DESIGN OF HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO UTILITY GRID AND NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK: A NEW CONTRIBUTION

Transcription

1 204 S. F. Mekhamer, A. Y. Abdelazz: Desgn of hybrd power generaton systems DESIGN OF HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO UTILITY GRID AND NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION NETWORK: A NEW CONTRIBUTION Sad Mekhamer 1 Almoataz Abdelazz 1* Mostafa Algabalawy 2 1 Electrcal Power & Machnes Department, Faculty of Engneerng, An Shams Unversty, Egypt 2 IEEE Member, General Motors Egypt ARTICLE INFO Artcle hstory: Receved: Receved n revsed form: Accepted: Keywords: Hybrd generaton system Mult-crtera desgn Dstrbuted generaton Cuckoo search algorthm, Frefly algorthm Flower pollnaton algorthm 1 Introducton All electrcty problems should be solved to Abstract: Hybrd power generaton system (HPGS) s an actve research area, whch s n need of a contnuous mprovement. It represents the best soluton for the most complex problems facng the world n the last decades. These problems are known as the shortage of energy, or lack of electrcty, whch logcally are the results of the contnuous ncreasng demand. Therefore, the researchers do ther best to overcome all expected roadblocks facng the development, where the most applcable solutons to solve these problems are ntroduced. In ths paper, the HPGS ncludes; wnd turbne (WT), photovoltac (PV), storage battery (SB), gas turbne (GT), and utlty grd (UG). The GT of ths system s fueled drectly from the natural gas dstrbuton network consderng all operatonal condtons of t, whch may be affected by fuelng the natural gas for the GT. So, the natural gas dstrbuton network s becomng an mportant component of the HPGS, and t s ncluded n the HPGS for the frst tme. Mult metaheurstc optmzaton technques are appled to obtan the components szng of ths system, where cuckoo search algorthm (CSA), frefly algorthm (FA), and flower pollnaton algorthm (FPA) have been appled. Therefore, ths paper ntroduces a new contrbuton not only to the new confguraton of the HPGS, but also n applyng the new optmzaton technques as solvng tools. The output results are compared to show the effectveness and the superorty of the appled technques as well as extract a recommendaton for the best solvng technque. overcome the obstacles, whch e the countres' development strategc plans s facng. Power shortage s the most common problem regardng the * Correspondng author. E-mal address: almoatazabdelazz@hotmal.com

2 Engneerng Revew, Vol. 8, Issue 2, , executon of the countres' development plans. The HPGS s consdered the most effectve soluton to overcome ths problem and to meet the power demand. Wnd turbne (WT), photovoltac (PV), storage batteres (SB), gas turbne (GT), and utlty are connected together to form the HPGS. Natural gas dstrbuton network s ncluded for the frst tme to supply the requred fuel (natural gas) for the gas turbne, where all ts operatonal condtons are consdered. The most mportant operatonal condtons should be taken nto consderaton durng the desgn of ths system. They are pressure drop and speed flow. New meta-heurstc optmzaton technques have been used to desgn the mentoned hybrd power system, where CSA, FA, and FPA are used to obtan the HPGS components szng. In reference to [1], L. Wang and C. Snghntroduce, the desgn of a hybrd power system, ncludes both the wnd power and solar power. Ths desgn s based on the cost, relablty, and emsson crtera. The authors take nto consderaton falure of the equpment, the stochastc generaton, and load varaton usng the probablstc methods. The modfed partcle swarm optmzaton s appled to obtan the system desgn for dfferent scenaros. L. Lqun and L. Chunxa [2], dscuss the opportunty of applyng a standalone hybrd wnd-photovoltacbattery system for the remote areas of Shangha. A smulaton model s appled for the proposed model and the authors execute fnancal and rsk analyss for t. The authors, also analyze all the envronmental and economc consderatons. Moreover, the conventonal optmzaton technques such as genetc algorthm and partcle swarm technques have been appled n order to obtan the cost and emsson desgn for the proposed system. In reference to [] S. Trazoue, F. Tarazoue, and M. Ghamy the desgn of a standalone hybrd system s ntroduced, whch s combned of wnd turbne, photovoltac system, and desel generator. The mperalst compettve algorthm (ICA), partcle swarm optmzaton (PSO) and ant colony optmzaton (ACO) have been appled. The authors consder the annual cost as the objectve functon should be mnmzed consderng the system relablty constrants. Fnally, the hybrd system results are obtaned consstng of number of the wnd turbnes, the number of PV panels, number of desel generators, the annual cash flow, and the system relablty. In reference to [4] T. Tahr, A. Bettahar, and M. Douantry the hybrd system s presented whch ncludes the wnd turbne (WT), photovoltac (PV), and desel generator for vllage buldng n Algera. The authors consder wnd speed and solar radaton measurements n the desgn of the hybrd system. In addton to the Hybrd Optmzaton of Multple Energy Resources (HOMER). a software has been used to obtan the components szng of the proposed hybrd system. A detaled comparson has been done between the standalone and the utlty connected hybrd systems. In reference to [5] Q. Jawad, K. Gasem, and M.Jawad the ablty to buld hybrd systems to generate the power for urban areas s studed. Also, the authors show these systems may contan some dstrbuted generaton sources such as; WT, PV, and desel generator. The dfferent combnatons have been presented usng the above mentoned power sources. Fnally, the authors execute a detaled comparson between these combnatons to decde what the effectve hybrd system s. H. Farghally, F. Fahmy, and M. Elsayed, [6], study the loads of emergency hosptals, home buldngs, and schools. Then, the authors plan a standalone hybrd system consstng of PV-WT for supplyng electrcty to the above mentoned loads. Therefore, the objectve functon of the hybrd system s defned, where t s the total annual cost of the system. The target s to mnmze ths functon consderng the constrants of the load balance, and the system relablty. The authors apply the HOMER software to fnd the desgn of the WT-PV, the number of wnd turbne, and the solar panels. In reference to [7] P. Gajbhye and P. Suhane the power demand and the weather condtons of a certan area are studed. The authors assume that, the most proper hybrd power system contans both the WT and PV. Also, the authors decde that t s mportant to add a desel generator and SB system as a backup system to mprove the system relablty and to decrease the system falure potental. So, the authors develop the fnal hybrd system objectve functon, whch ncludes the ntal cost, operaton and mantenance cost, and the fuel cost. In reference to H. Belml, M. Haddad, S. Bacha, and M.Alm [8] the fundamentals of the hybrd power generaton, where the techno-economc consderatons of a standalone hybrd system are studed. The authors defne the components of the hybrd system, the objectve functon, and the system constrants. In reference to [9], A. Eltamaly and M. Mohamed the wnd speed s collected and the solar rradance of a certan area to desgn a hybrd power system. The

3 206 S. F. Mekhamer, A. Y. Abdelazz: Desgn of hybrd power generaton systems authors study daly and monthly loads of the researched area. A marketng survey s executed n order to decde whch soluton s approprate for ths area. Based on the above, the authors clam that, the most proper soluton s the hybrd system, where they take ths decson based on a study n economcs. The study s based on cost functon and tshould be mnmzed to determne the lowest annual cash flow. Fnally, the HOMER software s appled to solve the cost functon and to get the components of the hybrd system. A. Malek and A. Askarzadeh, [10], am to buld a hybrd power system to delver the power for an urban area, where t s defned that, ths system conssts of WT, PV, and FC. Then, the authors defne the cost functon and all esstental constrants should be consdered. The bee swarm optmzaton technque has been appled to solve the objectve functon consderng the relablty ndex as a system constrant. In reference to [11], O. H. Mohammed, Y. Amrat, M. Benbouzd, and A. Elbaset a standalone hybrd power system s ntroduced whch conssts of PV and FC to supply the power to Brest cty, n France. The authors show that, t s not mportant to nclude the battery system, where the absence of the battery system decreases the total annual cost. The HOMER software s appled to smulate the PV-FC hybrd system and to obtan the system desgn. M. Alam, [12], ntroduces a combnaton of dfferent power sources such as wnd turbne and fuel cell for a resdental load. The author studes the feasblty of ths system, where the objectve functon of the system s bult, and the target s to mnmze ths functon n order to obtan the optmal sze of WT-FC hybrd system. Therefore, both of the fuzzy logc and the HOMER software have been used n order to solve the WT-FC objectve functon. B. Tudu, K. Manda, and N. Chakraborty, [1] desgned a standalone hybrd system, whch conssts of mcro hydro turbne, PV, WT and fuel cell (FC) to supply the power for a certan load. The net present value s consdered the objectve functon for ths system, and the authors am to maxmze the utlzaton of the renewable energy and to mnmze the system polluton. Both of bee algorthm and partcle swarm algorthm are used to solve the above mentoned objectve functon. It s clamed that, the appled algorthms are capable of gvng the optmal solutons. But t s recorded that, the partcle swarm optmzaton s faster than the bee algorthm n reachng best soluton, and the searchng tme of partcle swarm optmzaton s shorter than the searchng tme of the bee algorthm. For the last three decades, the Egyptan government have started n supplyng the natural gas to the people to save the mportng of the lquefed petroleum gas (LPG). Natural gas (NG) has been suppled for all people as much as possble, even n urban areas. The NG constructons are dvded nto some phases; dscoverng, compressng, transmsson, and dstrbuton. The dstrbuton phase conssts of all equpment whch facltate the NG supplyng to the dfferent loads. The used equpment s summarzed as; man pressure reducton statons (PRSs), medum pressure dstrbuton networks (MPDNs), dstrbuted reducton unts (DRUs), and low pressure dstrbuton networks. The MPDN of an urban has been used to supply the natural gas for the GT of the HPGS. Ths paper presents a new confguraton of HPGS, where t conssts of WT, PV, SB, and the natural gas dstrbuton network, where ths network feeds the GT wth the natural gas as a fuel. Ths combnaton s connected to the utlty grd, and the fnal confguraton s WT, PV, SB, natural gas dstrbuton, and utlty grd. Ths confguraton s studed at two dfferent scenaros; wnter and summer condtons to consder all condtons of the wnd speed, solar rradance, natural gas heatng loads, electrcal loads. Many meta-heurstc optmzaton technques have been appled to solve the multobjectve functon of the WT-PV-SB-GT-utlty grd HPGS. These technques are CSA, FA, and FPA. A detaled comparson between the results of the three appled optmzaton technques s presented to show and recommend the most approprate technque for szng the HPGS components. 2 Operatonal condtons of the natural gas dstrbuton network Ths paper ntroduces a new confguraton of the hybrd power system, whch conssts of WT, PV, SB, and GT. Moreover, t s connected to the utlty grd. The GT of ths system s fueled drectly from the natural gas dstrbuton network. So, t s necessary to consder all operatonal factors, whch have the nfluence on the HPGS desgn. Manly, there are two mportant factors whch should be ncluded n ths desgn such as; the maxmum allowable lmt of the flow velocty on the network ppes and the mnmum allowable lmt of the nput pressure of the dstrbuted pressure regulator unt (DPRU). If the flow velocty

4 Engneerng Revew, Vol. 8, Issue 2, , exceeds 20 m/s, the dust partcles or debrs wll move, whch consequently had the bad nfluence on the cookng devces, pressure regulators, and t may cause eroson to the nternal surface of the ppelne [14, 15]. The capacty (Q) of ths secton mght be desgned as follows: b Q 7.574T P f s Plne 4 P P d 1 NG NG Plne S Z T L 10 (1) Equaton 2 descrbes the flow velocty (U) n m/sec. U d 5QP b 70 flq 2 2 P 1 5 d (2) Fg. 1 shows a secton from the MPDN of the studed area. The green network descrbes the loads network, and the purple lne shows the medum pressure natural gas ppelne, whch s consdered the man source of the natural gas for the loads through the two pressure regulators. Pont 1 shows the nlet pont (the source) of the medum pressure lne, whle pont 2 shows the nlet pressure of (DPRUs). Equaton shows the relatonshp between the regulator nput pressure and the regulator capacty (Q R). R G out 2 out Q K P P P () The mnmum nput pressure (P 2) for the regulator s 1.4 absolute pressure (bar) accordng to Equaton, f the requred load from the pressure regulator s 1000 m /hr at output pressure of 0.1 (bar) or 1.11 absolute pressure (bar), and the szng coeffcent (K G) s As known, the velocty (U NG) of gas flow should not be more than 20 m/sec. So, the maxmum capacty of the ppelne could be obtaned by solvng Equaton 4 at nput pressure (P 1) s 5.01 absolute pressure (bar) and the mnmum nput pressure (P 2) s 1.4 bar. It s found that, the maxmum capacty (Q max) of the natural gas ppelne may reach to 712 m /hr [16]. Problem formulaton Fg. 2 shows the utlty-connected to HPGS, whch conssts of WT, PV, SB, GT, and utlty grd. The man objectve functons of ths system are the total annual cost (TAC) and the system polluton (SP) [1 and 2]. Equaton shows that the mult-objectve functon should be mnmzed. f mn( TAC, SP) (4) The weghted sum method has been appled to convert the mult-objectve functon to a sngle objectve functon. f mn( w TAC w SP) (5) 1 2 Where w 1 and w 2 represent the weght factors. w 1 w2 1 (6) Fgure 1. The medum-pressure natural gas network of the urban area Equaton 7 shows the frst objectve functon, whch represents the TAC. TAC AFC I OM S P P NG N P APC UG (7)

5 208 S. F. Mekhamer, A. Y. Abdelazz: Desgn of hybrd power generaton systems.1 TAC Calculatons A. TAC of the wnd turbne (WT) Equaton 8 shows the ntal cost of the wnd turbne, Equaton 9 shows the operaton and mantenance cost, and Equaton 10 show the salvage value of the wnd turbne []. OM S I A (8) w w w P 1 v A w 1 (9) Pw OM w N 1 S A 1 Pw w w NP (10) C. TAC of the storage battery system (SB) Ths power source has only the ntal cost and the operaton and mantenance cost, and there s no salvage value, because the aged batteres should be dsposed accordng to the envronment regulatons. Equaton 14 shows the ntal cost of the SB, and ts lfetme ( N ) actually s lower than the project lfetme (N ). Equaton 15 shows the operaton and mantenance cost [5]. X 1 NSB SB 1 v ISB SBPSB cap 1 (14) N 1 NSB SB 1 v OM P SB OM P SB SB cap 1 (15) D. TAC of the gas turbne (GT) Ths power element has annual ntal cost, annual operaton and mantenance cost, annual salvage value [4], and annual fuel cost, as shown n Equatons 16, 17, 18, and 19 respectvely [17]. Fgure 2. Confguraton of a utlty connected HPGS B. TAC of the photovoltac system (PV) The total annual cost of the PV system lkes the total annual cost of the wnd turbne, where Equatons 11, 12, and 1 show the ntal cost, the operaton and mantenance cost, the salvage value respectvely [ and 4]. OM I A (11) PV PV PV P 1 v A PV 1 (12) Pw OM PV 1 SP S PV PV APV 1 N NP (1) OM I P (16) GT GT cap GT 1 SP S GT GT Pcap GT 1 N P (17) P 1 v P 1 (18) PGT OMGT capgt NG 8760 t N APC m (19) NG E. TAC of purchased electrcty from the utlty Equaton 20 descrbes the total annual cost of the purchased electrcty from the utlty grd durng one year [4] APC P (20) UG UG, t P t.2 The Annual System Polluton Equaton 21 shows the total annual system polluton

6 Engneerng Revew, Vol. 8, Issue 2, , SP a b P ( t) P t GT, t UG, t 8760 c P ( t) P t GT, t UG, t 2 (21) There are many constrants that should be satsfed throughout system operatons for any feasble soluton [5].. Desgn Constrants A. Power balance constrant Equaton 22 shows the most mportant constrant for desgn of the hybrd power system, where for any perod t, the total power delvered from the hybrd system should be equal to the total demand P (t)and the system loss. It s assumed that, P (t) ncludes the system power loss [1-5]. the total annual cost of the purchased electrcty from the grd [17]. B. Bounds of Desgn Varables A A A (27) w w w mn APV A mn PV APV (28) max As shown n Equaton 29, the state of charge (SOC) of storage batteres P should not exceed the SB soc capacty of storage batteres max PSB soc and should be lower than the mnmum permssble storage level P. SB mn PSB PSB PSB (29) mn soc cap Equaton 0 shows that, the total SB capacty should not exceed the allowed storage capacty P. SB capmax P ( t) P ( t) P ( t) WT PV SB P ( t) P ( t) P ( t) GT UG, t d (22) 0 PSB PSB (0) cap capmax where, P w 0 Vt Vc 1 Vt C p Vc Vt V r ( t) 2 (2) PWT V r r Vt V CO 0 VCO Vt P ( t) P ( t) A (24) WT w w wt PPV ( t) H APV PV (25) P ( t) m HHV (26) GT overall Each term on the left hand sde terms of Equaton 22contans the parameter whch should be tuned to obtan the best desgn of the hybrd power system. Where, A s swept area of the wnd turbne, and t should be tuned to optmze the total annual cost of the WT. A s swept area of the PV system, and t should be tuned to optmze the total annual cost of the PV. The thrd one s P (t), whch has the nstantaneous dschargng/ chargng power of the storage battery. m. s fuel rate of the gas turbne, also t should be tuned to optmze the total annual cost of the GT. Fnally, the delvered power from the utlty grd s the last parameter that should be tuned to optmze Fnally, Equaton 1 shows that the hourly charge or dscharge power P SB should not exceed the hourly nverter capacty P SBmax. P P (1) SB SB max Equaton 2 shows the bound lmts of the cubc meters of the natural gas of the GT, whle Equaton shows the bound lmts of the power delvered from the utlty grd. 0 m m max (2) P P P () UG, t UG, t UG, t mn max 4 Applcaton to a case study Both of the electrc and natural gas loads are measure daly and monthly. Also, the wnd speed and the solar rradance have been measured, and t s found that there are two scenaros; one for the wnter and the other for the summer [1]. Table 1 shows the average power load n (kw), the natural gas load n (m /hr), the wnd speed (n m/sec), and the solar rradance n (W/m 2 ) for the scenaros of the studed area.

7 210 S. F. Mekhamer, A. Y. Abdelazz: Desgn of hybrd power generaton systems Table 1 - Input data System parameters Sc. I Sc. II Power demand (kw) NG demand (m /hr) Wnd speed (m/s) Solar rradance (kw/m 2 ) Whle, Table 2 shows the requred data for the desgn. It s assumed w 1=w 2=0.5. As mentoned prevously, CSA, FFA, and FPA are appled to optmze the mult-objectve functon of the proposed hybrd power system [18-20]. Table 2 - The used system parameters System parameters Values Unt P b 1.01 bar d 200 mm f P bar L 1000 m T S 288 K S 0.6 kg/m Z T 278 K φ NG 0.08 $/m (U) 20 m/sec P bar m 711 m /hr C P P 2000 kw WT r η WT a A m 2 w mn A w max m 2 α WT 150 $/ m 2 25 $/ m 2 0M WT S WT 4.5 $/ m 2 η PV α PV 550 $/ m 2 S PV 10 $/ m 2.25 $/ m 2 0M PV A PV max m 2 A PV mn m 2 α SB 200 $/kw 40 $/kw 0M SB SB system 10 year lfetme η SB P 250 kw SB cap.max P SB 750 cap.mn kw α GT 50 $/ m $/ m 2 0M GT S GT 8.5 $/ m 2 η GT HHV 7.2 MJ/m P 00 kw GT cap.max P GT 2000 cap.mn kw k 1.GT k GT k.gt P 250 kw UG max P UG mn 1000 kw a b c φ ele 0.04 $/kw β 0.09 γ 0.12 ν 0.12 N P 20 year 5 Smulaton results As mentoned above, ths paper presents a new contrbuton on desgn of the HPGS, where the natural gas dstrbuton network (n medum pressure level) has been ncluded for the frst tme n the feld. The GT s drectly connected to the natural gas dstrbuton network takng n account all ts operatonal consderatons to avod any unexpected trouble or falure. CSA, FA and FPA have been appled to obtan the components szng of the HPGS. The obtaned results from the three above mentoned optmzaton technques are compared n order to decde whch technque s the most approprate for desgnng these systems. A. For the scenaro I (wnter scenaro) As known n the above secton, ths scenaro represents the wnter condtons, and the results of applyng the same technques as summarzed n

8 Engneerng Revew, Vol. 8, Issue 2, , Table. Ths table shows the results of the above menton varables (A w, A PV, P SB.cap, P GT.cap, and P UG.t). Also, the consequent parameters have been calculated and represented such as; the consumed amount of the natural gas for the gas turbne (m), and the flow velocty (U) of the natural gas dstrbuton network due to the gas turbne consumpton. As well as, the effect of the gas turbne consumed amount on the nput pressure (P 2) of the gas regulator that has been shown. The FPA shows the lowest values of the 6 TAC functon, whch s $/year. Wth respect to the SP values of the WT-PV-SB-GT-UG hybrd power system n the wnter condtons (scenaro-i), t s noted that, the superorty s here for the cuckoo search algorthm (CSA), whch gves 1 value of ton of CO 2/year. Ths value s the lowest value of the emsson of ths system. The natural gas consumptons are 109, 1, 42, and 88 m /hr due to the GT usng FPA, FFA, and CSA respectvely. Consequently, the natural gas flow velocty ncreased from m/sec to 11.6 m/sec as n FPA, or t ncreased to m/sec usng FFA. Ths velocty ncreased to m/sec usng the CSA. The nfluence of ths consumpton on the nput pressure of the gas regulator s also shown n the above table, where ths pressure reduced from.64 bar to.5,.61, and.55 bar usng the FPA, FFA, and CSA ndvdually. In order to decde whch technque gves the optmal desgn of the hybrd power system, the mult-objectve functon should be determned and t s found that, the CSA gves the lowest value for functon. Table. The results of Desgn of the WT-PV-SB- GT-UGhybrd power generaton system at Scenaro-I Varable FPA FFA CSA A w A PV P SB.cap P GT.cap P UG.t P GT.t m m tot U P TAC SP B. For the scenaro II (summer scenaro) Ths secton dscusses the desgn of the WT-PV-SB- GT-UG at the summer condtons (Scenaro-II), where Table 4 descrbes n full the results of the varables and the mult-objectve functon. The CSA 6 gves the lowest value of the TAC, whch s $/year. Also, t s easy to notce that, CSA gves the lowest value for ths functon, where t gves value of ton of CO 2/year. The natural gas consumptons due to the GT s 91, 128, 108, and 155 m /hr usng FPA, FFA, and CSA respectvely. Consequently, the natural gas flow velocty ncreased from 8.68 m/sec to 9.16 m/sec as n FPA, or t ncreased to 9.5 m/sec usng FFA. Table 4. The results of desgn of the WT-PV-SB-GT- UG Hybrd power generaton system at scenaro-ii Varable FPA FFA CSA A w A PV P SB.cap P GT.cap P UG.t P GT.t m m tot U P 2 after GT TAC SP Ths velocty ncreased to 9.49 m/sec usng the CSA. The nfluence of ths consumpton on the nput pressure of the gas regulator s also shown n the above table, where ths pressure reduced from 4.09 bar to 4.01,.98, 4, and.96 bar usng the FP, FFA, and CSA ndvdually. To decde whch technque gves the optmal desgn of the hybrd power system, the mult-objectve functon should be determned and t s found that, the CSA gves the lowest value for functon.

9 212 S. F. Mekhamer, A. Y. Abdelazz: Desgn of hybrd power generaton systems 6 Concluson Ths paper presents a new contrbuton n the feld of desgnng the HPGS, where the natural gas dstrbuton network s ncluded for the frst tme as a partner n the HPGS. The natural gas dstrbuton network s nvolved n the HPGS to supply the fuel (natural gas) to the gas turbne. All operatonal condtons of the natural gas dstrbuton network are studed and the most mportant parameters of ths network are defned. They nclude pressure drop and flow velocty. The allowable flow rate of the natural gas dstrbuton network s calculated wthout exceedng the allowable lmts of the pressure drop and velocty flow. Only the utlty connected mode s dscussed n two dfferent scenaros; wnter and summer scenaros. Mult-objectve functons have been desgn to szng the HPGS, and these functons are the TAC and SP. TAC conssts of the ntal cost, operaton and mantenance cost, salvage value, the annual fuel (natural gas) cost, and the annual purchasng electrcty from the utlty grd, whle, SP presents the total annual emsson (ton/year). All power system constrants and parameters are consdered n the optmzaton process. The most modern meta-heurstc optmzaton technques are used to fnd the szng of the HPGS. CSA, FA and FPA have been used to optmze the mult-crtera desgn of the HPGS, where these technques are used for the frst tme n desgnng the HPGS. Therefore, the contrbutons of ths paper arencludng the natural gas faclty as an element of the HPGS and applyng new meta-heurstc optmzaton technques n the desgn of the HPGS. All obtaned results have been compared, and t s found that, the CSA gves more effcent results than FFA and FPA, where the mult-objectve results of the CSA are lower than the results of the other two technques. References [1] Wang, L. and Sngh, C.: Mult-crtera Desgn of Hybrd Power Generaton Systems Based on a Modfed Partcle Swarm Optmzaton Algorthm, IEEE Transactons on Energy Converson, Vol. 24 (2009), 1, [2] Lqun, L. and Chunxa, L.: Feasblty analyses of hybrd wnd-pv-battery power system n Dongwangsha, Shangha, Przeglad Elektrotechnczny, 89 (201), [] Trazoue, S., Tarazoue, F., and Ghamy, M.: Optmal Desgn of a Hybrd Solar -Wnd-Desel Power System for Rural Electrfcaton Usng Imperalst Compettve Algorthm, Internatonal Journal of Renewable Energy Research, (201), 2, [4] Tahr, T., Bettahar, A., and Douan, M.: Optmzaton of a Hybrd Wnd-PV-Desel Standalone System: Case Chlef, Algera, Internatonal Journal of Mathematcal, Computatonal, Physcal and Quantum Engneerng Vol.7 (201), 1, [5] Jawad, Q., Gasem, K., Jawad, M.: Desgn and Smulaton of Hybrd System for Electrcty Generaton n Iraq Rural Regons, DyalaJournal of Engneerng Scences, 06 (201), 2, 8-56 [6] Farghally, H., Fahmy, F., and Elsayed, M.: Control and Optmal Szng of PV-Wnd Powered Rural Zone n Egypt the Onlne Journal on Power and Energy Engneerng (OJPEE), 2 (2014), 2, [7] Gajbhye, P., and Suhane, P.: Methodology for Optmal Szng & Power Management of Hybrd Energy System, Internatonal Journal of Electrcal, Electroncs and Computer Engneerng, (2014), 2, [8] Belml, H., Haddad, M., Bacha, S., and Alm, M.: Szng stand-alone photovoltac wnd hybrd system: Techno-economc analyss and optmzaton, Elsever, Renewable and Sustanable Energy Revews, 0 (2014), [9] Eltamaly, A., and Mohamed, M.: A Novel Desgn and Optmzaton Software for Autonomous PV/Wnd/Battery Hybrd Power Systems, Internatonal Journal of Photo-energy, Mathematcal Problems n Engneerng, 2014, [10] Malek, A., and Askarzadeh, A.: Optmum Confguraton of Fuel Cell-Batteres PV/Wnd Hybrd System usng A Hybrd Meta Heurstc, Technque Internatonal Journal of Engneerng & Appled Scences (IJEAS), 5 (2014), 4, pp [11] Mohammed, O., Amrat, Y., Benbouzd, M., and Elbaset, A.:Optmal Desgn of a PV/Fuel Cell Hybrd Power System for the Cty of Brest n France, IEEE, Frst Internatonal Conference on Green Energy ICGE, Sfax, Tunsa, 2014, [12] Alam, M.: Optmal Enactment of a Stand-alone Hybrd Wnd-Fuel Cell Based Dstrbuted Generaton System through Fuzzy Logc

10 Engneerng Revew, Vol. 8, Issue 2, , Control, Internatonal Journal of Informaton Technology, 6 (2014), 1, [1] Tudu, B., Manda, K., and Chakraborty, N.: Optmal Desgn and Performance Evaluaton of a Grd Independent Hybrd Mcro Hydro-Solar- Wnd Fuel Cell Energy System Usng Meta- Heurstc Technques IEEE, 1 st Internatonal Conference on Non-Conventonal Energy (ICONCE), Kalyan, Inda, 2014, [14] Insttute of Gas Engneers and Managers /Transmsson and Dstrbuton, Vol., Edton 5, [15] Zhang, X., L, W., Luo, Z., and He, H.: Relablty Analyss of Aged Natural Gas Ppelnes Based on Utlty Theory, Engneerng Revew, 5 (2015), 2, [16] Gas Pressure Regulator Seres 850 VARIFLO Catalog, RMG, [17] Compressor and Turbne/ Energy Management System for Industry Commerce and Insttutons, Vol. 14, oee.nrcan.gc.ca/fles/pdf/commercal/password/ downloads/ems_14_compressors_and_turbne s.pdf [18] R. Rajaboun, Cuckoo Optmzaton Algorthm, Elsever, Appled Soft Computng, 11 (2011), [19] X. Yang and X. He, Frefly Algorthm: Recent Advances and Applcatons, Internatonal journal of Swarm Intellgence, 1 (201), 1, [20] X. Yanga, M. Karamanoglua, and X. Heb, Mult-objectve Flower Algorthm for Optmzaton, Elsever, Proceda Computer Scence, Vol. 18, pp , 201. Appendx A: symbols and abbrevaton Lst of symbols Symbol Meanng Q the nstantaneous flow of the natural gas the absolute pressure at datum P b condtons (bar) (atmospherc condtons) d the nternal dameter of the ppe (mm) the frcton factor, and t s n the range f of (0.009 to 0.015) for corrugated Polyethylene (PE) ppes wth smooth nner walls P 1 the absolute upstream (nlet) pressure (bar) L P b Q R K G I OM P S P N P AFC NG The length of the ppe over whch the velocty s beng measured (m). Absolute pressure the regulator capacty the szng coeffcent. ndcates the WT, PV, SB, and GT the ntal cost of each power source (WT, PV, SB, and GT). the operaton and mantenance cost for each power source (WT, PV, SB, and GT). the salvage value of each power source (WT, PV, and GT). the project lfetme. the annual fuel (natural gas) cost. APC UG the cost of the annual purchasng electrcty. w the ntal cost of wnd turbne ($/m 2 ) A w the swept area of the wnd turbne (m 2 ) 0M w ν S w 0M PV the operaton and mantenance cost of wnd turbne system ($/m 2 ) the escalaton factor the salvage value of wnd turbne ($/m 2 ) the nflaton rate the nterest rate β γ PV the ntal cost of PV system ($/m 2 ) A PV the swept area of the PV system (m 2 ) the operaton and mantenance cost of PV system ($/m 2 ) S PV the salvage value of PV system ($/m 2 ) s the ntal cost of storage battery system ($/kw) P SB the storage battery capacty (kw) N SB the storage battery lfetme X the number of tmes to purchase the SB batteres durng N P the project lfespan the operaton and mantenance cost of storage battery system ($/kw) the ntal cost of gas turbne ($/kw) SB 0M SB α GT

11 214 S. F. Mekhamer, A. Y. Abdelazz: Desgn of hybrd power generaton systems P cap GT the gas turbne capacty (kw) the salvage value of gas turbne ($/kw) S GT 0M GT m φ NG P UG, t φ a, b and c V t V c V r V co P WT, r C p η overall m HHV the operaton and mantenance cost of gas turbne system ($/kw) fuel rate of the GT from the natural gas n m /hr the prce of the cubc meter of the natural gas s the power delvered from the utlty grd at an nstant kw s the power delvered from the utlty grd prce $/kw the coeffcents approxmatng the generator emsson characterstcs. the wnd speed (m/sec) the wnd turbne cut-n speed (m/sec) the wnd turbne rated speed (m/sec) the wnd turbne cut-off speed (m/sec) the rated power of the wnd turbne (kw) the power coeffcent of the WT the gas turbne and the alternator overall effcency, fuel rate n m /hr the hgh heat value n mega-joule per cubc meter MJ/m Lst of abbrevatons Abbrevaton Meanng WT Wnd turbne PV Photovoltac SB Storage battery GT Gas Turbne UG Utlty grd Hybrd power generaton HPGSs systems CSA Cuckoo search algorthm FA Frefly algorthm FPA Flower pollnaton algorthm mperalst compettve ICA algorthm PSO partcle swarm optmzaton ACO ant colony optmzaton Hybrd optmzaton of HOMER multple energy resources FC fuel cell NG Natural gas PRSs pressure reducton statons medum pressure dstrbuton MPDNs networks DRUs dstrbuted reducton unts TAC total annual cost SP system polluton