Donald Fournier. Chair, Building Research Council School of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

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1 Donald Fournier Chair, Building Research Council School of Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

2 U.S. Wind Energy Installations Top 20 Gigawatts. US Wind Turbine Market to be Worth $60 Billion in Dow Corning Demonstrates Process to Increase Solar Panel Production Rates. Raser adds 32,700 Acres of Geothermal Resources in Utah. Georgia Power Seeks Approval for Coal Plant Conversion to Biomass US $2.3B Biomass Energy Contract Approved for Austin Energy. AVA Solar, Thin-Film PV Manufacturer, Lands $104 Million in Funding.

3 Energy which comes from sources that are regenerative and virtually inexhaustible Several types available, including: Wind Solar (Photovoltaic and Thermal) Biomass Hydrokinetic (Hydroelectric, Run of River, Wave, Tidal) Geothermal

4 Renewables will be in your future: The drivers for renewables. The massive undertaking it is. Technology tour. Tools for evaluation. Incentives available.

5 Source: IEA Energy Statistics

6 Source: Energy Information Administration

7 Sustainability Climate change Peak oil Grid security Good will Efficiency important, but not enough

9 What the future must look like: Renewable energy

10 US Energy Consumption Growth Rates Last year ( ): PV grew 9% (45% cap) Wind grew 25% (43% cap) Biofuels grew 33% Coal grew 1.5% Natural Gas grew 6.5% Petroleum grew 0.0% Electricity grew 2.0%

The transition to new renewable energy sources is unavoidable, but there are some issues to consider: Scale of the shift. Energy density (Watts/kg). Power density (Watts/m 2 ).

11 The transition to new renewable energy sources is unavoidable, but there are some issues to consider: Scale of the shift. Energy density (Watts/kg). Power density (Watts/m 2 ). Intermittency. Geographical Distribution. Energy Density Coal MJ/kg Oil 42 MJ/kg Biomass MJ/kg Power Density Fossil 10 2 to 10 3 W/m 2 Biomass - <1 W/m2 PV 20 W/m2 Wind/Hydro - <10W/m2

13 On-grid or off-grid: Storage Backup Cost Regulations: Consumption levels Rates Net metering Connection/Islanding

15 Horizontal axis most common. Vertical axis: Increasing in popularity, but have lower efficiencies. Rooftop potential. Windterra Rooftop Darrieus Savonius

16 Small turbines: Less than 50 kw Residential, farms, businesses Medium turbines: Between 50 kw and 500 kw Farms and businesses Large turbines: Greater than 500 kw Most utility grade greater than 1,000 kw

19 Illinois is ranked 16 th in wind energy potential. Most of state classified as fair or marginal. Areas listed as good potential: Southeast of Quincy Bloomington area North of Peoria Mattoon area Between Sterling and Aurora

20 Most of Illinois is good for 9 months of the year. Low summer winds cause the lower ratings.

21 The power contained in the wind is based on the cube of the speed. Small changes in wind speed have great changes in power. Twice as much power at 13 mph than at 10 mph and eight times as much at 20 mph.

22 Determine wind resources: Look at map for wind data. Collect data at location with anemometer. Are there other turbines in the area? Determine if there s enough space: Typically needs one acre of land. 30 feet above any structure within 300 feet. Determine current energy consumption: Know your load profile and demand. Will turbine produce more than consumed?

23 Temporary installations of 50-meter anemometer towers near possible wind turbine sites. Funded by the Clean Energy Community Foundation. Requirements: Interest in installing a wind turbine. Open land free of trees and shrubs. Site of about 1.5 acres. Responsibilities: Provide proof of land ownership and permission to install tower. Obtaining any necessary permits. Changing data plugs once a month.

24 $/kw decreases with higher capacity. Small turbines less than 100 kw typically cost $3,000 to $5,000 per kw. Large turbines: Typically cost $1,000 to $3,000 per kw. Utility grade 1 MW and higher - $1,000/kW Maintenance is about 1.5% per year of original cost or $0.01 per kwh.

25 If you have the land, one large turbine more economically attractive than several small turbines. If you don t have the land (ie, urban areas), there are rooftop models. Size turbine to meet consumption, if possible, to maximize return on investment.

29 Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight to electricity. Less economical than wind in Illinois.

30 Solar resources: Better resources outside northeast of state. Exposure: Panels should face south. Tilt angle equal to latitude plus 10 degrees (Illinois latitudes - 37 to 42 degrees).

31 Cost per watt decreases with capacity. Typical range: $8 to $10 per watt: Can be as low as $5/watt for the collectors. Thin film costs less, but is less efficient. New technology may be as low as $1.70/watt. Solar power panels Credit: Courtesy of SunEdison

32 Increased efficiency: Recent breakthroughs reach 40% Current cells around 15-19% Building integrated PV. Possible decrease in manufacturing cost.

34 Solar thermal uses solar collectors to heat water. More economical than PV. Return on investment can be great. Used for: Service hot water Pools Space heating: Forced air Radiant hot water

35 Collectors connected to heat exchanger which heats up water. Typically used for service hot water. Radiant hydronic system uses the solar heated water in-floor with boiler backup (rule of thumb half your square footage in collectors for heating). Forced air system can pump solar heated water through coil.

36 Service Hot Water System

37 Glazed Flat-Plate: Most common. Used for low temperature applications. Copper tubes fit to flat absorber plate. Typically covered in glazing. Our climate requires closed-loop system with glycolwater antifreeze mixture. Heat exchanger transfers heat to water. Flat Plate Collector

38 Evacuated Tube: More efficient and expensive/ Appropriate for high temperature situations (over 140 F) and cold climate. Fluid pipe and fin contained within a glass tube. Closed-loop with antifreeze solution. Thermomax Heat Pipe Unit

39 Solar resources and orientation. Hot water consumption: High hot water usage such as such as laundromat and restaurant. First reduce consumption and lower temperature. Space heating needs.

40 Typical system $100 to $150/square foot (costs are for total system). Examples: Residential system - $4,000 - $8,500 for 64 sf Large laundromat - $150,000 for 1,440 sf

42 Biomass is the organic matter in trees, agricultural crops, and other living plant material. One of the largest sources of renewable energy in the nation. Can be used for heating and electricity, or to make biogas and biofuels. Wood, agricultural waste, corn, soy, waste vegetable oil, municipal solid waste, and landfills common sources of biomass.

46 The Huckabay Ridge facility began full commercial production of pipeline-quality biogas in January. Credit: Environmental Power Corp. PG&E will soon be increasing its supply of renewable natural gas, according to Environmental Power Corp. (EPC). EPC is using anaerobic digestion to create renewable natural gas from manure and agricultural wastes at its Huckabay Ridge facility in Stephenville, Texas. The facility began full commercial operation in January and is expected to produce 635 billion Btu of natural gas per year, which is equal to about 616 million cubic feet.

As opposed to using slow and expensive highvacuum based thin-film deposition processes, a proprietary ink allows simpler and higher-yield printing for depositing

A highly conductive, low-cost foil as a substrate avoids the need to separately deposit an expensive bottom electrode layer (as required for a non-conductive

47 As opposed to using slow and expensive highvacuum based thin-film deposition processes, a proprietary ink allows simpler and higher-yield printing for depositing the solar cell's semiconductor. A highly conductive, low-cost foil as a substrate avoids the need to separately deposit an expensive bottom electrode layer (as required for a non-conductive substrate such as glass). Uses high-yield continuous roll-to-roll processing. Achieves a lower-cost, high-performance top electrode. Cells are assembled by individually matching electrical characteristics. Panels are high-power, high-current with a lower balance-of-system cost. Nanosolar SolarPly TM

http://cc.pubco.net/www.valcent.net/i/misc/vertigro/vertigro.mo v Bio-reactor making oil with algae. Vertical reactor with more potential surface area and therefore more carbon sequestration.

48 v Bio-reactor making oil with algae. Vertical reactor with more potential surface area and therefore more carbon sequestration. Algae is the fastest growing plant in the world, and in the process of this, absorbs a great deal of CO2. It also produces lipids, or the equivalent of vegetable oil. Depending on the species, 50% of it's body weight is these lipids. Certain algae strains are particularly suited for making jet fuel or diesel and both are huge contributors to environmental pollutants with their current petroleum based fuels.

49 Just 2% of the heat below the continental United States between 3 and 10 kilometers, depths within the range of current drilling technology, is more than 2,500 times the country's total annual energy use. EGS methods create new geothermal resources using heat mining. EGS recovers heat in subsurface rock by creating a system of open connected fractures for closed loop heat recovery. We could provide 100,000 MWe generating capacity by 2050 (displacing coal and nuclear).

50 The proposed Lunar Energy tidal farm will consist of an array of 1-megawatt open turbines. Credit: Lunar Energy Wave energy and other ocean energy technologies are still in their development phase, but they are gaining ground both in the United States and throughout the world. The British firm Lunar Energy plans to install a 300-megawatt tidal energy plant in South Korea by The company's Rotech Tidal Turbine incorporates a 37.7-foot open turbine into a structure weighing more than 2,700 tons, which rests on the ocean floor.

52 HOMER: Computer model for off-grid and on-grid power systems for PV, wind, hydro, microturbine, fuel cell, and generators RETScreen: Suite of spreadsheets to analyze renewable energy systems. Includes wind, small hydro, PV, CHP, biomass heating, solar air heating, solar water heating, passive solar heating, geothermal, arenas & supermarkets

53 Windustry Wind Project Calculator: Spreadsheet to evaluate economics of installing wind turbines. BP Solar Savings Estimator: Website that estimates PV savings and cost based on zip code and monthly electric bill. ryid=4321

Solar Energy Rebates 30% of costs up to $10,000 for PV and solar thermal systems Solar Thermal Grants 30% of costs up to $400,000 for large solar thermal projects Biogas and Biomass to Energy

55 Solar Energy Rebates 30% of costs up to $10,000 for PV and solar thermal systems Solar Thermal Grants 30% of costs up to $400,000 for large solar thermal projects Biogas and Biomass to Energy $2,500 for feasibility studies, up to $225,000 for biogas projects, up to $500,000 for biomass projects Wind Energy Development up to $25,000 for planning utility-scale wind projects illinoisenergy.org

56 Contact: William S. Haas

57 Requires utilities to provide a certain percentage of electricity production from renewable energy. 2% requirement by June 1, Increases incrementally to 25% on June 1, At least 75% must come from wind.

58 Net metering is a type of billing and metering system that is beneficial for renewable energy installations. When generating more power than your facility needs, your meter basically spins backwards. This is the equivalent of selling your energy at the retail rate. Excess generation at the end of the billing period, in this case at the end of the year, can often be sold at the avoided energy rate. Without net metering, anytime you are generating more than you need, you only receive the avoided energy rate rather than the retail rate.

59 Eligible renewable generators of 40 kw or less will receive retail rate credit for excess generation. Eligible renewable generators between 40 kw and 2 MW will receive credits equal to avoided cost for excess generation. Credits carried over month-to-month, with the annual period starting in either May or November. For the first year, utilities limited to 200 net metering accounts for systems less than 40 kw. After March 31, 2009, each utility must offer net metering up to 1% of previous year s peak demand.

60 Business Energy Tax Credit Eligible technologies: Solar Water Heat, Solar Space Heat, Solar Thermal Electric, Solar Thermal Process Heat, Photovoltaics, Geothermal Electric, Fuel Cells, Solar Hybrid Lighting, Direct Use Geothermal, Microturbines. Tax credit of 30% for solar, solar hybrid lighting, and fuel cells and tax credit of 10% for microturbines and geothermal. Maximum incentive of $500 per 0.5 kw for fuel cell and $200 per kw for microturbines. Microturbine systems must be smaller than 2MW. Fuel cells must be greater than 0.5 kw. No maximum incentive or capacity for other systems. Available January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2008.

61 Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit: Eligible technologies: Landfill Gas, Wind, Biomass, Hydroelectric, Geothermal Electric, Municipal Solid Waste, Refined Coal, Indian Coal, Small Hydroelectric. 1.9 /kwh for wind, geothermal, closed-loop biomass; 1.0 /kwh for others. Energy must be sold. Applies to first 10 years of operation Available until 12/31/2008

62 Grants of up to 25% of eligible project costs: Renewable energy grants range from $2,500 to $500,000. Energy efficiency grants range from $1,500 to $250,000. Projects under $200,000 qualify for simpler application process. Loan guarantees up to 50% of eligible project costs and range from $5,000 to $10,000,000 per project. Projects can qualify for combined grant and loan, but total funding assistance cannot exceed 50%.

63 tracks federal and state incentives and legislation for energy efficiency and renewable energy.

Introduction to Energy Topics

Introduction to Energy Topics Energy Path 2018 Thomas Cleary, M.Engr. Energy Units of Measurement The unit of energy: Joule (SI system). British Thermal Unit BTU (U.S. Customary system) 1British Thermal