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1 The printed material you requested is attached. fyi Union Carbide is now a subsidiary of The Dow Chemical Company. The combined companies offer customers around the world a broader product offering of chemical, plastic and agricultural products. For additional information about The Dow Chemical Company and its products and services, visit our Internet website at: Form No: QRP UC-2179

2 Glutaraldehyde The Right Biocide for Many Environments U

3 Glutaraldehyde and A worldwide chemicals and polymers company and leading manufacturer of specialty and commodity chemicals, Union Carbide has operations in more than 40 countries. The company is the leading worldwide manufacturer and marketer of glutaraldehyde for biocidal and industrial crosslinking applications, and has been producing glutaraldehyde for more than 40 years, currently marketing these formulations through service companies and formulators. The company s products are sold under the following trade names: AQUCAR Water Treatment Microbiocide UCARCIDE Antimicrobial UCARCIDE Preservative UCONEX Antimicrobial UCARSAN Sanitizer PIROR Slimicide

4 Glutaraldehyde The right choice for many industrial biocide applications Union Carbide s glutaraldehyde-based biocides are at work in virtually every industry where the control of microorganisms in process waters is essential to the quality of processes and products. Since its first use more than 40 years ago as a biocide in the oilfield to control the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria, glutaraldehyde formulations have played an important role in many diverse applications, including industrial water-treatment operations; paper-making; slurry preservation; metalworking fluids; healthcare; and in agriculture as animal housing sanitizers. Union Carbide For all these uses, glutaraldehyde is chosen for its proven performance advantages: Rapid efficacy against a broad spectrum of microorganisms Aqueous product form for easy and uniform dilution without heavy metals or stabilizers Compatibility with anionic, nonionic, cationic surfactants, and oxidizing biocides at normal use levels Compatibility with common scale and corrosion inhibitors End-use solutions of glutaraldehyde are no more corrosive to metal than water Unaffected by hard water Measurable in the field by several test methods Rapid and complete metabolism under aerobic and anaerobic conditions found in aquatic sediments Under test conditions designed to simulate discharge to surface water, glutaraldehyde was rapidly and completely metabolised Under conditions required in the OECD 301A (Ready Biodegradation by the Dissolved Organic Carbon Die Away) test, glutaraldehyde was found to be readily biodegradable Under conditions required in OECD 306 test, glutaraldehyde reached 73% biodegradation in 28 days, passing the requirements of the test 1

5 Structure and Mode of Action Structurally, glutaraldehyde (1,5-pentanedial) is a linear five-carbon dialdehyde. Glutaraldehyde CAS# Its terminal aldehyde groups are chemically reactive, undergoing the typical reactions characteristic of aldehyde chemistry. The most important of these transformations, and the one on which virtually all important industrial glutaraldehyde chemistry is based, involves reaction of these aldehyde groups with primary amines. The 2 Biocidal Mechanism The cell walls of all living organisms contain free amine groups (lysine and arginine) that serve as the reactive site for glutaraldehyde attack. Complex crosslinks are formed on the cell surface, and as essential cellular functions are disrupted, the cell dies. With increasing ph, more reactive sites for glutaraldehyde attack are formed, and the cidal reaction accelerates. While glutaraldehyde kills most quickly at alkaline ph s, it is still effective under acidic conditions. It is also effective against anaerobic bacteria, notably sulfatereducing bacteria, since it is not inactivated by sulfide. Rate of Kill vs ph organism: E. aerogenes temperature: 25 C concentration: 45 ppm active Effect of Temperature on Efficacy organism: E. coli ph: 7.5 concentration: 20 ppm active Complete kill (hours) Log Reduction minutes 60 minutes ph of testing media Temperature ( C)

6 Glutaraldehyde is efficacious against organisms encountered in a cooling or process water system. It is effective against bacteria, fungi, yeasts, molds, algae and protozoa, which have recently been shown to play a host role to Legionella, the causative agent in Legionnaire s disease. right biocide Rate of Kill for Glutaraldehyde Antimicrobials Time for complete Organism kill (hours) PPM (actives) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 25 Escherichia coli 1 50 Klebsiella pneumoniae 1 50 Staphylococcus aureus 1 50 Enterobacter aerogenes Candida albicans Control CFU for all organisms ph = 7.0 EPA Virucidal Tests Contact Temperature = 25 C Hardness as CaCO 3 = ppm -log 10 TCID 50 /0.05 ml Glutaraldehyde Contact Reduction Viable Virus* Virus Conc., ppm Time, min in Titer Detected Newcastle Disease Virus No Avian Reovirus No Avian Rotovirus No Canine Parvovirus No Infectious Bronchitis Virus No Pseudorabies Virus No Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus No Infectious Bursal Disease Virus No Avian Influenza Virus No * In order for a biocide to pass the EPA Virucidal Test, there must be complete inactivation of the virus at all dilutions and at least a three-log reduction in titer beyond the cytotoxic level. 3 Efficacy of Glutaraldehyde in 1 Hour Against 2 Species of Protozoa Tetrahymena Thermophila Colpoda Cucullus Concentration Biocide Tested #1 #2 #3 #1 #2 #3 Glutaraldehyde 5 ppm Glutaraldehyde 10 ppm Glutaraldehyde 15 ppm Glutaraldehyde 20 ppm = motile, normal activity and feeding, all cells alive 0 = some dead cells, some cells alive - = nonmotile, no activity or feeding, all cells dead

7 Chemical Stability The stability of glutaraldehyde is influenced primarily by ph and temperature. Glutaraldehyde can be used very effectively up to ph 10. At very high ph (>10.5) glutaraldehyde is still effective, but a shortened half-life may necessitate more frequent dosing. Glutaraldehyde is efficacious through a broad temperature range; at higher temperatures glutaraldehyde works faster, although its half-life can be shortened. The optimum ph for glutaraldehyde, in terms of rate of efficacy and half-life, is in the range of 7-9, which encompasses most use conditions. Adverse storage conditions may An aqueous impact product quality in a nonhazardous way. 4 Method of Dosing Glutaraldehyde is typically added to process water systems in slug doses. Dosing on a continuous basis is allowed, for example, under U.S. FIFRA label claims; however, slug dosing is usually a more cost-effective method of treatment Efficacy at ph 6.7 and 8.0 against Legionella Physical Properties Glutaraldehyde can be supplied as an aqueous solution, in concentrations ranging from 14% to 50% actives; as a blend with quaternary amines combining two unique biocides with two different modes of action to deliver synergy and even greater efficacy; and as freeze-protected blends that offer high performance in extreme conditions. Aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde do not contain or require stabilizers, salts or heavy metals, which may concentrate in closed systems. cfu/ml Control 25ppm Glutaraldehyde 25ppm Glutaraldehyde/ quaternary amine blend Time, hr.

8 All Aldehydes Are Not the Same solution Glutaraldehyde is frequently confused with formaldehyde. Although they share the chemical family name aldehyde, their chemical and toxicological properties are significantly different. Glutaraldehyde does not contain or release formaldehyde, even after prolonged storage under adverse conditions. Following are physical properties of 50% aqueous glutaraldehyde. Boiling point: C Specific gravity: (H 2 O = 1) 5 Freezing point: Vapor pressure at 20 C: -21 C 0.20 mm Hg (active ingredient) Solubility in water: 100% Flash point: Exposure limits: none 0.05 ppmv ceiling (ACGIH) 0.1 ppmv ceiling (Union Carbide) For more than 30 years, glutaraldehyde has been the main active ingredient in cold disinfectant solutions. Its highly effective antimicrobial action has helped to make minimallyinvasive endoscopic procedures possible by providing rapid and reliable high-level disinfection of delicate fiberoptic instruments.

9 Glutaraldehyde and the Environment Glutaraldehyde-based formulations are remarkably effective in controlling the growth of unwanted organisms. However, the minimal impact of glutaraldehyde on the natural environment is just as important as its biocidal efficacy. Many studies have been conducted to determine the acute toxicity of glutaraldehyde to aquatic organisms, both freshwater and marine/ estuarine. In acute toxicity studies of glutaraldehyde in three aquatic species, the No Observable Effect Concentrations (NOECs) ranged from mg/l (algae) to 9-24 mg/l (Daphnia magna) in freshwater and marine studies, respectively. In chronic studies, the NOECs ranged from 0.31 mg/l (algae) to 4.25 mg/l (Daphnia Readily magna). This suggests that the environmental toxicity of glutaraldehyde does not increase significantly with repeated exposure. 6 Studies were conducted to determine the products of the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glutaraldehyde. Radiolabeled glutaraldehyde was used in order to completely trace the degradation of the parent compound. Sacramento River water sediment was used as the source of microorganisms to degrade the glutaraldehyde.the aerobic and anaerobic aquatic soil metabolism of [1,5-14 C]-glutaraldehyde was examined using a dose rate of 9.45 ppm based on active ingredient.the overall material balance was determined at each point in order to ensure that no unaccountable losses of material occurred. In the aerobic system, active glutaraldehyde had a half-life of approximately 10.6 hours and was completely metabolized after 48 hours. During this period, the radiolabeled glutaraldehyde was found to be converted first to glutaric acid, and then further metabolized to carbon dioxide (see Scheme 1). Scheme 1 Glutaraldehyde Glutaric Acid Carbon Dioxide Under anaerobic conditions, the active glutaraldehyde concentrations decreased rapidly in the water with a half-life of 7.7 hours, and was completely metabolized in 3 days (see Scheme 2).The intermediate metabolite in the anaerobic water study was 5-hydroxypentanal. This intermediate was found to be further metabolized to 1,5-pentanediol. Scheme 2 Glutaraldehyde 5-Hydroxypentanal 1,5-Pentanediol In summary, the products of the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glutaraldehyde metabolism have been identified. The major product of the aerobic metabolism of glutaraldehyde is carbon dioxide, while the major product of anaerobic metabolism is 1,5-pentanediol. T. Esser, Aerobic aquatic metabolism of [14C]-glutaraldehyde in river water and sediment. Report #364W-1, PTRL West, Inc., Richmond, CA, November 4, T. Esser, Anaerobic aquatic metabolism of [14C]-glutaraldehyde. Report #365W-1, PTRL West, Inc., Richmond, CA, June 2, 1994.

10 AQUCAR Water Treatment Microbiocides are especially effective in controlling slime-forming bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria and algae in water-cooling towers, air washers, pasteurizers and other recirculating water systems where fouling and/or microbially-induced corrosion present problems. Rapid Degradation The metabolism of glutaraldehyde by microbes can be quite rapid. Under aerobic conditions, metabolism proceeds to complete mineralization, with CO 2 as the principal degradation product and the formation of glutaric acid as an intermediate. Under anaerobic biodegradable conditions, glutaraldehyde was metabolized to 1,5-pentanediol, a known compound with low toxicity. Effective against aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and functional over a broad ph and temperature range, glutaraldehydebased slimicides are extremely useful in preventing the formation of slime in all areas of the papermaking process. Glutaraldehyde is compatible with commonly used wet-end additives, unaffected by hard water and easily diluted or deactivated to non-biocidal levels. In the laboratory, the potential rate at which a chemical can degrade is often measured by the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) test. This standard test involves exposing a test material to an unacclimated sewage seed and measuring the oxygen demand of the system. Calculations of percent bio-oxidation are correlated to the amount of oxygen required to degrade the chemical completely to carbon dioxide and water. Glutaraldehyde exhibits a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 1.88 mg O 2, per mg active, as compared to a Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) of 1.92 mg O 2, per mg active. In a standard BOD test 1, more than 50% of glutaraldehyde is degraded in less than five days. In tests against sewage microorganisms, the concentration of glutaraldehyde required to kill half the test organisms (16-Hour LC 50 ) was determined to be 17 ppm active glutaraldehyde. A 16-hour no-effect level (16-Hr NOEL) of 5 ppm active glutaraldehyde was also found. 7

11 Chemical Deactivation of Glutaraldehyde Glutaraldehyde, when diluted below 5 ppm, ceases to be microbiocidally active and can be discharged into municipal or industrial sewers, unless specifically prohibited. If dilution to below 5 ppm active is not practical, up to 5% glutaraldehyde can be deactivated chemically by adding 2-3 parts (by weight) of sodium bisulfite (SBS) per part of active glutaraldehyde 2. This will reduce the concentration of glutaraldehyde in solution to less than 2 ppm active within five minutes at room temperature. The remaining solution can then be disposed of by appropriate means. Alternately, glutaraldehyde concentrations up to 2% active may be deactivated by the addition of a sufficient amount of aqueous sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) to maintain a ph of 12. This will reduce the concentration of glutaraldehyde to approximately 20 ppm or less within 8 hours at room temperature. The treated solutions, which contain a low level of residual glutaraldehyde, should be returned to neutral ph by the careful addition of an inorganic acid (e.g., hydrochloric acid) before disposal by appropriate means. Deactivated product is significantly less toxic, by at least an order of magnitude, than active glutaraldehyde. 8 Our commitment Handling Glutaraldehyde Safely Glutaraldehyde, like all chemicals, must be handled carefully and with a thorough understanding of and attention to its properties and hazards. At concentrations at and above 45%, glutaraldehyde is corrosive to the skin. It is essential to prevent skin contact and to provide proper eye protection, regardless of the concentration of active present. Those who handle glutaraldehyde should also avoid exposure to its vapor, which can cause temporary irritation to the respiratory tract at levels above 0.3 ppmv. There have also been a few reports of asthmatic-like symptoms in those with hyper-reactive bronchioles. All users should employ appropriate control measures and monitoring to insure that vapor levels do not exceed the recommended or stipulated limits in the country of use. Before using glutaraldehyde, be sure to consult a complete and current MSDS. For additional handling and storage information, consult our publication, UC-1255A, Glutaraldehyde Safe Handling & Storage Guide.

12 BIOSHARE Union Carbide has established its BIOSHARE biocides Product Stewardship program to promote human and environmental safety throughout the life cycle of its glutaraldehyde products, from manufacture, transportation, handling and use to ultimate disposal. The program provides comprehensive product safety, handling and storage information, including videotapes, posters, pamphlets and literature for on-site seminars to assist customers in training employees to work safely with glutaraldehyde products. Aroundthe-clock emergency HELP service, staffed by more than 100 specially-trained Union Carbide volunteers at locations across the U.S. and Europe, stands ready to provide assistance. to safety Glutaraldehyde-based biocides have found widespread use in a variety of oil field and gas applications.their ease of handling and potency against biofilms, sulfate-reducing and acid-producing bacteria make them ideal for establishing and maintaining microbial control in waterflood injection waters, drilling, completion and workover fluids, fracturing fluids, produced waters, oil and gas transmission lines and hydrocarbon storage facilities. Responsible Care As a global chemical producer, Union Carbide is committed to ensuring regulatory compliance, Responsible Care and product safety wherever its products are used. The six management codes of Responsible Care encompass more than 100 practices. These provide the framework around which member companies of the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) operate. Together, they encourage commitment, innovation and continuous improvement across all stages of the chemical manufacturing process, focusing on pollution prevention, distribution, employee health and safety, process safety, community awareness, emergency response and Product Stewardship. Union Carbide completed U.S. implementation of these practices in 1996, three years ahead of the target set by the CMA. Union Carbide customers can be confident that the company is committed to establishing and promoting a lasting partnership for health and safety. 9

13 References 1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 14th ed., American Public Health Assoc., 1976, Parts 507 and Jordan, S.L.P. et al. 1996, Inactivation of Glutaraldehyde by Reaction with Sodium Bisulfite, J. Tox. Envir. Health, 47: U Union Carbide Corporation 39 Old Ridgebury Road Danbury, CT Union Carbide. Union Carbide Corporation has compiled the information contained herein from what it believes are authoritative sources and believes that it is accurate and factual as of the date printed. It is offered solely as a convenience to its customers and is intended only as a guide concerning the products mentioned. Since the user s product formulation, specific use application, and conditions of use are beyond Union Carbide s control, Union Carbide makes no warranty or representation regarding the results that may be obtained by the user. It shall be the responsibility of the user to determine the suitability of any products mentioned for the user s specific application.we urge you to review, prior to use, the Material Safety Data Sheets for any Union Carbide products mentioned herein. These documents are available from your Union Carbide sales representative. This information is not to be taken as a warranty or representation for which Union Carbide assumes legal responsibility nor as permission to practice any patented invention without a license. UC-2090 P /99 5M Printed in U.S.A