-Eminhe; 57. Inland water system in Tarim; 58. Inland water system in Tibet. S11

12 Figure S2. Provincial distribution of aquatic mercury released from domestic sewage in China in S12

13 Figure S3. Correlation between the population of China s provinces and the aquatic mercury released from domestic sewage in S13

Figure S4. Distribution of aquatic mercury released from anthropogenic sources in each secondary river basin in 2012.

14 Figure S4. Distribution of aquatic mercury released from anthropogenic sources in each secondary river basin in (A), (C), (E) and (G) show the total release in units of t/yr; (B), (D), (F) and (H) show the release density in units of g/m 2 yr. S14

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Supplement of Inventory of anthropogenic methane emissions in mainland China from 1980 to 2010

Supplement of Inventory of anthropogenic methane emissions in mainland China from 1980 to 2010 Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14545 14562, 2016 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/14545/2016/ doi:10.5194/acp-16-14545-2016-supplement Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of