Renewable Energy Sources Class Slides Energy and Power Group 1

Transcription

1 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Renewable Energy Sources Class Slides Energy and Power Group 1 Prepared by Luis G. Pérez Important Preliminary Note The material presented here is not to be used for profit purposes. The document is for the sole use in the undergraduate class Renewable Energy at the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science of Washington State University. This course is being partially sponsored by Puget Sound Energy, Inc. The material was prepared using, among other sources, figures and data tables which can be found in public sites in the INTERNET. However, the slides as a set are not public documents, they are intended for the exclusive use of the students registered in this class. Some of the slides were originally created by the instructor, and some have been copyrighted by Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Those slides are used here with permission. In general, the document should not be copied, reproduced or used for any purpose without citing the original sources. It is strongly recommended that the students consult the original sources of the figures and schemes using INTERNET search engines and the list of references shown at the end of this document. Luis G. Pérez Instructor 1

2 Objectives Define energy and power under a practical point view Identify the usable sources of energy Define efficiency and losses Identify existing commercial energy sources Identify where the energy is consumed Identify renewable energy sources Justify the need for electrical energy Explain the difference and application of energy and power Recognize the price of energy Explain home energy consumption and cost The Energy Concept Energy (Physics): A quantity that describes the capacity to do work; commonly divided into three major classifications: Kinetic (dynamic) Potential (static) Radiant (electromagnetic) A Human Need: To Control, Manipulate, Use Natural Energy 2

3 Human Traction Animal Traction 3

4 Animal Traction Device (Mill) Animal Traction Device (Mill) 4

5 The Windmill A wind wheel is a mechanical Energy transformer Modern Wind Wheels 5

6 Forms of Energy POTENTIAL Chemical Nuclear Stored Mechanical Energy Gravitational KINETIC Thermal (heat) Motion Sound Electrical Radiant (?) Energy (U) Formulae Energy (work) in joules: U = f d [J] Potential energy: U = m g h [J] Kinetic energy: U = 1 2 m v 2 [J] Units: 1 J = 1 N m = 1 W s 1 BTU = J 1 kcal = 4184 J 6

7 Energy Conservation: Efficiency. Input Energy PROCESS Output Energy Energy output is always less than energy input Efficiency=[(Output Energy) (Input Energy)] x 100 Efficiency is always less than 100 % Engineers try to design machines with efficiency close to 100% Energy Conservation Losses Heat produced by friction and other effects Input Energy PROCESS Output Energy In many processes, loss is an amount of energy which is transformed to a useless type of energy 7

8 Efficiency Formula Output Energy Efficiency = x100 Input Energy Input Energy = Output Energy + Losses Output Energy Efficiency = x100 Ouput Energy + Losses Energy Transportation or Transmission?? 8

9 Energy Transportation or Transmission?? To Transport? Pipelines? Trucks? Train? 9

10 Another Idea A 10-mile-long Pulley? How Do We Transport this Energy in a Secure and Economical Way? Converter Distribution Mechanical Energy Transformer Electrical Energy: Special type of energy efficient for transmission along great distances Converter Motion Converter Light Heater Heat 10

11 Electrical Energy A special form of energy Its main purpose is to transmit the useful energy from one place to another in a simple, versatile, efficient and clean way It is natural; however, we obtain it with the proper energy conversion process Energy Conversion Energy converters produce a form of energy different from the input energy Examples: Mechanical to Electrical Electrical to mechanical Chemical to Mechanical Chemical to Electrical Radiant to Electrical 11

12 Electromechanical Energy Conversion from Mechanical to Electrical Energy: The Electric Generator Mechanical Energy GENERATOR Electrical Energy Generator 12

13 Your Bike Dynamo is a Generator Your Car s Alternator is a Generator 13

14 Energy Converters with Electrical Energy as Input Light bulb: Electrical to Radiant Electric Motor: Electrical to Mechanical Heater: Electrical to Thermal Efficiency Input Energy Energy Converter Output Energy U η = U output input 100 (Efficiency is always less than 100%) 14

15 Efficiency of Some Energy Converters Device Input energy form Ouput Energy form Approximate Efficiency (%) Electric Heater Electrical Thermal 99 Hair drier Electrical Thermal 99 Electric Generator Mechanical Electrical 95 Large Electric motor Electrical Mechanical 90 Battery (dry cell) Chemical Electrical 90 Steam boiler (power plant) Chemical Thermal 85 Home gas furnace Chemical Thermal 85 Home oil furnace Chemical Thermal 65 Small Electric motor Electrical Mechanical 65 Home coal furnace Chemical Thermal 55 Steam turbine (power plant) Thermal Mechanical 45 Gas turbine (aicraft) Chemical Mechanical 35 Gas turbine (industrial) Chemical Mechanical 30 Automobile engine Chemical Mechanical 25 Fluorescent lamp Electrical Light 20 Silicon solar cell Light Electrical 15 Steam locomotive Chemical Mechanical 10 Incandescent lamp Electrical Light 5 Energy Needs (Scales) Small scale (home scale) Medium scale (factory, communities) Large scale (utility production, cities, states, countries) 15

16 Major Natural Energy Sources Petroleum Coal Natural Gas Considered non renewable sources Nuclear Hydro Wind Biomass Solar Considered renewable sources Other Non-renewable Natural Resource Units Demand Peak production Production Time (years) 16

17 Major Natural Energy Sources Where is Energy Used? Petroleum Coal Natural Gas L Electrical Sector L L=Losses L Nuclear Hydro Wind Residential/ Commercial L Biomass Solar Industrial L Other Transportation Energy Flow 17

18 Energy Sources for the Electric Sector (2006) Recommended Web Site U. S. Department of Energy Energy Information Administration (EIA) Official Statistics from the U. S. Government 18

19 Enerfy Electric Sector Energy Sources Considered Renewable and/or Green Hydroelectric power Wind turbine generation systems Solar thermal and photovoltaic energy Fuel cells Geothermal energy Tidal energy 19

20 Traditional Electrical Power System The Big Picture 20

21 The Difference Between Energy and Power Power is the rate at which energy is consumed (or produced): Power [Watts] = (Energy) (Time) Power is in watts Energy is in joules Time is in seconds Energy = (Power) x (Time) joules = watts x seconds 1 Calorie ~ 4.2 Joules Units of Power 1 Large Bulb 1 watt = 1 W 100 watts = 100 W 1000 watts = 1 kilo watt 1000 W = 1 kw Small Residential Zone 1 million watts = = 1000 kilo-watts = = 1 mega-watt = = 1 MW 21

22 Common Units of Energy and Power (1) Power This area is equal to 1 Joule 1 kw Power This area is equal to 1 kwh 1 Watt 1 second time Energy = (Power) x (time) 1 Joule = 1 Watt x 1 second 1 hour Energy = (Power) x (time) 1 kwh = 1 kw x 1 h time Precise Formulae Power: du P = dt Energy: P U t 2 = P t 1 dt t 1 t 2 t 22

23 Electric Power: Direct Current Source (D. C.) I D. C. Source V Wires Load -Battery -D. C. generator -Etc. Power produced by the source: P = V I -Light bulbs -D. C. motors -Etc. Units: 1 watt = 1 ampere x 1 volt 1W = 1 A x 1 V Electric Power: Single-Phase Alternating Current (A. C.) Source I A. C. Source V Load -Single-phase tap -A. C. generator -Etc. Power produced by the source: P = V I (PF) -Light bulbs -A. C. motors -Heaters -Etc. V and I are the effective (RMS) values of voltage and current PF = power factor 23

24 The Price of Electrical Energy (relatively old values ~1999) Industrial Rates Residential Rates US $/kwh US $/kwh Austria Belgium Canada France Germany India Italy Japan Switzerland United Kingdom United States What is going on in my House? 24

25 Typical Power Consumption of Home Appliances Device Light bulb Fan Typical Wattage (not a constant) 60 watts 75 watts Small black/white television Color television Home computer and monitor Electric blanket Microwave oven Furnace fan Refrigerator Hair Dryer Electric water heater Whole-house A/C or heat pump 100 watts 300 watts 400 watts 400 watts 750 watts 750 watts 300 watts 750 watts 4,500 watts 15,000 watts Load Curve for Typical House House Load Watts MISC. TV COMP KITCHEN LIGHTS REFRIG Hours 25

26 Energy and Money Consumption (Based on a flat price of $/kwh) Energy consumption during the day Money consumption during the day Ho urs H our s Monthly cost: $ 45 Approx. Generation needs are determined by the demand. Figures: energy, load curve, peak load, average load, load factor. Load Curve Load (MW) Time (hours) 26

27 Energy and Power Consumption Monthly Typical power consumptions (approximated) Monthly (kwh) Load (kw) Number of Habitants consumption per habitant (kwh) House type 1 (USA) 4, ,037.5 Residential House type 2 (Latinamerica) 1, Apartment type 1 (USA) 2, ,075.0 Apartment type 2 (Latinamerica) 1, Commercial Zone in Town ( Typical US average commercial client) 3, Commercial Mall Size 1 (12 average US commercial clients with not big supermarket) Mall Size 2 (12 average US commercial clients with supermarket or big Store) 45, , Industry 1 (Latinamerica) 52, Industrial Industry 2 (Small US Industry) 103, Industry 3 (USA) 306, City type 1 (Latin america 100,000 20,174,500 28, , inhabitant) Community City type 2 (USA) 545,267, ,317 1,000, City type 3 (USA Hot city) 2,350,267,893 3,264,261 3,000, Country type 1 (Vzla) 5,011,936,010 6,961,022 24,135, Countries Country type 2 (Guatemala) 1,761,936,010 2,447,133 11,986, Country type 3 (San Francisco Area) 6,761,936,010 9,391,578 8,636, Continent (*) Mexico - USA - CANADA 410 millions of habitants 380,000,000, ,777, ,000, Planet Earth 463,600,000, ,888,889 6,300,000, (*) The consumtion of North America is 4.5 times the consumption of the rest of the World Sources - Websites 1.- ElectricGeneratoScience Service HistoricImage Collection.url 2.- ElectricPower and Machines.url 3.- Bolivia_animal_traction.pdf.url 4.- Circuit Breaker Design.url 5.- Converticaloriesto Joules.url 6.- Cooper Bussmann.url 7.- DOE Office of Energy Efficienand RenewablEnergy (EERE) Home Page.url 8.- DOE's ConcentrSolar Power Overview.url 9.- earth at night.url 10.- ElectricAppliancand the Energy Dollar, HEG78-94-A.url 11.- ElectricGenerato- AC or DC.url 12.- ENERGY CONVERSIBOOK.url 13.- Enlaces Molinos de Viento en Espa a.url 14.- Gemta Ltd..url 15.- High Voltage ExperimeHandbook.url 16.- HomeowneHandbook- MSN House & Home.url 17.- How Your House Works, A Free Referencfor Homeowners.url 18.- HowStuff- Learn how EverythiWorks!.url 19.- http Hydro turbines2.url 21.- Hydro Turbines.url 22.- HydroelePower How it works.url 23.- Long Run Energy Demandÿ World Consumpt1999.url 24.- Magnet Man - Cool Experimewith Magnets.url 25.- MOLINOS DE LA MANCHA en La portada de Madridej( Toledo Espa a ).url 26.- Nuclear Energy NEI - GraphicsGallery.url 27.- Nuclear Tour.url 28.- PATIO DE DISTRIBUDE GURI.url 29.- Physics Lessons,Tutorialand Help by Science Joy Wagon.url 30.- Power and Energy Systems Group.url 31.- Simple AC Circuits.url 32.- Solar Energy Panels - Solar Water Heaters - Wind Power.url 33.- Swedish Innovati- Bike Dynamo.url 34.- The Dutch Windmill.url 35.- World electricprices (2).url 36.- World ElectricPrices.url 37.- World's Largest HydroelePlants.url 27